LACK OF EQUIPMENT FOR TVL SKILL-BASED TRAINING AND ITS EFFECT TO

TVL SMAW GRADE 11 STUDENTS, ACADEMIC AND SKILL PERFORMANCE

RESEARCH PAPER

Presented to

The faculty of the Bugo National High School

Bugo, Cagayan de Oro City

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the requirements for Practical Research 1

Padrequil, Jeu D.
Alam, Jazziem M.
Litanon, John Arvy B.
Eurese, John Michael
Ayuman, John Lister
Repetillo, John Clark
Palangpangan, Brian C.
Gonzaga, Jayvee B.
Detuyatu, Albert
Tomas, Celso
Cagadas, Sweet Vallery Shane
Daguplo, Dean Mark

April, 2023
 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

In recent years, the Philippines' education system has undergone

substantial reforms to align itself with international standards and produce competent

graduates. The K to 12 Basic Education Program, implemented by the Department

of Education (DepEd), introduced the TVL track to provide students with technical

skills in various fields, including welding. The aim was to equip students with skills

that would enhance their employability and contribute to the country's economic

growth.

The Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) track is one of the educational

tracks offered in the Philippines' K-12 basic education program. The TVL track aims

to provide students with the necessary skills and competencies to prepare them for

the world of work. The Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) course is one of the

most popular TVL courses, which focuses on developing students' proficiency in

welding. (DepEd, 2016)

Skill-based training is a crucial aspect of vocational education programs,

including the TVL track. The aim of skill-based training is to provide students with

hands-on experience and practical skills to prepare them for the workforce. Oribiana

and Mendoza (2021) conducted a study that found practical training significantly

improved the academic performance of TVL students.

However, a significant challenge faced by TVL SMAW Grade 11 students is

the lack of essential equipment required for effective skill-based training. In a study

conducted by Esteron and Arguelles (2019), it was found that the competency level

of SMAW students in the TVL track, specifically in relation to industry standards, was

significantly affected by the lack of equipment. The study highlighted that without
access to proper equipment, students were unable to develop and practice the

necessary welding techniques and standards expected in the industry.

The scarcity of equipment not only affects students' skill development but

also has implications for their academic performance. As demonstrated in a study by

Liwanag (2018), the implementation of the K to 12 curriculum in the Philippines has

had a profound impact on TVL students' academic performance. Insufficient

equipment limits students' opportunities for hands-on practice and application of

theoretical knowledge, leading to a subpar learning experience and reduced

academic achievement.

Moreover, the lack of equipment poses additional challenges for TVL

SMAW Grade 11 students, exacerbating the issues they face during their

educational journey. According to a study by Jose and Dela Cruz (2020), students

encounter various issues and problems in the TVL tracks, including inadequate

equipment. The absence of essential tools hinders students' ability to develop

necessary skills, demotivates them, and negatively impacts their overall educational

experience.

Hence, the researchers decide to conduct this research to challenge the

researcher to focus on this problem to meet the needs of SMAW students in Bugo

National High School.

This study is anchored to five theories. Firstly, the Social Learning Theory,

proposed by Albert Bandura (1977) posits that students learn through observation,

imitation, and modeling. In the context of TVL SMAW education, the lack of

equipment impedes students' ability to observe and practice welding skills, thus

hindering their skill development and overall performance. Secondly, the Experiential

Learning Theory, developed by David Kolb (1984), emphasizes the importance of

hands-on experience in the learning process. Insufficient equipment limits students'

opportunities for experiential learning, making it challenging to apply theoretical

knowledge to practical skills, which in turn affects their academic and skill

performance.

The Cognitive Load Theory, proposed by John Sweller (1988), suggests that

inadequate equipment increases cognitive load, straining students' mental

resources. Without proper tools, students struggle to visualize and comprehend

welding processes, resulting in suboptimal skill acquisition and academic

performance. Moreover, the Self-Determination Theory, developed by Edward Deci

and Richard Ryan (1985), highlights the significance of autonomy, competence, and

relatedness in motivating individuals. The lack of equipment undermines students'

sense of competence and autonomy, leading to frustration, demotivation, and

disengagement from the learning process, which adversely affects their overall

performance.
 Lastly, the Resource-Based Theory asserts that the availability and allocation

of resources significantly impact outcomes. In the context of TVL SMAW education,

the lack of equipment can be seen as a resource constraint. Insufficient access to

essential equipment restricts students' ability to acquire and apply welding skills

effectively, resulting in subpar academic and skill performance. Addressing this

resource constraint is vital to optimize students' learning outcomes and ensure their

success in the TVL SMAW program.

