Probability

SOLUTIONS OF PROBABILITY
EXERCISE - 1
PART - I
Section (A) :

A-1. (i) {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT}
(ii) {B1 B2, B1 B3, B1 G1, B1 G2, B2 B3, B2 G1, B2 G2, B3 G1, B3 G2, G1 G2}
3 2 34
A-2. P(A) = ; P(B) = ; P(C) = ?; P (A) + P (B) + P (C) = 1 P (C) = .
11 7 77
6!
A-3. Total number of words formed = = 60. The number of words containing the pattern
3! 2!
4!
BAN = = 12
2!
60  12 4
So, the required probability = =
60 5
54 45 5
A-4. Probability =   (EE or OE)
98 98 9
8 !
3 !
A-5. A ~ B ~ C; P =
8 !

A-6. (i) 6 vertical & 5 horizontal lines.

5  4  4  3  3  2  2 1 4
p= =
6C2 5C2 15
A5 A4

A6 A3

A1 A2
2 1
(ii) A1A3A5 or A2A4A6 = 6

C3 10

A-7. (i) E1 : {(1, 1) (1, 2).. (1, 6), (3, 1) … (3, 6), (5,1) (5,6)}
E2 : {: (2, 6) (3, 6) (4, 4) (5, 3) (6, 2)}
(ii) E1 : {(4,1) (4,2) ... (4,6)}
E2 : {(1,5) (2,5) … (6,5)}

6  2
  31
A-8. P (Not 8) = 1 – P (8) 5  3  # 5 = 1 – =
36 36
4  4 
P (Not 11) = 1 – P (11) 6+5 # 2
2 34
=1– = . Total cases of obtaining 8 or 9 are 7.
36 36
Here for cases = 29.
29
P= .
36

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 Probability
5 3 2
A-9. P(A) = ; P(B) = ; P(C) = after the race
10 10 10
1 2
P'(A) = ; P'(B) + P'(C) =
3 3
That will increase probability of B & C in 3 : 2 respectively
2 3 2
 P(B) =  
3 5 5
2 2 4
 P’(C) =  =
3 5 15

A-10. Let A(B) be the event that the number on the ticket is divisible by 5(8). Then
A = {5, 10, 15, 20, ...., 95, 100} ; B = {8, 16, 24, 32, ...., 88, 96}
100
 AB = {40, 80}; n(A) = = 20, n(B) = 12, n(AB) = 2
5
20 12 2 3
The reqd. prob. = P(AB) = P(A) + P(B) – P(AB) =  – =
100 100 100 10
52  51 50
A-11. Total number of cases = 52 C3 = = 22100
3!
(i) P(all cards of the same suit) = P(all cards are diamonds) + P(all cards are hearts)
13
C 4  13  12  11 22
+ P(all cards are clubs) + P(all cards are shades) = 4 × 52 3 = =
C3 52  51 50 425
4
C1  4C1  4 C1 16
(ii) P(A king, a queen, a jack) = P(a king) × P(a queen) × P(a jack)  52

C3 5525
A-12. A  sum is 8, B  sum is 11
If A occurs naturally B is not allowed so ‘A total of 8 but not 11’ is equivalent to sum of ‘8’ is obtained
now n(S) = 6 × 6
n(E) = {(2, 6), (6, 2), (4, 4), (3, 5), (5, 3)}  P = 5/36
2.6!.6!
A-13. n (S) = total number of arrangements = 12!; n (E) = alternate arrangement = 2.6! 6! P =
12!
A-14. (i) total ways of drawing 4 cards = 52C4. one card each from each suit = 13C1 × 13C1 × 13C1 ×13C1
13  13  13  13
P= 52
C4
(ii) Value of a card voices like 2 , 3 .... 10, J, O, K , A i.e., 13 values are possible of which 4
different can be selected as 13 C4:
also any particular value is available in four suits  n(E) = 13C4 44
13
C4 44
P= 52
C4
Section (B) :
B-1. We known that
n(A – B) = n(A) – n(A  B) = n(A  B) – n(B) = n(A B ) = n (S) – n( A B)
dividing by n(S) in total we get
P(A – B) = P(A) – P(A  B) = P(A  B) – P(B) = P(A B ) = 1 – P ( A B)
B-2 (i) P(A– B ) = P(A  B) = 0.5 (ii) P( A B)
 
=1–P( A  B =1–{P(A B )} =1–{P(A) – P(A  B)} = 1– P(A) + P(A B) = 1– 0.7 + 0.5 = 0.3 + 0.5 = 0.8

A
B
0.2 0.5

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 Probability
B-3. (i) p (A B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) = 0.4 + 0.48 – 0.16 = 0.72
(ii) P(B) – P(A  B) = 0.32
  
(iii) p  A  B  = p (A )C = 1 – p (A B) = 1 – 0.72 = 0.28
 
insert values and obtain answer (iv) P(A  B) – P(A  B) = 0.56

B-4.

p1 + p2 + p3 = 70 and p4 + p5 + p6 = 25
25 25 5
A : Event that he has membership of exactly two clubs P(A) = = =
70  25  10 115 21
Section (C) :
C-1. (i) B1  boy (given)
Possible scenario (Ist place  elder
IInd place  younger)
B1G1 G1B1 B1B2
2
Other child is girl =
3
C-2. Score less than 5 means the occurrence of 1, 2, 3, or 4. Now on the last throw we should not obtain a
score less then 2 i.e. one. Clearly the favourable outcomes are 2, 3 or 4.
3
Thus the required probability =
4
13  4  1 4
C-3. (i) 8/52 (ii) =
52 13
2 6 2 6 52
C-4. P(E1) = 2/7 P(E2) = 6/11; P(E1UE2) = P(E1) + P(E2) – P(E1) P(E2) = + – × =
7 11 7 11 77
3 6
13  39   13   39   13  13 / 52 16
C-5. p (A) = + + + .... = =
52  52   52   52   52   39 
3 37
1  
 52 
4 7
 39  13  39  13  39   13  3 /16 12
p (B) =   +   +   52  +... = =
 52  52  52  52  52    3
3 37
1  
4
2 5
 39   13   39   13  9 / 64 9
p (C) =     +     + ... = =
 52   52   52   52  3
3 37
1  
4
C-6. here x:C&D separated
y:A &B together
P(x  y) 3! 2! 4 C2  2! 3
P(x/y) = = 
P(y) 5!2! 5
C-7. XI  5 /50
2 3
XII 8 / 50 P(X) =, P(X) =
5 5
2 1 3 8 17
P(Brilliant) = × + × =
5 10 5 50 125

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 Probability
C-8. B1  5R + 2B; B2  2R + 6B
1 5 1 2 27
(i) P(R) =    =
2 7 2 8 56
(ii) A : Ball drawn is blue
B1 : From B1
B2 : From B2
2 1

P(A / B1 ) P(B1 ) 7 2 8
P(B1/A) = = =
P(A / B1 ) P(B1 )  P(A / B2 ) P(B2 ) 2 1 6 1 29
  
7 2 8 2
3 1
C-9. No of kings left are 3. cards are 51; p = =
51 17

C-10. Here S = {1, 2, 3 . . . . . 12}. Total events n(s) = 12.

Let E : number on the drawn card is more than 3
F : number on the card is even number
E = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
F = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
E  F = {4, 6, 8, 10, 12}
5
9 6 5  F  P(E  F) 12 5
P(E) = , P(F) = , P(E  F) = P  = = 
12 12 12  
E P(E) 9 9
12
C-11. M : event that all the materials will be delivered at the correct time.
F : event that the building programme will be completed on time.
 F  P(F  M) P(F)  P(F  M) 0.7  0.65 1
P  = = = =
 
M  P(M ) 1  P(M) 1  0.8 4

Section (D) :
14 13
1  1 1 1 7
D-1. P = 14C13 = 14 × = 13
2  2  213 2 2
1
D-2. In a question of given type probability of giving correct answer =
15
2 8
 1   14 
Exactly two correct answers  10C2 ×   ×  
 
15  15 
D-3. Total cards = 52
Spade cards = 13
13 1
Probability of success p = =
52 4
1 3
 q=1–p=1– =
4 4
Let X be the number of success
3 2
3 27 3  1 27
 P(X = 0) = q3 =   =  P(X = 1) = 3 q2 P = 3    4  = 64
4 64 4  
2 3
 3  1  9  1 1
P(x = 2) = 3qp2 = 3    =  P(X = 3) = P3 =   =
  
4 4 64  
4 64
X 0 1 2 3
 Required probability distribution is 27 27 9 1
P( X)
64 64 64 64

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 Probability
1 4 10
D-4. EB = EC = ×100 + × × 100 = 28
5 5 100

