21 Reinforced Concrete Design
Serviceability
Cracking in Flexural Members
ACI Provision for Crack Control
Deflection of Elastic Sections
Creep and Shrinkage Deflections
ACI Provision for Deflection Control
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET
SURANAREE INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
What is serviceability?
Normal service = load actually expected to act
( load factor = 1.0 )
Serviceability = Satisfactory performance under normal
service condition
- Adequate strength
- Service load deflections
- Long-term deflections
- Tension crack → virtually disturb and corrosion of steel
- Vibration
- Fatique
Strength Design Method
- more accurate assessment of capacity
- higher strength materials
more slender members
Crackings
more service load problems
Deflections
Cracking in Flexural Members
Es
Modular ratio n = ≈ 8 − 10
Ec
Modulus of rupture fr = 2 fc′ ≈ 30 kg/cm2
Stress in steel fs = 8(30) = 240 kg/cm2 fy
“Concrete always cracks at normal service condition”
Well designed beam:
- Fine flexural crack → hair line → little corrosion
- Well distributed
When service load increase more than cracking load,
crack width becomes wider and number of cracks becomes larger.
Gerely-Lutz Equation for Crack Width
Neutral
Effective tension axis
area of concrete h1 h2
Steel
2y centroid
y dc
Cracking w = 0.011 β 3 d c A × 10−3 mm
where fs = tensile stress under normal service, kg/cm2 = 0.6 fy (if no data)
dc = concrete cover, cm
β = distance ratio h1/h2 = 1.20 for beam = 1.35 for one-way slab
A = concrete area around one bar, cm2
total effective area 2 y bw
= =
number of bars n
Tolerable crack widths for reinforced concrete
Tolerable
crack width
Exposure condition in. mm
Dry air or protective membrane 0.016 0.41
Humidity, moist air, soil 0.012 0.30
Deicing chemical 0.007 0.18
Seawater and seawater spray;
wetting and drying 0.006 0.15
Water-retaining structures, excluding
nonpressure pipes 0.004 0.10
ACI Provision for Crack Control
For beam, β = 1.20
w w
Define z = fs 3 dc A = =
0.011× 1.20 0.013
Interior beam z ≤ 31,000 kg/cm ( w ≤ 0.41 mm )
Exterior beam z ≤ 26,000 kg/cm ( w ≤ 0.34 mm )
For one-way slab, β = 1.35
Interior slab z ≤ 31,000(1.2/1.35) = 28,000 kg/cm
Exterior slab z ≤ 26,000(1.2/1.35) = 23,000 kg/cm
T-beam flange in tension:
b ≤ bE ≤ L / 10
As As
Deep beam (h > 90 cm):
d
Ask ≥ 0.10 ( d − 75) cm 2 / m
≥ 90 cm s smax ≤ d / 6 ≤ 30 cm
Ask
d/2
Minimum number of bar in one layer
Total tensile area = 2 dc bw
2 dc bw
Tensile area per bar: A=
m
m = number of bars in one layer
2dc
dc
4 cm bw 3
z 2 d 2
b 2 d 2
bw
cover From z = fs 3 dc A → = c w
→ m= c
( z / fs )
3
fs m
Example: SD40: fy = 4,000 kg/cm2, fs = 0.6(4,000) = 2,400 kg/cm2
covering = 4 cm
dc = 5 + 0.5 db
stirrup ∅ ≈ 9-10 mm
2 ( 5 + 0.5d b ) bw
2
m= ⇒ max m = 2
( z / 2,400 )
3
Deflection of Elastic Sections
1) Excessive deflection cracking of partitions Wall
rain
2) Ponding effect of roof
3) Misalignment of machine
4) Visually offensive sag
Working Stress Design (WSD) Deflection is controlled indirectly by limiting
service load stress result in large member.
Ultimate Stress Design (USD) Members become more slender and/or
smaller sections may result in deflection problems.