By integrating these theoretical perspectives, this framework provides a

comprehensive understanding of how the lack of equipment for TVL skill-based

training affects TVL SMAW Grade 11 students' academic and skill performance.

These theories underscore the importance of hands-on experience, observational

learning, cognitive load management, motivation, and resource availability in shaping

students' learning outcomes and overall educational experience.

Conceptual Framework

This study revolves around two variables, one is insufficient time and the

other one is academic performance.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Lack of equipment
 Academic
performance
 Skill performance
Statement of the problem

This study aims to determine the effect of lack of equipment to the Academic

and skill performance of grade 11 TVL, SMAW students.

1. How does the lack of equipment affect the skill development of TVL SMAW Grade

11 students?

2. What is the impact of insufficient equipment on the academic performance of TVL

SMAW Grade 11 students?

3. What are the specific challenges faced by students due to the lack of equipment in

TVL skill-based training?

Significance of the Study

The study results may be beneficial to the following:

To the School Administrator: The study will be able to provide information on how

these learners are acquiring the skills required for them to be proficient welders.

Also, pertinent empirical data would offer a window into how effectively the subject is

being delivered to Senior High School students.

To the Teachers: The knowledge they would get from the study would enable them

to properly address SMAW with their students, enabling instructors to contribute to

improving students' academic achievement beyond only imparting knowledge on the

areas they were responsible for.

be improved by increasing their awareness of the need of having superior welding

skills. The study's findings could be used to further their studies on welding.

To the Parents: The parents may give support and be aware of the possible

benefits and effect of being a welder student, parents might give their child extra

allowance for expenses.

To the future Researchers. This study may be use as reference on the welding

skills of students.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

The study entitled "Lack of equipment for TVL Skill-Based Training and its

Effect on TVL SMAW Grade 11 Students' Academic and skill Performance" will focus

on the impact of limited equipment for TVL skill- based training on the academic

performance of Grade 11 TVL SMAW students in Bugo National High School. The

study will analyze the effects of the lack of equipment for skill-based training on the

students' academic performance in terms of their SMAW subject grades. The

research will be conducted during the academic year 2023-2024. The study will be

limited to Grade 11 TVL SMAW students in Bugo National High School, and the

results will only be applicable to this group. The study will focus solely on the effects

of lack of equipment for skill-based training on the students' academic performance

in their SMAW subject.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

 Academic performance- Academic Performance refers to the level of

achievement, progress, or success of a student in a particular academic

grades, test scores, assignments, and other assessments that demonstrate

the student's knowledge and skills in the subject matter. In the context of

research, academic performance can also refer to the overall academic

achievement of a student, including their performance across multiple

subjects or courses over time.

 Skill performance - ability and proficiency demonstrated by an individual in

executing a specific task or activity. It involves the application of knowledge,

techniques, and abilities to achieve desired outcomes or objectives. Skill

performance is often assessed based on the quality, accuracy, speed,

effectiveness, and efficiency with which a person performs a particular skill.\

 TVL – Technical-Vocational-Livelihood Strand is designed to develop

students' skills that is useful for livelihood and technical projects. It provides a

curriculum that is a combination of Core Courses and specialized hands-on

courses that meets the competency-based assessment of TESDA.

 Lack of equipment - refers to a situation where there is an insufficiency or

absence of necessary tools, machinery, devices, or resources required to

perform a particular task, activity, or operation. It indicates a shortage or

inadequate availability of equipment needed to carry out a specific function

effectively and efficiently.

 SMAW - Shielded metal arc welding, also known as manual metal arc

welding, flux shielded arc welding or informally as stick welding, is a manual

arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode covered with a flux to

lay the weld.


 Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature

The Technical-Vocational-Livelihood (TVL) track is a component of the K-12

basic education program in the Philippines that aims to equip students with the

necessary skills and competencies for the workforce. One of the popular courses

under the TVL track is Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), which focuses on

developing students' proficiency in welding. However, due to lack of equipment for

skill-based training in SMAW, the academic and skill performance of Grade 11 TVL

SMAW students may be negatively impacted. This review of relevant literature aims

to examine the effectiveness of skill-based training in the TVL track and its impact on

student outcomes, particularly in the context of SMAW.

Literature Review:

A study by Aguilar (2020) explores the impact of equipment availability on

TVL SMAW education. The findings indicate that students who have access to

adequate equipment demonstrate higher levels of skill proficiency and academic

performance. Furthermore, the study suggests that the provision of proper

equipment positively influences students' motivation and engagement in the learning

process.

Another study by Dominguez and Reyes (2019) investigate the role of

equipment constraints on TVL SMAW programs in a rural area. The study reveals

that limited access to equipment negatively affects students' skill acquisition and

overall performance. It highlights the need for increased investment in providing

sufficient and up-to-date equipment to enhance the quality of TVL SMAW education

in rural regions.
 In a study by Hernandez and Santos (2018) examines the perceived impact of

equipment constraints on TVL SMAW students' learning experience. The findings

suggest that students face significant challenges and frustrations when lacking

access to essential equipment. It highlights the importance of providing adequate

equipment to create a conducive learning environment that enhances students'

engagement, skill development, and overall learning outcomes.

Tan and Lim (2020) investigate the effects of equipment constraints on TVL

SMAW students' engagement and motivation. The study reveals that insufficient

access to equipment negatively affects students' engagement in the learning process

and reduces their motivation to actively participate. It emphasizes the importance of

addressing equipment constraints to enhance students' engagement and motivation

levels.
 CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology that will be used to

investigate the effects of insufficient time for TVL skill-based training on the

academic and skill performance of TVL SMAW Grade 12 students. The chapter

outlines the research design, research local, participants of the study, sampling

technique, research instrument and data gathering technique.

Research Design

A mixed-methods research design was utilized in this study to gather both

quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative aspect involved the collection of

numerical data to assess students' academic performance and skill levels, while the

qualitative component sought to gain insights into students' experiences and

perceptions regarding TVL skill-based training.

Research Locale

The study will be conducted in Bugo National High Schools, Taparak, Bugo,

Cagayan de Oro City, Misamis Oriental. Bugo National High School will serve as the

research site due to its well-established Technical-Vocational Livelihood (TVL)

program, specifically focusing on Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW). This locale

provided a suitable context for examining the effects of insufficient time for TVL skill-

based training on TVL SMAW Grade 11 students' academic and skill performance.
Participants of the Study

. The participants in this study will be Grade 11 students enrolled in the TVL

SMAW program at Bugo National High School. A purposive sampling technique will

be employed to select a representative sample of students who have experienced

varying levels of lack of equipment for skill-based training.

Sampling Technique

Convenience sampling will be used for this study due to the minimal number

of students available in the TVL SMAW program at Bugo National High School. All

Grade 11 students enrolled in the TVL SMAW program will be included as

participants.
Research Instrument

This research instrument combines a questionnaire and an interview to collect

data on the impact of insufficient equipment on TVL SMAW Grade 11 students'

academic and skill performance in Bugo National High School.

Data Gathering Technique

Begin by conducting the interviews with a subset of participants to explore

their experiences in detail. Use the insights gained from the interviews to refine and

finalize the questionnaire. Administer the questionnaire to a sample of TVL SMAW

Grade 11 students, ensuring proper instructions for completion. Collect the

completed questionnaires and transcribe the interview recordings. Analyze the

quantitative data from the questionnaires using appropriate statistical techniques,

such as descriptive statistics, frequencies, and correlation analysis. Analyze the

qualitative data from the interviews using thematic coding and content analysis to

identify common themes and patterns. Compare and integrate the findings from both

data sources to gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of insufficient

equipment on academic and skill performance. Interpret and discuss the results,

considering the quantitative and qualitative data collectively, and draw conclusions

based on the synthesized findings.