2 3 3
D-5. Box = 2 R + 3B. p (Rad, blue) = × = =p
5 4 10

x 0 1 2 3
3
p Copo(1-p)3 3
C1p(1-p)2 3
C2p2(1-p) 3
C3p3

xi 0 1 2 3
= 3
 19  19 2
19 216
pi   18  108 
 25  25 3 25 3 25 3

D-6. Distribution
x 0 1 2 3 4 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
 1  1  1  1  1  1
C0  
p 5
C1 
5 5
C2   5
C3   5
C4   5
C5  
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
mean = np = 5 × = 2.5; variance = npq = 5 × × = 1.25
2 2 2

PART - II
Section (A) :
13 1 4 1
A-1. P (A) = – spade  P(A) = ; P (B) = Ace P (B) =
52 4 52 13
They are independent event As P(A B) = P(A).P(B) = 1/52
9  10
A-2. Since sum of 1+12+3 +......9 = = 45 is disisible by 9, hence all number will be divisible by 9.
2
a b
A-3. = ad – bc = 0  where ad = 1, bc = 1 or ad = – 1, bc = – 1
c d
which occur in eight ways. Total number of 2 × 2 determinants from {–1, 1} is 16.
8 1
Thus required probability is =
16 2
1 1
A-4. According to the given condition p = p(E) = , q =
2 2
n 3 3 n 4 4
 1  1 n  1  1
n
C3    2  = C4  2   2  , where n is the number of times dice is thrown
2      
7
 1 7 7
 n
C3 = nC4 n = 7. Thus required probability = 7C1   = 7 =
2 2 128

A-5. B can obtain number > 9 in these manner ( A and B are independent events)
6 1
(5,5), (6,5), (5,6), (6,6), (6,4), (4,6)  P = =
36 6
3q  3q 
A-6. Roots of the equation x2 + qx + + 1 = 0 are real if  = q2 – 4   1  0
4  4 
 q2 – 3q – 4  0 (q + 1) (q – 4)  0  q  – 1 or q  4.
 possible value of q are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, –10, –9, –8, –7, –6, –5, –4, –3, –2, –1.
17
 probability = .
21

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 Probability
4.13C9  39 C4
A-7. So 52
C13

4
 1– x 7 
A-8. Total cases x8 : (x0 + x1 + ...x6)4 =   =(1 – x7)4 (1 – x)–4 = (1 – 2x7)2 (1 – x)–4 = (1 – 4x7) (1 – x)–4
 1– x
 
149
Total ways = 74. Favourable ways = 4 + 8 – 1C8 – 4. 4 + 1 – 1C1 = 11C8 – 4 × 4 = 165 – 16 = 149. P =
74
A-9. 1 – P(BB) ; 1 – 1/2 × 1/2 = 1 – 1/4 = ¾

Section (B) :

B-1. There are 4 possible cases for an elements

(i) neither present in A nor in B (ii) present both in A and B
(iii) present in A and absent in B (iv) present in B and absent in A
n
2 1
Case (iii) and (iv) are favorable =   = n
  2
4
B-2. (i)   0  P(A  B)  min (P(A), P(B)) ......(i)
and 0  P(A  B)  1
So P(A) + P(B) – 1  P(A  B)  P(A) + P(B) ......(ii)
(i)  (ii)
P(A) + P(B) – 1  P(A  B)  min (P(A) , P(B))
4 3 4 3
(ii)   P(A  B)    P(A) + P(B) – P(A  B) 
15 5 15 5
3 4 2
P(A) + P(B) –  P(A  B)  P(A) + P(B) –   P(A  B)  1
5 15 3
(iii) P(A  B) = P(A) – P(A  B)
 4 3 1
 P(A  B)   ,   0  P(A  B) 
 15 5  3
10
3
10
C2 38
B-3 = 5.  
4
10
4

B-4 P(at least two of A, B, C occur) = 1 – (.6 + .2) = 0.2


A B

Section (C) :
5 4
C-1. A  first critic reviews favourbly P (A) = ; B  second critic reviews favourbly P (B) =
7 7
3
C  third critic reviews favourbly P (B) =
7
For majority P (A  B C) + P (A  B  C) + (A  B  C) + P (A  B  C)
5 4 4 5 3 3 2 4 3 5 4 3
= × × + × × + × × + × × = 209/343
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7

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 Probability
6 1
1 6 1 6 1 
C-2. p (A) = = , p (B) = = 5  2 
36 36 36 6
4  3 
1
A B = ; p (A B) = p (A) × p (B)
36
C-3. Total events = 6 × 6 = 36. A = Getting the number 5 at least once
 A = {(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (6, 5)}
B = Getting the sum of numbers to be 8.  B = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)} 
  A  B = {(3, 5), (5, 3)}
11 5 2
 P(A) = ; P(B) = ; P(A  B) =
36 36 36
P(A  B) 2 / 36 2
Now, the Reqd. Prob.= P(A/B) = = =
P(B) 5 / 36 5
C-4. Fails : A BA B+A B
A B (.1) (.8) 8 2
Probility = = 
A BA BA B (.1)(.8)  (.9)(.2)  (.1)(.2) 8  18  2 7

1 1
C-5. A  missing card is red P (A) =; B  missing card non red P (B) = E  card drawn is red
2 2
25 1

1 25 1 26 1 P(E / A) P(A) 51 2 25
P(E) = P(A) P(E/A) + P(B) P(E/B) = × + × = P(A/E) = = =
2 51 2 51 2 P (E) 1 51
2
C-6. Here A: Forget to water; B: Withered
2 3
.
P(A) . P(B / A) 3 4 6 3
P(A/B) = = = 
 P(A) . P(B / A) 2 3 1 1 62 4
  
3 4 3 2
p(A  B) 0.1  0.1 2
C-7. p (A / B) = = = . similarly evaluate others
p(B) 0.3 3
Section (D) :
4 1 5
2 4 2
D-1. 2W & 4B P = 5 C4       5
C5  
6 6 6
1
D-2. 3
C2 P2(1–P) = 12 3C3 P3  1 – P = 4 P  =p
5
D-3. Head is obtained odd number of times = 1 head or 3 head or 5 head .........
n n n n n
 1  1  1  1  1 1
P = nC1   + nC3   + nC5   + ....... =   {nC1 + nC3 + nC5 + .......} =   2(n – 1) =
2 2 2 2 2 2
D-4. Draw of 2 coins can be done in the following ways

2
C2 3
C2 2
C1 3 C1
5
×2 5
×4 5
×3
C2 C2 C2
1
Value of expectation = 5
(2 + 3 × 4 + 2 × 3 × 3) = 3.2
C2

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 Probability
1
 1  5 2 1  5  4 1 
D-5. EA        .....  99 = 99 6  54
 6  6  6  6  6  1
25
36
99  1 100
D-6. (q + p)99 r  r   r  50
1/ 2 2
1
1/ 2
Terms 50 or 51 are highest, so r = 49, 50

PART - III
1. (A) Even integers ends in 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. Square of an even integer ends in 4 only when the integer
ends either in 2 or 8.
2
 probability =
5
1 1
(B) P(A  B) =  P(A).P(B) =
6 6
2 1
P( A ) =  P(A) =
3 3
1
 P(B) =
2
 B  6P(B  A) 6.P(B).P(A)
 6P   =  3
A P(A) P(A)
(C) Total number of mapping = nn. Number of one-one mapping = nC1 . n–1C1 ........ 1C1 = n!
n! 3 4!
Hence the probability = n = = 4 . Comparing, we get n = 4.
n 32 4
n1
 3 4  4 
(D) 625p2 – 175p + 12  0 gives p   ,    5  . =p
 25 25    5
n 1
3 4 1 4
  . 
25  5  5 25
n 1
3 4 4
i.e.   value of n is 3
5  5  5

2. (A) (6, 2), (2, 6), (3, 5), (5, 3), (4, 4)]  5 ways
1
favourable = (3, 5)  p =
5
(B) A = 2 nd ball in white; B1 = 1st ball in white; B2 = 1st is black
4 3
p  A / B1  p(B1 ) 
P (B1 / A) = = 7 6
p(A / B1 )p(B1 )  p(A / B2 )p(B2 ) 4 3 3 4
  
7 6 7 6
2 2
(c) = (1 – P) P + (1 – P)3 P + (1-P)5 p + .... ; = P(1 – P){1 + (1 – P)2 + (1 – P)4 + ....}
5 5
 1  1
= P (1-P)  2 
 solving we get p =
 1  (1  P)  3
4! 5
(D) (3,3,3,3) or (3,3,3,5) total 24. For = 1+ = 5 p = 4
3! 2

