ETHICS – moral philosophy that can be

provisionally described as empirical study of

moral decisions. Discipline concerned with
what is morally good or evil, right and wrong.
Any scheme or philosophy of universal
beliefs

Ethos – Greek word which means

tradition, habit, character or attitude
IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS

Ethics – systematic analysis of the nature of

human actions; concerned about the Ethics is a set of rules that allows us to
correctness and wrongness of the act. say right from wrong, good from bad.
Ethics can provide true, specific
guidance to our lives.
• An act is deemed to be right or wrong
Principles such as fairness,
based on the intent, circumstances, or trustworthiness and responsibility
character of the act itself help direct us cope more effectively
with ethical dilemma

Ethics is all about decisions.

Virtues of intelligence, bravery, patience and

justice guide ethical decision making as they
provide the basis for rational decisions when
faced with an ethical dilemma.

There must be moral principles that should

be observed by all. Some people will lie,
Divided into Normative and methaethics many may not do what they assume will do
and others may behave irresponsibly and
participate in harmful conduct.
Normative ethics – address our questions
about the essence of human behavior;
examine whether or not a particular act or 1. Through ethics, people can determine
should not be carried. the difference between right from
wrong, good and bad
2. People can eliminate actions that do
Applied Ethics – philosophy that not conform to what is right
discusses strong and basic moral issues 3. 6. Come up with rational decisions in
inked to abortion. facing an ethical dilemma
4. Makes a person responsible in the
family, school and society
Meta-Ethics – discipline that relies on
5. A person becomes sensitive to the
meaning; seeking to address non-moral
needs of others more than him/herself
questions about morality; nature of
moral statements, purpose and 6. Reminds a person to fully need
significance of moral facts, conscience in decision making and a
interpretation and justification of moral person can acknowledge the actions
statements made.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MORAL AND DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORAL AND
NON-MORAL STANDARDS NON-MORAL STANDARDS

1. Countries have their own set of laws, Statue – is a written law passed by a
policies, cultures, customs and beliefs legislative body
2. May be acceptable to other countries REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11463 – An Act
but not acceptable to others. Establishing Malasakit Centers in all
Department of Health (DOH) Hospitals in the
Moral Standards – refer to the country and in the Philippine General Hospital,
guidelines we have on the types of acts Providing Funds and for other purposes” –
that we find to be morally permissible Example of statue.
and morally unacceptable • If its powers do not conflict with any
• Primarily deals with issues that other form of law, it is legally blinding
can either potentially threaten or • Not all lawful is moral.
greatly benefit human beings.
• Moral Standards normally
PROFESSIONAL CODE OF ETHICS –
promote the common good,
set of guidelines intended to help practitioners
that is the welfare and well-being
differentiate between right and wrong to guide
of human beings, animals and the
their decisionmaking
environment
• Norms as standards are basic CODE OF ETHICS – Define the purpose and
guidelines regarding human ideals of the organization, how staff within the
acts organization within organization are to handle
• Values – universal convictions as the issues, and the expectations to which
to what is acceptable, desirable workers are bound.
and beneficial or not. HOW MORAL STANDARDS ARE FORMED

1. Morals are shaped by the beliefs of

Characteristics of Moral Standards an individual
2. Values are the basis of the capacity
1. entails serious harm or benefit of an individual to distinguish
between right and wrong
2. not determined by authority figures
3. Morals build on this to form concrete,
3. should be adopted over other
context-driven rules that regulate the
values including self-interest
actions of an individual
4. focused on objective
4. They are formed from the experience
considerations
of a person’s life and are subject to
5. perceived to be universal opinion
6. corelated with different feelings
and vocabulary
FACTORS ON HOW MORAL
STANDARDS ARE INFLUENCES
Non-moral standards – laws that are not
related to social or legal considerations. 1. Moral Values or Principles
Etiquette is a decorum; reverence for 2. Character and Manners
the formal criteria governing conduct in 3. Religious Values
a civilized society. Convention. 4. Values from School
Conventional ways and uuses the rules 5. Moral Conduct
of etiquette.. 6. Direct and Implied Cultural Norms
Decorum – implies modesty and a sense of 7. Our Life Experiences
what is becoming or is fitting for a person of 8. Critical thinking
good breeding

CHAPTER 2: MORAL DILEMMA

 - Situation in which a decision 4. Unrealistic and conflicting goals
maker must give preference to 5. Use of organization’s technology,
one moral principle over another. social media use, technology and
Occurs when confronted with a privacy concerns.
challenging situation. 6. Business travel ethics.

