GRAPH
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Graph – a graph can be defined as a pictorial representation or a
diagram that represents data or values in an organized manner.
The points on the graph often represent the relationship between
two or more things.
Example:
We can present the type and number of school supplies used by
students in a class, on graph.
Types of graphs
1. Picture graphs
2. Bar graphs
3. block graphs
4. Column graphs
5. Circular graphs or pie charts
6. Line graphs
Picture graph
A picture graph uses symbols and pictures to represent data.
Example:
Bar graph
It is a graph with rectangular bars. The graph usually compares
different categories. Although the graphs can be plotted vertically (bars
standing up) or horizontally (bars lying flat from left to right), the most
usual type of bar graph is vertical.
Example:
Block graph
Example:
Column graph
Is one type of a bar graph, that uses vertical bars to display data.
Example:
Circular graph
A circular graph is a way to organize data using the sectors of a circle.
Example:
Line graph
A graph that shows information that is connected in some way (such
as change over time)
Example:
Elements of a graph
1. Title
The title should be descriptive of the data set.
2. Data points
It is important that your data points be large enough to be seen, or
small enough to be seen separately. This tells your audience at
least two important things:
a. How many measurements you made.
b. The intervals at which you made your measurements.
3. Axis labels
You must tell your audience what the axes represent. Give each a
clear title and include the units. Make sure that the labels are large
enough to be readable, especially if you are going to present the
graph in a talk at in a large lecture hall.
4. Beyond the minimum
In most situations, you are not just responding your data, you are
trying to extract additional information from it. To do this, you will
want to add more information to the graph. You can also add a few
elements to make the graph easier to read.
Example:
5. Legend
If you only have one set of data, the legend is not absolutely
necessary, but if you have more than one set of data on the chart, it is
imperative that it be included.
6. Grid lines
The grid lines on a graph can help your audience compare values at
different locations a little more easily. A good rule of thumb would
be to only add a maximum of ten grid lines in either the X or Y
dimension.
Y
0 X
Central Tendency
Central tendency – is a descriptive summary of a dataset through
a single value that reflects the center of the data distribution.
Along with the variability (dispersion) of a dataset, central
tendency is a branch of descriptive statistics.
The central tendency is one of the most quintessential concepts in
statistics. Although it does not provide information regarding the
individual values in the dataset, it delivers a comprehensive
summary of the whole dataset.
Measures of central tendency
1. Mean (Average)
Represents the sum of all values in a dataset divided by the
total number of the values.
Example:
1, 4, 7
Mean = (1 + 4 + 7)/3
= 12/3
=4
2. Median
The middle value in a dataset that is arranged in ascending
order (from the smallest value to the largest value). If a dataset
contains an even numbers of values, the median of the dataset
is the mean of the two middle values.
Example 1:
1, 4, 7
Median = 4
Example 2:
1, 5, 6, 10, 15, 17
Median = (6+10)/2
= 16/2
=8
3. Mode
Defines the most frequently occurring value in a dataset. In
some cases, a dataset may contain multiple modes while some
datasets may not have any mode at all.
Example:
2, 7, 10, 2, 18, 5, 9, 2
Mode = 2
Even though the measures above are the most commonly used to
define central tendency, there are some other measures,
including but not limited to, geometric mean, harmonic mean,
midrange, and geometric mean.