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 Probability
EXERCISE # 2
PART - I
1. Since line are more NCM are those lines where telegrams will go NCM × M! = far
Total = NM [As first telegram can go in any one of n lies]
N
CM M !
[As 2nd telegram can go in any one of n lies] P =
NM
2. This problem is of conditional probability. Total cases in which at least one of the cubes is red painted is
8 4
125 – 27 = 98 out of which 8 are painted on three sides probability = = .
98 49
22
C8 15
3. Since ten places are vacant. Probability of finding vacant places = 24

C10 92
9 6
3P 3P C3 C2
4. A 3  9 B B 2  6 B ; P(A) = 1 – P(A) P(B) = 1 – P(B) = 1 – 12
=1– 8
C3 C2

5. 2
The prime digits are (2, 3, 5, 7). If we fix 2 at first place, then other (2n – 1) places are filled by all four
digits, so total number of cases = 42n–1
Now, sum of 2 consecutive digits is prime when consecutive digits are (2, 3) or (2, 5) then 2 will be fixed
at all alternative places
2 2 2 2
2n 4
So favourable cases = 2n. Therefore probability = 2n 1
= 2n. 2–4n+2 = 22. 2–3n = .
4 23n
24 1
6. Clearly last 4 throws are same as first four  probability = 8

2 16

7. An urn contains 'm' green and 'n' red balls. K (< m, n) balls are drawn and laid aside, their colur being
m
C. n C mi
P(Ei) = mi n k i ; P(A/Ei) =
Ck mnk
m
k
C j . nCk  j m j
k
m j
  m j
m m1 n
P(A) = m n
× = Cm j1 Ck  j . mn
......(1)
j0 Ck (m  n  k) j 0 Ck (m  n  k)
k


j 0
m1
Cj. n
Ck  j = coeff. of xk in(1 + x)m+n–1 = m+n–1Ck


j 0
m1
Cj. n
Ck  j = xk (1 + x)m+n–1 = m+n–1Ck .....(2)

m
Put (2) in (1) hence by solving P(A) =
mn
n
C4
8. When 4 points are selected we get one intersecting point. So probability is
(n C2 n)
C2
Here, n = 10. So, probability is 6/17.

9. Let w1  ball drawn in the first draw is white, b1  ball drawn in the first drawn in black,
w2  ball drawn in the second draw is white. Then P(w2) = P(w1). P(w2/ w1) + P(b1) P(w2/b1)
 m   mk   n   m  m (m  k)  mn m (m  k  n) m
=    +    = = =
mn mnk  mn mnk  (m  n)(m  n  k) (m  n)(m  n  k) m  n

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 Probability
10. A ball from first urn can be drawn is two mannars
ball is white or ball is black
m n
P(w) = P(B) =
mn mn
Let E  selecting a white ball from second urn after a ball from urn first has been placed into it
m p 1 n p m(p  1)  np
P(E) = P(w) P(E/W) + P(B) P(E/B) = × + =
m  n p  q 1 m  n p  q 1 (m  n)(p  q  1)
11. Given that ‘8’ is 4th card. E1  ‘8’ is of diamond P(E1) = 1/4. E2  ’8’ is not of diamond P(E2) = 3/4
Event ‘A’ :– top card is diamond. P(A) = P(A/1) P(A/1) + P(A/1) P(A/1)
 12  1  13  3 12  13  3 12  39 1
=   . +    = = =
 
51 4  
51 4 51  4 51  4 4

12. Case I H H H H H
Case II T H H H H H
Case III T H H H H H
Case IV T H H H H H
Case V T H H H H H
5 6 6 6 6
 1  1  1  1  1 3
Required probability   +   +   +   +   =
 
2  
2  
2  
2  
2 32

13. A = coin tossed 5 times & falls head; B1 = Both sided head coins
1
1
p(A / B1 )p(B1 ) 10
B2 = one sided head coins;p (B1 / A)= =
p(A / B1 )p(B1 )  p(A / B2 )p(B2 ) 1 9  1
5
 1  
10 10  2 
14. P(HA) = 0.8 ; P(HB) = 0.4. A = Only one bullet in bear.
B1 = Shot by HA & missed by HB = P(B1) = 0.8 × 0.60
B2 = Shot by HB & missed by HA = P(B2) = 0.4 × 0.2
P(A / B1 ) P(B1 )  0.8  0.6  48
P(B1/A) = =  = = 240
P(A / B1 ) P(B1 )  P(A / B2 ) P(B2 )  0.8  0.6  0.2  0.4  48  8
EA = 280 × P(B1/A) EB = E – EA

15. P(Product of digits) = 12 P = 12

3
4 2 43  43 
if 34, 43, 26, 62 P(A) =  P( A )= Probability = 1   
90 45 45  45 
PART - II
1. a1 + a2 + a3 + ....... + a7 = 9k, k  I. Also a1 + a2 + ...... + a9 = 1 + 2 + 5 +.....+ 4 = 45
 a8 + a9 = 45 – 9k  3  a8 + a9  17
4 1
 k = 4 a8 + a9  9 (1, 8) (2, 7), (3, 6), (4, 5) P(E) = = .
36 9
2. n (S) = ways of selecting 3 number from 10 is 10C3
n (E)  n (A  B) where A  min. number chosen is 3 n (A) = 7C2
B  max number chosen is 7
7
C2  6 C2  3
n (B) = 6C2 also n (A  B) = 3C1 = 3 n (E) = 7C2 + 6C2 – 3 P = 10
C3

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 Probability
1 1 1
3. P(C) = = = ; P(correct) = 1 – P (all wrong)
4
C1  C2  C3  C4
4 4 4
2 –14 15
14 13 12 11 10 1
=1–     = .
15 14 13 12 11 3
2 3 11
4. P(x) = P(y) = P(z) = ? P; P(2 bultets¡) =
3 4 24
11 2 3 2 1 1 3 1
=  (1 – P) +   P    P ; P =
24 3 4 3 4 3 4 2

5. A    A
3 elements 3 elements
n(s) = number of mapping from A to A = 33 = 27
n(E) = number of one-one from A to A = 3! = 6
6 2
P= =
27 9
2 2 2
 13   13   13  6 !
6.  52    52    52   2 ! 2 ! 2 !  P
     
1 1
7. n(S) = 40!  n(E) = 40!/3!  P = =
3! 6
C3  37! 1
40
Aliter n(S) = 40!  n(E) = 40C3 . 1.37!  P= =
40! 6
8. U1 – 1W + 1B U2 2W + 3B; U3  3W + 5B U4  4W + 7B
4 4
i 1
2
1  1 1 2  1 2 3  1 3 42  1 4
2 2 2

 
569
P(W) = (u1 ) P(w / ui ) = P(w/vi) =        =
i1 i1
34 34 2 34 5 34 8 34 11 1496

9. A = Letter drawn is vowel ; B1 = written by Englishmen ; B2 = written by American

3
0.4 
P(A / B1 ) P(B1 ) 6
P(B1/A) = =
P(A / B1 ) P(B1 )  P(A / B2 ) P(B2 ) 3 2
0.4   0.6 
6 5
9 8
10. P(identify high grade tea correctly) = ; P (identify low grade tea correctly) =
10 10
3 7
P (Given high grade tea) = ; P (Given low grade tea) =
10 10
7 2

10 10 14
P (Low grade tea / says high grade tea) = =
7 2 3 9 41
  
10 10 10 10
11. Gambler might ruin in there ways :
(i) In first toss i.e T or (ii) In third toss i.e HTT or (iii) in fifith toss i.e HHTTT or HTHTT
1 1 1 1 16  4  2 22 11
P= + + + = = =
2 8 32 32 32 32 16
1 1
12. A1  red on both side P (A1) = ; A2  red on upperside & blue on other P (A2) =
3 3
1
A3  blue on both side P(A3) = ; E  cards showns upper side red
3
1
1
1 1 1 1 1 P(E / A1 ) P (A1 ) 3 = 2
P (E) = ×1+ × + ×0= ; P(A1/E) = =
3 3 2 3 2 P (E) 1 3
2

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 Probability
13. 10 coins 9 5 paisa 10 coins 5 paisa
1 1 Rs.
p = p (1 Rs. transfered + Back transfered) + p (1 Rs. not transfered)

9
c 8  1c1 18
c 8  1c1 9
c 9  19 c19 10
× + =
10
c9 19
c9 10
c9  19
c19 19

method 2 when 1 Rs coin is in second purse and did not came back in first purse this
9
C I CI 18
c 9 9 10
prob. = 108 × 19 9 =  Required probability = 1 – =
C9 c9 19 19 19