SELF INFLICTED DILEMMA – result of 2. INDIVIDUAL MORAL DILEMMA

a prior personal mistake. – pertains to a situation where
MORAL DILEMMA – situation in which individuals confront with a
moral values are of equal importance. number of factors such as peer
Situation in which people assume that pressure, personal, financial
they should morally do one thing and position, an economic and social
that they should morally do another status which may influence all
thing. individual ethical standards
(Smith, 2018)

Socialization – is part of every

ETHICAL DILEMMA – Figar & individual’s life. Query as to
Dordevic, 2016 – Situation whereby a person whether an individual remains
has to make a decision. Among competing aware of doing what is good and
alternatives which is right ethical alternative what is right.
and which is the best.
• Human being should bear in mind that
living in this world is not easy
• Making an option to one moral value • It is alright to enjoy life as long as
over the other person knows his boundaries and
• Situation where moral values are limitations and others will not be
equally significant affected by what he or she does
• Scenario where a person has a strong specifically the unwanted acts.
moral reason in action, but not equally
strong moral reason in acting in another
way 3. STRUCTURAL MORAL
• State where a person should morally do DILEMMA – selecting a proper
one, two or more and have difficulty in system of responsibilities and
deciding any of these conflicting relationships, which is a
choices. continuing universal challenge.
a. Differentiation vs
Integration
THREE LEVELS OF MORAL b. Gap vs Overlap
DILEMMA c. Lack of Clarity vs Lack of
1. Organizational Ethical or Moral Creativity
Dilemma – Lamberto et al (2013) – d. Excessive Autonomy vs
refers to a situation that causes an Excessive
organization to respond negatively or Interdependence
positively to an ethical issue that affects Study of ethics should consider making it
staff, possible for an individual to fully understand
stakeholders and society what his conscience is , how he has gained it.

COMMON ISSUES
1. Unethical leadership/ bad Ethics were profounded and these are the
leadership following
2. Toxic Workplace Culture
3. Discrimination and harassment
 1. People cand etermine the difference
between right and wrong, good and
bad
2. People can eliminate actions that do
not conform to what is right
3. People will be very careful to the
actions and decisions to make
KANT’S PHILOSOPHY ON MORALITY
4. People will not be distrurbed to the
internal and external factors of not Reason should be used to decide how
doing the right thing. people will behave

1. GOOD WILL AND DUTY – based the

DIFFERENTIATION VS INTEGRATION idea of obligation on ethical law. Only
– Conflict between distribution of jobs and the virtue can be
organization of numerous activities generates uncontroversial good is good will
a classic dilemma. 2. PERFECT AND IMPERFECT DUTIES
– duties emerge because failure to
GAP VS OVERLAP - When the main
perform them will either result in
tasks are not explicitly defined, the critical job
contradiction of conception or a
will slip through gaps. Functions and activities
contradiction of will.
can overlap causing conflict, wasting time, etc.
3. CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE –
command unconditionally.
a. Hypothetical Imperative – one
LACK OF CLARITY VS LACK OF
that we must fulfill.
CREATIVITY – employees are not clear about
what they are expected to do. Often adapt 4. UNIVERSALIZABILITY – when anyone
their task. acts, it’s a maxim of a principle. An act
is permissible if one can have the
EXCESSIVE AUTONOMY VS principle that allows an action to be the
EXCESSIVE INTERDEPENDENCE – when universal law by which everybody acts.
individuals are too independent, they are 5. HUMANITY AS AN END IN ITSELF –
always isolated. act in such a way that you treat
humanity, whether in your own person
or in the person of another.
TO AVOID STRUCTURAL MNORAL
DILEMMA:

1. Must have well-distributed jobs FIVE MORAL PHILOSOPHY

and the laws, policies, rules, and
1. Goodwill and duty where he described
regulations must be balanced
it as one of a kind because it is always
2. Implicity defined job description, good and maintain moral values.
roles, duties
2. Perfect and Imperfect Duties. Perfect
3. Clear-cut expectation of tasks 4. Duty – always tru
Well-balanced interdependence.
3. Categorical Imperative and
Hypothetical Imperative
CHAPTER 3: FREEDOM AS a. Categorical Imperative – rule
of behavior that is unconditional
FOUNDATION FOR MORAL ACTS
or absolute for all agents.
KANT’S PHILOSOPHY ON FREEDOM b. Hypothetical Imperative – rule
of behavior relating to a person
Freedom is the right to control one’s
the idea only if he or she desires
action based on reason, not desire.
a certain end and has decided to
There is only one inherent right –
act on that desire.
Freedom.
4. Universalizability was set off by Kant
5. Humanity as an end itself.
KANT’S PHILOSOPHY ON JUSTICE
AND FAIRNESS
JUSTICE – involves external acts
through which an individual may directly
or indirectly influence others; does not
affect the desires, whishes or needs of
others; nature of personal relationships
not with their substance.
Taxation – regulated by the Constitution
of the Philippines and Three republic
acts.

• Rules of taxation shall be uniform and

equal