Intermediate Deflections
w
Simply supported (ideal condition)
5 wL4 ∆
∆=
384 EI
L
End moments caused by monolithic joints (real condition)
w
Ma Mb
∆
L2 ML2
∆ max = 5M 0 − 3 ( M a + M b ) ⇒ β a wL2
48 EI EI M0 =
8
Ma Mb
Effective
Effectivemoment
momentof
ofinertia
inertiafor
forContinuous
ContinuousT-beam
T-beamsections
sections
A C B
A C B
Section A-A Section B-B Section C-C
Variation
Variationof
ofFlexural
FlexuralRigidity
Rigidity
with
withapplied
appliedbending
bendingmoment
moment
Ec I based on gross section plus
transformed area of reinforcement
Ec I
Ec I based on cracked
transformed section
0.2 Mu Mu Ig
Ie
Icr
1 2 3 4
Ma/Mcr
Deflection
Deflectionof
ofRC
RCBeam
Beam
Service load
Computed deflection based on
transformed cracked section
Load
Computed deflections using gross I
Actual deflection
Ec Icr
Cracking load E c Ig
Nonlinear
Deflection material
M2 range
M1
Mcr
0 ∆1 ∆2
Deflection ∆
Effective Moment of Inertia Icr ≤ Ie ≤ Ig
Mcr
3
M 3
Ie = Ig + 1 − Icr ≤ Ig
cr
Mmax Mmax
fr Ig
where Mcr = = cracking moment h yt
yt
Mmax = Maximum service load moment b
Ig = Gross section moment of inertia = bh3/12
Icr = Transformed cracked section moment of inertia
fr = Modulus of rupture = 2 fc′
yt = Distance from N-A to tension face
Single Value of Effective Moment of Inertia
Ie1 Im Ie2
1) Midspan value Ie = Im
2) Weighted average
Ie = 0.70 Im + 0.15( Ie1 + Ie2 ) for both ends continuous
Ie = 0.85 Im + 0.15 Ie1 for one end continuous
3) Simple average
Ie = 0.50 Im + 0.25( Ie1 + Ie2 ) for both ends continuous
Ie = 0.75 Im + 0.25 Ie1 for one end continuous
Dead Load and Live Load Deflections
MDL+LL
MDL
Mcr (Ie)DL+LL
(Ie)DL
Ig
∆cr
∆DL ∆LL
∆DL+LL
ML2
Dead load deflection: ∆ DL = βa
Ec ( I e ) DL
ML2
Dead load and live load deflection: ∆ DL + LL = βa
Ec ( I e ) DL + LL
Live load deflection: ∆ LL = ∆ DL + LL - ∆ DL
Example 1: Investigate the instantaneous deflection for the simply supported beam
over a span of 10 m. f’c=280kg/cm2, fy=4,000kg/cm2
40 cm
8 ton (LL)
60 cm
52 cm
5m Beam weight
700 kg/m(DL)
10 m
8DB25, As = 39.27 cm2
Minimum depth from ACI table:
L/16 = 10(100)/16 = 62.5 cm > 60 cm NG
Deflection must be checked
(a) Dead load deflection:
1
Ig = (40)(60)3 = 720,000 cm4
12
1
Mmax = (0.7)(10)2 = 8.75 t-m
8
For transformed cracked section
40 cm
fc′ = 280 kg/cm2
x
N.A. Ec = 15,100 fc′ = 254,512 kg/cm2
2.04 × 106
nAs n = Es / Ec = =8
254,512
Compute neutral axis location:
x2
[ΣMN-A= 0] 40 = 8(39.27)(52 − x )
2
x 2 + 15.71x − 816.82 = 0
x = 21.8 cm
1
( 40 ) ( 21.8 ) + 8(39.27) ( 52 − 21.8 )
3 2
Icr = Iconcrete + Isteel =
3
Icr = 424,663 cm4
fr = 2.0 280 = 33.5 kg/cm2
fr Ig 33.5 × 720,000
Mcr = = = 8,040 kg-m
yt 30 × 100
3
Mcr 8,040 Mcr
= = 0.92 ; = 0.78
Mmax 8,750 Mmax
Effective moment of inertia:
Ie = 0.78(720,000) + 0.22(424,663) = 655,026 cm4
Dead load deflection:
5wL4 5 × 700 /100 × (10 × 100)4
∆DL = = = 0.55 cm
384Ec Ie 384 × 252,671× 655,026
(b) Dead load and live load delfection:
Mmax = 8.75 + 8(10)/4 = 28.75 t-m
3
Mcr 8,040 Mcr
= = 0.28 ; = 0.022
Mmax 28,750 Mmax
Ie = 0.022(720,000) + 0.978(424,663) = 431,160 cm4
5wL4 PL3 5 × 7 × (10 × 100)4 8000(10 × 100)3
∆ DL +LL = + = +
384Ec Ie 48Ec Ie 384 × 252671× 431160 48 × 252671× 431160