14. “PARALLELOGRAM” or “PARALLELOPIPED” A = RA is visible 

B1 = its from PARALLELOGRAM 
B2 = its from PARALLELOPIPED
1 2

P(A / B1 ) P(B1 ) 2 12 13
P(B1/A) = = =
P(A / B1 ) P(B1 )  P(A / B2 ) P(B2 ) 1 2 1 1 19
  
2 12 2 13

15. Unit digit of 3a = 3, 9, 7, 1 each occurs 25 times in (0, 1, 2, .........., 99)

Unit digit of 7b = 7, 9, 3, 1 each occurs 25 times in (0, 1, 2, .........., 99)
3a 7b 3a 7b 3a 7b 25 25 25 25 25 25 3
  +  +  =
1 7 7 1 9 9 100 100 100 100 100 100 16

16. Bad brake = 0.3; P(E2) = not bad brake = 0.7 mechanic gives correct report P(A1) = 0.8. good brake
come  bad brake given that mechanic says brakes are good

Bad brake Good brake

(0.3)  (0.2) (0.7) (1–0.2)
0.7  0.8 0.56 0.56 28
Probabilty that brakes are good = = = =
0.3 0.2  0.7  0.8 0.06  0.56 0.62 31
7 1 n 1
17. = ×1+ × solve for n we get n = 5
12 n  1 n 1 2

18. M : Bolt is defective

35 7
B1 : Produced by A; P(B1) = 
100 20
25 5
B2 : Produced by B; P(B2) = 
100 20
40 8
B3 : Produced by C; P(B3) = 
100 20
 8 
(.3)  
 B3  P(B3 ) . P(M/ B3 )  20  24 24
P  = = = 
M  P(B1 ) P(M/ B1 )  7   5   8  14  5  24 43
(.2)    (.1)  20   (.3)  20 
 20     

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 Probability
19. First game second game third game fourth game fifth game
W L W W W
W W W W L
W W L W W
W W W L W
W W W W W
1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2
P= × × × + × × × + × × × + × × × + × × ×
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4  8  4  4  16 36 4
= = =
81 81 9

20. A : Exactly one children ; B : Exactly two children ; C : Exactly three children
1 1 1
P(A) = P(B) = P(C) = ; E : Couple has exactly 4 grand children
4 2 4
E E E
P(E) = P(A).P   + P(B).P   + P(C).P  
A B C
1  1  1 1 
2
1 1  1 1 1  27
P(E) = .0 +    . .2 + 3. . . =
4 2  2  4 4  4  4 4 2  128
 

PART - III
1. A = {1,3,5} ; B = {2,4,6}; C = {4,5,6}; D = {1,2}

2. P = P(MN) – P(MN) = P(M) + P(N) – 2P(MN)

(c) P(M  N) – P(M  N)

3. A & B are independent P(AB)c = 1 – P(AB) = 1 – P(A) – P(B) + P(AB) = P (A) – P(B) + P(A) P(B)
 A  P(A  B) P(A). P(B)
= P(A) – P(A)P(B) = P(A)P(B) and P      P(A)
B P(B) P(B)
5
C2  6 C2 10  15 5 6
4. E1 : Both even or both odd P(E1) = 11
=  P(E2)= 1 – P (E1) =
C2 55 11 11
P(E1  E2 ) P(E1  E2 )
(i) P(E1 / E2) = = 0 P(E2 / E1) = = 0 (ii) E1 and E2 exhaustive
P(E2 ) P(E1 )
(iii) P(E2) > P(E1)

5. P (A B) = a, P (A) = a + d, P (B) = a + 2d P (A  B) = a + 3d also a + d = d

a = 0 P (A B) = 0, P (A) = d, P (B) = 2d P (A  B) = 3d
2 1
6. E1  p first digit is '2'  211 or 222  P (E1) = =
4 2
1
E2  second digit is '2'  121, 222  P (E2 ) =
2
1
E3  third digit is '2'  222 & 112  P (E3) =
2
1
(E1  E2) = 222  P(E1  E2) = = P (E1) P (E2) Similiarly E2 & E3, E1 & E3
4
1
also E1  E2  E3  222 P (E1  E2  E3 ) =  P (E1) P (E2) P (E3)
4
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 Probability
7. E1 = {(2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 5), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 5)}
E2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (6, 6)}; E3 = {(2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5, 3), (6, 2)}
(A) E1  E2  E3  
(B) E1  E2    E2  E3    E1  E3  
3 1 1
(C) P(E1  E2) = =  P(E1).(E2) =  P(E1  E2)  P(E1) P(E2)
36 12 24
E1E2 are not independent.
E  P(E3  E1 ) 1/ 36 2
(D) P 3  = =
 E1  P(E1 ) 1/ 4 9

8. (A) (1 – 0.1)4
(B) P(more than 3) = P(all four) = (0.1)4
(C) P(not more than 3) = 1 – P(more than 3) = 1 – (0.1)4
(D) P(all four) = (0.1)4

9. At end of any number there could be 10 possible digits n (S) = 10 × 10 × 10 × 10 to get last digit of
44
product 1, 3, 7 or 9, end place should be occupid by these digits only. Hence n (E) = 4 4 P=
10 4
104  8n  5n  4n 5535
Probability that the last digit in the product is 0 is n
=
10 104
10. Last place can be occupied by (0 – 9) 10 methods.
4
to get '6' at unit place of x4 Last digit should be 2, 4 ,6 or 8 is 4 ways P =  40%
10
np 3 2 1
11. =  q=  p=
npq 2 3 3
11 10
r   r   r  3.33
2 3
1
3
thus 3 success is most probable.  

12. P(T1) = p  P(T2) = q  P(T3) = 1/2

1 1 1
= P(T1, T2, T3) + P(T1, T2, T3) + P(T1, T2, T3)  = pq(1/2) + p(1 – q) + pq
2 2 2
1 pq p
= +  1 = pq + p. Now, check options.
2 2 2

 1 1 1  1 1
 1  1!  2!  3!  1 C1(1).2!  1   
3
3!
13. P(Eo) =   = P(E ) =  1! 2!  = 1
1
3! 3 3! 2
 1
3
C2 (1)2 .1!  1   3 3
P(E2) =  1!  = 0; P(E ) = C3 (1) = 1
3
3! 3 ! 6
P(E0) + P(E3) = P(E1)  P(E0). P(E1) = P(E3)
 E0  E1 = 
P(E0  E1) = 0 P(E0  E1) = P(E2)

P(A  B) P(A)  P(B) – P(A  B) P(A)  P(B) – 1

14. (A) P(A/B) = =  
P(B) P(B) P(B)
(B) P(A  B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A) P(B)  A & B are ind.
= P(A) (1 – P(B)) + P(B) = P(A) P(B) + P(B) + 1 – 1 = P(A) P(B) – P(B) + 1 
   1 + P(B) (P(A) – 1) = 1 – P(A) P(B)
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 Probability

 1 
n
p  x  4  c4   
n
2 
n
 1 
15. p  x  5   c 5     2 nc5 = nc4 + nc6  4 nc5 = n+1c5 + n+1c6  4 nc5 = n+2c6
n
2 
 1 
n
p  x  6  n c 6   
 2  
n! (n  2)! (n  2)  n  1
4. = 4 =  24 (n-4) = (n+2) (b+1)  n = 7, 14
5! (n  5)! 6 !(n  4)! 6 n  4 


16
16. P(X = x) = 1 x =
x 0
25

17. X = {a1, a2, ..........an}; number of subset of X = 2n ; ways of choosing A & B = 22n
ways of choosing A & B so that they have same number of element is
n
C0.nC0 + nC1.nC1 + ..... + nCn.nCn = 2nCn

18. Total ways = 39

(A) : Favourable cases = 36 (B) : Favourable cases = 33
(C) : Favourable cases = 36 (D) : Favourable cases = 36

PART - IV

1.

Diagonal A D will be diameter of sphere. AD2 = AC2 + DC2 = a2 + a2 + a2 = 3a2  AD = 3 a

3
4  3.a 
 
 2 
Volume of sphere is Volume of cube = a3
3  
volume of cube a3 2
Eequired probability = 1 – =1–  1
volume of sphere 3 3  3
 a
2

2. 202 – 122 = x2  x2 = 400 – 144

16  12
x= 256 = 16 ; P=
 102

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 Probability
3. 0 < x < 10 x2 + y2 < 100
0 < y < 10
1
prqFkkZa'k dk {ks= kQy 10 2

p= =4
vk; r dk {k=s kQy 10  10

(Q 4 & 6)

Sol. P (studies 10 hrs per day) = 0.1 = P(B1) ; P (studies 7 hrs per day) = 0.2 = P(B2)
P (studies 4 hrs per day) = 0.7 = P(B3) ; A : successful
1 80 2 60 7 40 48 12
4. P(A) = P(A  B1) + P(A  B2) + P(A  B3) =      = 
10 100 10 100 10 100 100 25
7 40

P(B3 ).P(A / B3 ) 10 100 7
5. P(B3/A) = = =
P(B1 ).P(A / B1 ) 12 12
25
7 60

P(B3 ).P(A / B3 ) 10 100 420 21
6. P(B3 / A ) = = = 
P(B1 ).P(A / B1 ) 1

20

2

40

7

60 520 26
10 100 10 100 10 100

Sol. (Q 7 & 8) A : Person draw 2 white and 2 Red; B : Person draw 3 White and 1 Red,
C : Person draw 4 White; E : 4 ball are drawn in which atleast 2 are white
E E E 1  4 C .6 C2 4 C3 .6 C1 4
C4 
P(E) = P(A).P   + P(B).P   + P(C).P   ; P(E) =  102  10  
A B C 3  C4 C4 10
C4 
A 90  B  24 C 1
P  = P  = P  =
 
E 115  
E 115  
E 115
90 2 24 1 1 34
E1 = A ball is drawn again and found to be white P(E1) =     ×0=
115 6 115 6 115 115
8!
(9) Identical letters are 1,1,2,2,3,3. Total words = = 5040
2! 2! 2!
Number of words in which all identical letters are together = 5!
 6! 
Number of words in which only exactly two pair of identical digits appear together =   5!  × 3 = 720
 2! 
Number of words in which only one pair of identical digits appear together (1, 1) together
 7! 
=   240  240  120  × 3= 1980 Now number of words in which no two identical digits appear
 2! 2! 
2220 37
together = 5040 – (1980 + 720 + 120) = 2220 Probability = =
5040 84
 6! 
(10) Number of words in which only exactly two pair of identical digits appear together =   5!  × 3 = 720
 2! 
8! 720 1
Total words = = 5040 ; Probability = = .
2! 2! 2! 5040 7

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 Probability

EXERCISE # 3
PART - I
1. r1  r2  r3 = 0 ; r1, r2, r3 are to be selected from {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. As we know that 1 +  + 2 = 0
 from r1, r2, r3 , one has remainder 1, other has remainder 2 and third has remainder 0 when divided
by 3.
we have to select r1, r2, r3 from (1, 4) or (2, 5) or (3, 6) which can be done in 2C1 × 2C1 × 2C1 ways
value of r1, r2, r3 can be interchanged in 3! ways.
(2 C1 2 C1 2 C1 )  3! 2
 required probability = =
666 9
P(GGG)  P(GRG)
2. Probability (P) =
P(GGG)  P(GRG)  P(RGG)  P(RRG)
4 3 3 4 1 1
    
5 4 4 5 4 4 36  4 40 20
P = P = = =
4 3 3 4 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 1 36  4  3  3 46 23
          
5 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4 5 4 4
1 3 2 1 1  3
 C
2
C 1 3 C ·2 C 2 

3. P(white) = P (H  white) + P(T  white) = ·  1  ·   · 5 2  1  5 2   51 1  
2 5 5 2 2  2 C C 2
3 C 2
3 

1 8 1 3 1 12  4 1 22 23
=       =   =
2 10 2 10 30 30  10 2 30 30
1 3 2 1 4
   1  
4. 
P Head
White  =
P(Head 
P(white)
white)
=
2  5
23
5 2  = 10
23
=
12
23
30 30
5.* P(E  F) = P(E) . P(F) ....(1)
11
P(E  F ) + P( E F) = ....(2)
25
2
P(E  F)  ....(3)
25
11
by (2) P(F) + P (E) – 2P (E F) = ....(4)
25
2 23
by (3) 1 – [P(E) + P (F) – P (E F)] = [P(E) + P (F) – P (E F)] = ....(5)
25 25
12
by (4) & (5) P (E) P (F) = ....(6)
25
7
and P (E) + P (F) = ....(7)
5
4 3 3 4
By (6) and (7) P(E) = , P(F) = or P(E) = , P(F) =
5 5 5 5
1 1 1
6*. P(x1) = ; P(x2) = ; P(x3) =
2 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
P(x) = P(E1 E2 E3) + P( E1 E2 E3) + P(E1 E2 E3) + P(E1 E2 E3 ) = . .  . .  . .  . .
2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4
1 1 1
1  x1c  c
P(x1  x)
. .
1
P(x) =  (A) P   = = 2 4 4 =
4   1
 x  P(x) 8
4

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 Probability
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
. .  . .  . .
P(exactly two x)
2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 = 7
(B) P(exactly two / x) = =
P(x) 1 8
4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
. .  . .  . .
P(x  x 2 ) 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4 5
(C) P(x / x2) = = =
P(x 2 ) 1 8
4
1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
. .  . .  . .
P(x  x1 ) 7
(D) P(x / x1) = = 2 4 4 2 4 4 2 4 4=
P(x1 ) 1 16
2
7. Favourable : D4 shows a number and
only 1 of D1D2D3 shows same number
or only 2 of D1D2D3 shows same number
or all 3 of D1D2D3 shows same number
1 P(X  Y) 1 1 1 P(X  Y) 1 1
8*. P(X/Y) =  =  P(Y) =  P(Y/X) =  =  P(X) =
2 P(Y) 2 3 3 P(X) 3 2
2
P(X  Y) = P(X) + P(Y) – P(X  Y) = A is correct
3
P(X  Y) = P(X) · P(Y)  X and Y are independent B is correct
P(X  Y) = P(Y) – P(X  Y)
c

1 1 1
= – = D is not correct
3 6 6

9. P (problem solved by at least one) = 1 – P(problem is not solved by by all)

         1  1  3  7 
= 1 – P A P B P C P D = 1 –      = 1 –
 2  4  4  8 
21
=
256 256
235

10. Let x, y, z be probability of E1, E2, E3 respectively

 x(1 – y)(1 – z) =   y(1 – x)(1 – z) = 
 z(1 – x)(1 – y) =   (1 – x)(1 – y) (1 – z) = P
x
Putting in the given relation we get x = 2y and y = 3z  x = 6z  =6
z
11.

P(W W W) + P(R R R) + P(B B B)

1 2 3  3 3 4  2 4 5  6  36  40 82
 6  9  12  +  6  9  12  +  6  9  12  
6  9  12
 
      648
P(A  B)
12. P (Ball drawn from box 2 / one is W one is R) =
P(B)
1 23 23 2

P(A  B) 3 9 C2 98
= = =
P(B) 1  1 3 2  3 3  4  3  2  2  6  2  3  4  2
   
3  6 C2 9 C2 12 C2  6  5 98 12  11

1 1
6 6 55
= = =
1 1 2 66  55  60 181
 
5 6 11 55  60

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 Probability
13. 3 Boys & 2 Girls..................
(1) B (2) B (3) B (4)
Girl can't occupy 4th position. Either girls can occupy 2 of 1, 2, 3 position or they can both be a position (1) or (2).
Hence total number of ways in which girls can be seated is 3C2 × 2! × 3! + 2C1 × 2! × 3! = 36 + 24 = 60.
Number of ways in which 3 B & 2 A can be seated = 5 !
60 1
Hence required prob. = = .
5! 2
14. x1 + x2 + x3 is odd if all three are odd or 2 are even & one is odd
2 3 4 2 2 3 1 3 3 1 2 4 24  12  9  8 53
           = 
3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 105 105

15. 2x2 = x1 + x3 .
If x1 & x3 both are odd 2 × 4 = 8 ways
x1 & x3 both are even 1 × 3 = 3 ways
Total = 11 ways
11
Total (x1 x2 x3) triplets are 3 × 5 × 7  P =
105
16. Let coin is tossed n times
n n
 1  1 4 n 1
P(atleast two heads) = 1 –    nC2 .    0.96   n
 
2  
2 100 2
n 1 1 2n
    25  least value of n is 8.
2n 25 n 1

Re d  n1 Re d  n3 1 n1 1 n3
17. Box  I  Box  II  P(R) = .  .
Black  n2 Black  n4 2 n1  n2 2 n3  n4
1 n3 n3
.
2 n3  n4 n3  n4
R(II/R) = =
1 n1 1 n3 n1 n3
.  . 
2 n1  n2 2 n3  n4 n1  n2 n3  n4
by option n1 = 3, n2 = 3, n3 = 5, n4 = 15
5
20 n4 1 4 1
P(II/R) =    
3 5 1 1 4 2 1 3
 