= 0.84 + 1.53 = 2.37 cm
(c) Live load delfection:
∆LL = ∆DL+LL - ∆DL = 2.37 – 0.55 = 1.82 cm
L 10 (100 )
Allowable ∆LL = = = 2.78 cm > 1.82 cm OK
360 360
Long-Term
Long-TermDeflections
Deflections
Creep
Creepand
andShrinkage
Shrinkage
Creep
Strain
Shrinkage
True elastic Nominal
strain elastic strain
t0 Time
Creep
CreepEffect
Effecton
onDeflections
Deflectionsunder
undersustained
sustainedload
load
Ec Ect
fc′ Sustained loading
∆i
Instantaneous loading
≈ 0.5fc′ Service load condition εi εcp
Creep xi
xcp
Ct ∆i Creep effect
Strain As
εs
Creep Effect on Deflections under Sustained Load
Factors:
1) Constituents 4) Age and duration of loading
2) Curing temp. and Humidity 5) Magnitude of stress
3) Size of concrete member
ε cp
Creep coefficient: Ct =
εi
Creep deflection: ∆ cp = Ct ( ∆ i )DL
t 0.6
ACI Code: Ct = Cu
10 + t
0.6
where t = time in days after loading
Cu = ultimate creep = 2.35 for 40% humidity
Standard creep coefficient variation
For 10 cm or less slump, 40% humidity, moist cured
and loading age of 7 days
Ct = 0.78Cu Ct = 0.90Cu
at 1 year at 5 year
Cu
Ct
100 200 300 400 500 600
Duration of loading, days
Creep Correction Factor (CF)
Conditions to use ACI equation:
- 40% relative humidity - 7 days loading age (moist cured)
- 10 cm or less slump - 1-3 days loading age (stream cured)
- 15 cm average thick
1) Age of loading: 2) Humidity for H 40% :
Moist cured (CF )a = 1.25 ta−0.118 (CF )h = 1.27 − 0.0067 H
Stream cured (CF )a = 1.13 ta−0.095 where H = relative humidity in %
where ta = age of loading in days
3) Compression steel effect:
0.85 As′
kr = , ρ′ =
1 + 50 ρ ′ bd
∆ cp = kr Ct ( ∆ i )DL
Shrinkage Effect on Deflections Under Sustained Load
Shrinkage deflection:
∆ sh = α1 φ sh L2
where α1 = 0.50 cantilever beam
= 0.125 simply supported beam
= 0.086 one-end continuous beam
= 0.063 both-end continuous beam
φsh = shrinkage curvature
L = span length, m
Shrinkage strain:
t
Moist cured 7 days: ε sh = ( ε sh )u
35 + t
t
Stream cured 1-3 days: ε sh = ( ε sh )u
55 + t
where (εsh)u = ultimate shrinkage strain
= 80010-6 cm/cm for 40% humidity
Correction Factor (CF):
( CF )h = 1.40 − 0.010 H 40% ≤ H ≤ 80%
( CF )h = 3.00 − 0.030 H H ≥ 80%
Shrinkage Curvature φsh
Singly reinforced beam:
εsh
ε sh − ε s
φsh =
d
h d
εs ε ε
= sh 1 − s
d ε sh
where εs = compressive
φsh
strain in steel
Singly and doubly reinforced beam:
1/ 2
ε sh ρ − ρ′
( ρ − ρ ′) ( ρ − ρ ′ ) ≤ 3%
1/ 3
φsh = 0.7 for
h ρ
ε sh
φsh = for ( ρ − ρ ′) > 3%
h
where ρ or ρ ′ = 100(As or As′ ) / bd
Creep and Shrinkage Deflections
∆ cp + sh = krξ ( ∆ i ) DL = λ ( ∆ i ) DL
ξ
λ = krξ =
1 + 50 ρ ′
Duration of
sustained load
ξ
5 years or more 2.0
1 year 1.4
6 months 1.2
3 months 1.0
Example 2: From beam in Ex.1, check the total deflection for sustained load at 5
years or more
2DB25 Solution: (1) Intermediate deflection from Ex.1
52 cm
60 cm
(∆i)DL = 0.55 cm
(∆i)DL+LL = 2.35 cm
8DB25
(∆i)LL = 1.80 cm
40 cm
(2) Compute creep and shrinkage deflection:
ρ ′ = As′ / bd = 2(4.91) /(40)(52) = 0.0047
2.0
λ = kr ξ = = 1.62
1 + 50(0.0047)
∆ cp +sh = λ ( ∆ i )DL = 1.62(0.55) = 0.89 cm
Since (∆ι)DL can be accommodated by camber
L 10(100)
Deflection = (∆ i )LL + ∆ cp +sh = 1.80 + 1.89 = 2.69 cm < = = 2.78 cm OK
360 360