6 20 2 4
n1 n1 – 1 n2 n1 1
18. Given .  . 
n1  n2 n1  n2 – 1 n1  n2 n1  n2 – 1 3
3(n12 – n1 + n1n2) = (n1 + n2)(n1 + n2 – 1)
3n1(n1 + n2 – 1) = n1 + n2(n1 + n2 – 1)
2n1 = n2
19. Let x = P(computer turns out to be defective given that it is produced in Plant T 2),
7 1 4 7
  (10x)  x  7 = 200x + 80x  x=
100 5 5 280
P(A  B)
P(produced in T2/ not defective) =
P(B)
4  273 
4 / 5(1– x) 5  280  4  273 2  273 546 78
= 1  280 – 70  4  273  = = 105  2  273 = 651 = 93
1 4
(1– 10x)  (1– x)  210  4  273
5 5 5  280  5  280 

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 Probability
4  273 
4 / 5(1– x) 5  280  4  273 2  273 546 78
= 1  280 – 70  4  273  = = 105  2  273 = 651 = 93
1 4
(1– 10x)  (1– x)  210  4  273
5 5 5  280  5  280 

20. P(X > Y) = T1T1 + DT1 + T1D (Where T1 represents wins and D represents draw)
1 1 1 1 1 1 5
.  .  . = =
2 2 6 2 2 6 12
 (B) is correct

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 39 13
21. P(X = Y) = DD + T1T2 + T2T1 = .  .  . =  = =  (C) is correct
6 6 2 3 3 2 36 3 36  3 36
P(X  Y) 1 P(Y  X) 2 P(Y) 2 2 1 2 4
22. = = P(X Y) = = P(X) = . =  P(Y) =
P(Y) 2 P(X) 5 2 5 5 3 15 15
4 2
–

P XY  P(Y) – P(X  Y)
15 15
4 2 1
= = = 
P(Y) P(Y) 15 4 2
1 4 2 7
P(X Y) = P(X) + P(Y) – P(X Y) = + – =
3 15 15 15
23. x + y + z = 10
Total number of non-negative solutions = 10+3–1C3–1 = 12C2 = 66
Now Let z = 2n. x + y + 2n = 10 ; n 0
Total number of non-negative solutions = 11 + 9 + 7 + 5 + 3 + 1 = 36
36 6
Required probability = =
66 11
 1 1 1 1
4!  1     
24. Probability =  1! 2! 3! 4! 

9

3
5! 120 40
25. Total cases = 5!
favorable ways =14
1 3 5 2 4
 252
1 4 2 5 3
2 4 1 ... ...  2
43
2 5 3 1 4 1
3 1 5 2 4
  2 3 5 ... ... ...}  = 14
3 1 4 2 5
14
Probability =
120
26.
Bag1 Bag 2 Bag 3
Red Balls 5 3 5
Green Balls 5 5 3
Total 10 8 8
3 5 3 5 4 3 39
(A) P(Ball is Green) = P(B1)P(G / B1)  P(B2 )P(G / B2 )  P(B3 )P(G / B3 ) =      =
10 10 10 8 10 8 80
3
(B) P(Ball chosen is Green/ Ball is from 3rd Bag) =
8
P(B 3 )P(G / B 3 )
(CD) P(Ball is from 3rd Bag / Ball chosen is Green) =
P(B1 )P(G / B1 )  P(B 2 )P(G / B 2 )  P(B 3 )P(G / B 3 )

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 Probability
4 3

3 3 4 10 8 4
P(B1) = P(B2) = P(B3) = = 
10 10 10 3 5 3 5 4 3 13
    
10 10 10 8 10 8
27. E2 : Sum of elements of A = 7  These are 7 ones and 2 zeros. Number of such matrices = 9C2 = 36.
Out of all such matrices; E1 will be those when both zeros lie in the same row or in the same colume
 1 1 1
 
eg. 0 1 1 n(E1E2) = 2 × 3C2 × 3C2 = 18,
0 1 1
 
n(E1  E2 ) 18 1
So n(E1/E2) = = 
n(E2 ) 36 2
a b c
28. A and B are independent events P(A) P(B) = P(A B)     ab = 6c |A| = a,|B| = b,|A B|=c
6 6 6
(a, b, c) =(3, 2, 1) so 6C 5C 3C = 180
1 2 1
=(4, 3, 2) so 6C 4C 2C = 180
2 2 1
=(6, 1, 1) so 6C = 6
1
=(6, 2, 2) so 6C = 15
2
=(6, 3, 3) so 6C = 20
3
=(6, 4, 4) so 6C = 15
4
=(6, 5, 5) so 6C = 6 Total = 360 + 62 = 422
5

PART - II
1. Statement-1 Total ways = 20C4 number of AP's of common difference 1 is = 17
number of AP's of common difference 2 is = 14
number of AP's of common difference 3 is = 11
number of AP's of common difference 4 is = 8
number of AP's of common difference 5 is = 5
number of AP's of common difference 6 is = 2
________
_

total = 57
57 1
probability = 20
= Statement-2 common difference can be ± 6, so statement-2 is false. Hence correct option is (2)
C4 85
3 . 4 . 2
3 4 2
C1 C1 C1 9 . 8 . 7 2
2. = 9
= = . Hence correct option is (1).
C3 3 . 2 . 1 7
31 1 1  1
3. 1 – P5  ; P5  P  P  0, 
32 32 2  2 

C P(C  D) P(C) 1 P(C) C

4. P  = = ;1 ;  P(C); P(C)  P  
D P(D) P(D) P(D) P(D) D

P((A c  Bc )  C) P(C) – P(A  C) – P(B  C)  P(A  B  C)

5. P(Ac  Bc /C) = =
P(C) P(C)
P(C) – P(A).P(C) – P(B)P(C)  0
= = 1 – P(A) – P (B) = P(Ac) – P (B)
P(C)

6. Let Event (Given : {1, 2, 3,.........8})

A : Maximum of three numbers is 6.
B : Minimum of three numbers is 3
B P(B  A) 2
C 2 1
P  = = 5 1 = =
A P(A) C2 10 5

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 Probability
4 5
1 2  1 2  1 2 1 11
7. p= , q = ; 5C4   . + 5C5   = 5. 5 + 5 = 5
3 3  
3 3  
3 3 3 3

8. 
Given P AUB 
1
6
 1
, P  A B = , P A 
4
 4
1

1 1 3 1 1
 1 – P  A B    1– P  A  – P B   P  A B    1– – P B    (  P(A) = 1 – P ( A ))
6 6 4 4 6
1 1 3 1 1
 P(B) = – = 
2 6 6 3
3 1 1
A and B are not equally likely. Further P(A). P(B) =    P  A B  A and B are independent events
4 3 4
9. There seems to be ambiguity in the question. It should be mentained that boxs are different and one
11
12
C3  29 55  2 
particular box has 3 balls : then number of ways = =
312 3  3 
Alter :
3
C1 12C3 (9C0 + 9C1 + 9C2 + 9C4 + 9C5 + 9C5 + 9C7 + 9C8 + 9C9)
12  3 12
+ = 3C1 12C3 (29 – 29C3) +
3 3 6 3 3 2 6
12 12
3
C1 C3 (29  2.9 C3 ) 
3 2 6
correct answer should have been
312
10. E1 : {(4, 1) ,............... (4,6,)} 6 cases
E2 : {(1,2), ............... (6,2)} 6 cases
E3 : 18 cases (sum of both are odd)}
6 1 18 1 1 1
P(E1) = = = P (E2) P(E3) = =  P (E1  E2) = P(E2 E3) =
36 6 36 2 36 12
1
P(E3 E1) =
12
P(E1 E2 E3) = 0
 E1, E2, E3 are not independent
1
11. P(A) + P(B) – 2P (A  B) =
4
1
P(B) + P(C) – 2P(B  C) =
4
1
P(A) + P(C) – 2P(A  C) =
4
1
P (A  B  C) =
16
3 1 6 1 7
 P(A) + P(B) + P(C) – P(A  B) – P(B C ) – P(A  C) + P(A  B  C) =  = =
8 16 16 16
6 6
12. P= 11
 
C2 55
 x1 – x2 = ±4
 x1 + x2 = 4
 
 2x1 = 4 (± )
x1 = 2 (± )
x1 x2
0 4, 8

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 Probability
2 6, 10
4 0, 8
6 2, 10
8 0, 4
10 2, 6

13. 15 green + 10 yellow = 25 balls

3
P(green) = = p1
5
2
P(yellow) = = q
5
n =10
3 2 60 12
Variance = npq = 10. . = 
5 5 25 5
14. 4R + 6B = 10
4 6 6 4 24 24 2
p= . + . = + =
10 12 10 12 120 120 5
4 48 24
15. P(x = 1) = × ×2=
52 52 169
4 4 1 25
P(x = 2) = × =  P(x = 1) + P (x = 2) =
52 52 169 169
16. Sum of all elements of S is 210 Let x denotes a nice set
5
then x could be S –{7} , S –{1 , 6}, S –{2, 5}, S –{3, 4}, S –{1, 2, 4} hence required probability is
2 20
17. P( _ _ _ 44) = P(4 _ _ 44) + P(not4 _ _ 44)
1 5 5 1 1 5 5 1 1 25 25 175
=       1   = 5  4  5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
1
18. p(success) = p(5 or 6) = expectations equal to 100/3 + 100/9 – 400/9 = 0
3
2 1
Aliter : In each thrown expectation of gaining rupees = (–50)  (100)  0
3 3
 Therefor expectation is zero a

19. A  B
P( A  B) P( A )
P(A/B) =   P(A) (always) lnSo
P(B) P(B)
P( A )
P(A/B) =  P( A )
P(B)
1 9 1 1
20. 1– n >  > n 2n > 10  minimum value of n is 4
2 10 10 2

k 0 1 2 3 4 5
21. 1 12 11 5 2 1
P(k )
32 32 32 32 32 32
k = no. of times head occur consecutively
Now expectation


1 12 11 5 2 1 1
= xP(k )  ( 1)  + (–1)× + (–1)× +3× +4× +5× =
32 32 32 32 32 32 8
22. Required probability = when no. machine has fault + when only one machine has fault + when only two
machines have fault.
5 4 2 3
3 5  1 3 5  1 3
= 5C
0   + C1     + C2    
4 4 4 4 4
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 Probability
243 405 270 918 459 27  17
= + + = = =
1024 1024 1024 1024 512 64  8
3 3
3  3  17
=   k =   
4 4 8
17
k=
8
1 1 1 1 1 1 11
23. AA + ABA + BAA + ABBA + BBAA + BABA =      
4 8 8 16 16 16 16

HIGH LEVEL PROBLEMS (HLP)

6 5
1. Let A1  Ball drawn from urn A is red and ball returned is also red, P(A1) = ×
10 11
6 6
B1  Ball drawn from urn A is red but ball returned to it is black, P(B1) = ×
10 11
4 7
C1  Ball drawn from urn A is black and ball of same colour is returned, P(C 1) = ×
10 11
4 4
D1  Ball drawn from urn A is black and ball returned is red, P(D1) = ×
10 11
 R  R R  R
Required probability P(R) = P(A1) × P   + P(B1) × P   + P(C1) × P   + P(D1) × P  
 A1   B1   C1   D1 
6 5 6 6 6 5 4 7 6 4 4 7 32
=  × +  × +  × +  × =
10 11 10 10 11 10 10 11 10 10 11 10 55
2. P = P( 1 person dies) + P(2 person dies) P(A 1 dies ; first / 2 person died) + P(3 person died)
1 n 1 1
P(A 1 died first / 3 person died) = n C1 pqn–1  C1 p2 qn–2  n C2 p3 qn–3   ......
n 2 3


1 n 1 1
= pqn – 1 n –1 Cr –1 p2 qn – 2  C3 p3 qn–3  ....... = pqn–1  n–1
Cr –1 pr qn – r
2 3 r 2
r
n–1 n n


Cr –1 C1 1 n 1
As = ; P = Pqn–1 + Cr Pr qn – r P = pqn – 1 + (1–n C0 p0 qn –n
C1 P1qn – 1 )
r n nr  2 n

1 1– (1– p)n
P = Pqn – 1 + (1– qn – nPqn – 1) =
n n
3. Three squares are shown as below
Ist row 1
1 2 3 1 2 3 2
II nd
row 2      
3 7 6 3 7 6 21
IIIrd row 3
digit 3 may come only in Ist and IInd rows. In second square if? is replaced by 3 then probability is 1/3.
Case-1 : We assume that first square contains digit 3 in first row   probability is 2/7
and corresponding to it in third square digit 3 may come in nd row  probability is 3/6
Case-2 : We assume that first square contains digit 3 in second row   probability is 2/7
and corresponding to it in third square digit 3 may come in st row  probability is 3/6
1 2 3 1 2 3 2
Hence probability =      
3 7 6 3 7 6 21
4. n(S) = ways of sitting of 10 boys and 5 girls = 15 !

Let end seats are occupied by the girls & between first and second girl x boys are seated similarly
between second and third y boys
...................... so on then x + y + z + w = 10
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 Probability
where x, y, z, w are (2k + 1) type 2k1 + 1 + 2k2 + 1 + 2k3 + 1 + 2k4 + 1 = 10
 k1 + k2 + k3 + k 4 = 3 where ki  0
C3  10! 5! 6
number of solution are 3+ 4–1C4–1 = 6C3 n (E) = 6C3 × 10! × 5!  Now P =
15!
5. Probability of same no. of wins and losses = no wins no losses + 1 win, 1 loss + 2 wins, 2 loss
5 2 3 5 5
 1  1  1  1  1 17
=    5C2 .2      5C2 .3 C2 .   =    (1  20  30) 
3 3 3 3 3 81
1  17  32
 Probability that A wins more matches than its losses = 1 
2  81  81
6. Total no. of +ve integral solutions of x + y + z + w = 21 is 21–1C4–1 = 1140. Let n be the no. of solutions in
which x > y. then n be the solutions in which x < y and m be the solutions in which x = y. we must have
2n + m = 1140. Now, if x = y. then the equation is 2x + z + w = 21
If x = 1, z + w = 19 has 18 solutions
If x = 2, z + w = 17 has 16 solutions

If x = 9, z + w = 3 has 2 solutions
9  10
 m = 18 + 16 + ...... + 2 = 2 ×  90 2n + 90 = 1140  n = 525
2
525 35
Desired probability = =
1140 76
n
1 4
7. Probability of getting all red faces in throws by die P = .   . Probability of getting all red faces i-
2 6
n
1 4
2  6 
n
1 2 2n
throws by die Q = .   Probability that die P was being used = =
2 6 1 4
n
1 2
n
2 1
n
  
2  6  26
 1 1 1 1 
8. total no. of possible = 6!  favorable cases = 6C2.4! . 1      = 15 × 9
 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 !
15  9 3
Desind probability = 
6 ! 16
215
9. Clearly p = p = 1, p =
1 2 3 216

1 2 3 .........n  3 n  2 n  1 n 5
pn1 .
 6
................................. 1 5 1 1 5 1 5
 5 1 p = . . .p + . .p + .p
................................. 1 1 pn2 . . n 6 6 6 n–3 6 6 n–2 6 n–1
6 6
.................................. 1 1 1
5 1 1
pn3 . . .
6 6 6

10. Let Er = event that exactly r students do not appear. Then P (Er) = kr
2
So, P (E1) + P (E2) + ……… + P (En) = 1  k(1 + 2 + ….. + n) = 1  k =
n(n  1)
Let Aj = event that exactly j students are selected out of n– r
2
Then P (Aj/Er) = krj So, 1.kr + 2kr + ……… + (n – r)kr = 1  kr =
(n  r)(n  r  1)
Let B = event that exactly two students are selected. Then P(B)=P(En – 2) P(A2/(En – 2)) + P(En – 3)
P(A2/(En – 3))+…….+P(E1) P(A2/E1)+P(E0)P (A2/E0) = k(n – 2).2kn – 2 + k(n – 3).2kn – 3 + …… + k.1.2k1

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 Probability
n2 n3 n  (n  1)    1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
= 4k    .......   = 4K n    .......        .......   
 23 34 n(n  1)    23 34 n(n  1)   3 4 5 n 
8   1 1  1 1 1 
= n     ......   
n(n  1)   2 n   3 4 n 
11. Let p and q denote probability of things going to man and woman respectively.
1 
Therefore p = and q =
1+  1+ 
Probability of men receiving r things is given by
n n–r
Pr = Cr. q .pr.
So required probability is given by P1 + P3 + P5 + ………

1     1  1 1    1
n n
1
=  n n

(q  p)  (q  p)   1    =   
2 2     1   2 2    1 
   1 1
By comparison, we have     2  2 =  + 1. Thus  = 3. [1]
   1 2
12. (i) Since Smith's sister has blue eyes both his parents must have a blue eyed gene.
P( both of Smith's parenets has a blue eyed gene) = 1
(ii) Since his parents has brown eyes their gene pair is brown-blue.
Smith's possibilities  {Br–Br, Br-Bl, Bl–Br}
(As Smith's has brown eyes (Bl–Bl) is not possible)
2
P(Smith has blue eyed gene) =
3
(iii) As Smith's wife has blue eyes both her genes are blue so she will donate blue gene to the
progeny
2 1 1
P(Smith donates blue eyed gene) =   = P(Smith's first child has blue eyes)
3 2 3
2/3 Br–Bl ____ 1/2

(iv)
1/3
Br–Br ____1
1
1
3 1
P(both gene brown/child has brown eyes) = 
2 1 1 2
  1
3 2 3
(v) The probability of the child having brown eyes is 2/3

13. Four possible red square are Let Pi be the probability of getting ith red square

1 1
 P1 = P2 = P3 = P4 = and P12 = P13 = P24 = P34 = (Inclusive exclusion principle)
16 64

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 Probability
1 1
P14 = P23 = and P1234 =
128 1512
1 5 1 1 417
 P(no. of red square) = 1     =
4 64 64 512 512

Alitir : No. white, all red = 1 ; one white, 8 red = 8

two white, 7 red = 8C2 – 2

three white, 6 red = (5C2 – 2) × 4 + 4

or (5C2 – 2) × 4

fourth white, 5 red = 5 × 4 five white, 4 red = 4

1 + 8 + (8C2 – 2) + {(5C2 – 2) × 4 + 4} + 5 × 4 + 4
512  95 417
= 9 + 26 + 32 + 4 + 20 + 4 = 30 + 52 + 13 = 95 =  .
512 512
14. If series of at least m heads starts from first throw = 2 m+1 no. of ways. Similarly if it starts for ith throw
(i = 2, 3, ....., m + 2) = 2m a case when first m times and last m times are heads have be counted twice.
(m  3)2m  1
So total ways are = 2m+1 + 2m(m + 1) – 1. Required probability =
22m1
15. n (S) = 6 × 6 × 6 = 216 also to get sum of '8' x1+ x2 + x3 = 8 where 1  xi  6
xi = ti + 1 0  t1  5  t1 + t2 + t3 = 5
by fictious partition method number of solution of this equation is 7C2
21 7
n (E) = 21  P = =
216 72
16. If A takes r shot than B will take more than r shots so
required probabilities =  P(A)r – 1 . P(A) [P(B)r . P(B) + P(B)r + 1. P(B) + ........]

(P(B))r P(B) P(A).P(B)
 (P(A)) r 1 3 / 5.2 / 7 6
=  (P(A))r – 1. P(A). = .P(A) . (P(B))r = = =
1  P(B) r 1
1  P(A).P(B) 1  2 / 5.2 / 7 31
17. Let quadratic equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0
Since  +  = 2 + 2 &  = 22   = 0 or  = 1   = 0 or  = 0 or  = 1
If  = 0,  = 2    = 0 or 1  roots are (0,0) (0,1)
If  = 0  = 2   = 0 or 1   roots are (0,0) (1,0)
When  = 1  +  = ( + )2 – 2  ( + ) = ( + )2 – 2
 ( + )2 – ( + ) – 2 = 0   + = 2 or  +  = – 1
1
When  +  = 2 we get  =  = 1. When  +  = – 1 we get  + = – 1 give imaginary roots

2 1
 roots are (0,0) (1,0) (0,1) (1,1)  P = =
4 2

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 Probability
4
 1
18. P(there is a team winning all its matches) = P(A) = 5C1 .   P(there is a team losing all its matches)
2
4
 1
= P(B) = 5C1.   P(a team is winning all its matches and other team is losing all its matches)
2
4 3
 1  1
= P(A  B) = 2. 5C2.   .   P(No team is winning all its matches or lossing all its matches)
2 2
17
= 1 – P(AB) = 1 – P(A)  P(B)  P(A  B) =
32

19. Suppose that A and B each toss and coins. Let E ij denote the even that A gets i heads and B gets j
n
 1  1 Ci . nC j
heads. We have P(Eij) =  n Ci . n  n C j . n  
 2  2  22n
E1 denote the event that A gets more head than B and E2 the event that A and B get the same no. of
n
Ci . nC j
heads. We have E1 =
i j
Eij & E2 = Eii  P(E1) = 
i j
P(Eij )  
i j 22n
i
n
( nCi )2 22n  2xCn
P(E2) =  i
P(Eii )  
i 0 22n
= 22n   i j
n
Ci . n C j =
2

2 2n
 2n
Cn 2n
Cn
P(E1) = 2n 1
& P(E2) = 2n
2 2
Let E denote the even that A gets more heads than B when A tosses (n + 1) coins and tosses n coins. If
E1 has already occurred, then the out come of the (n + 1) th toss is immatereal. If E2 has already occured
than n the outcoms of (n + 1)th coin must be a head.
22n  2nCn 2n
Cn 1 22n  2nCn  2nCn 1
P(E) = P(E1) P(H or T/E1) + P(E2) : P(H/E2) = .1  . = 
22n1 22n 2 22n1 2
20. Let Ej denote the event that the number of children in the family is j. Let A denote the event that the
family has exactly k boys. We have
 j Ck (1/ 2) j j  k

P(Ej) = pj (j = 0, 1, ......) and P(A/Ej) = 
 0 jk

  j  k r k  r
 1 p p p
P(A) = 
j 0
P(E j ) P(A / E j )  
jk
p j . jCk   = 
2 r 0
 k r
Ck .  
2
  
2

r 0
k r
Cr  
2
we know that |x| < 1 and a +ve integer m (1 – x) –m
= 1+ C1 x +
m m+1
C2 x + ......
2

 r k 1
p  p (p / 2) k
2 2 k


r 0
k r
Ck .     1  
2  2
P(A) =
 p
k 1
=
(2  p)k 1
1  2 
 

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 Probability
21. Let T denotes the event that the bear is hit when x bullets are fired at bush A.
9 16
Let E1, E2 denots the event as P(E1) =; P(E2) = .
25 25
so P(T/E1) = 1 – (3/4)x and P(T/E2) = 1 – (3/4)10–x

 1   9   3   16   3   
5 x 5 x
Now P(x) = 5Cx     1      
  
1
 2   25   4   25   4   
Now put x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 in p(x) and find out the maximum p(x). for x = 1, 2 we get maximum value of
p(x)
22. Event (1) : selection of Set
A: Selection of set A
B: Selection of set B
event (2) : Selecting a number corresponding to a year
L. Y. : selecting a number correspond to leap year
S.Y. : selecting a number correspond to simple year
event (3) : number of sundays in selected year. 53S : Selecting year has 53 sundays.
 L.Y   53S   S.Y   53S 
P(53S) = P(A). P   P  L.Y  + P(A) . P  A  P  S.Y  + P(B) .
 A       
 L.Y   53S   S. Y   53S 
P   P  + P(B) . P  B  . P  S.Y 
 B   L.Y     
1 24 2 1 76 1 1 25 2 1 75 1 249
= . . + . . + . . + . . =
2 100 7 2 100 7 2 100 7 2 100 7 1400
1 24 2 1 25 2
.    
Probability that the chosen year was a leap year = 2 100 7 2 100 7 = 98
249 249
1400
23. Let probability of success in a trial is ‘p’ . Then P (X = r) = 10Cr pr (1 – p)10–r
Given that at r = 4 we achive maximum value of P(X = r)
10  1 4 5
r= = 11p  [r] = 4 4 < r < 5 4 < 11p < 5  <p<
1 1 p 11 11
p
n
24. Probability of any article is defective from 1st lot =
N
m
Probability of any article is defective from 2nd lot =
M
Hence probability that an article selected at random from the new lot is defective
n m
.K  .L
= N M = K nM  LmN
K L MN (K  L)
25. x1 + x2 + x3 = 10 where 1  xi  6 coefficient of x10 in (x1 + x2 + .... + x6)3
= coefficient of x7 in (1 + x1 + x2 + .... + x5)3
= coefficient of x7 in (1 – x6)3  3+r–1Cr xr = coefficient of x7 in (1 – 3x6)  3+r–1Cr xr = 9C2 – 3. 3C1 = 27
Aliter : n (S) = 6 × 6 × 6 n(E) is number of solution of x 1 + x2 + x3 = 10 where 1  x1 , x2, x3  6
xi = ti + 1 0  ti  5
t1 + t2 + t3 = 7
27 1
Hence 9C2 – any one get more than 5 = 9C2 – 3C1 × 3C2 = 27. Required probability = =
666 8
26. A may win in following manner
(i) W W W
(ii) W W L W
(iii) W L W W
(iv) L W W W

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 Probability
2
1 3  1  1  1 1 3 5 11
P (A) = + C1       = + = P (B) =
8     
2 2 2 8 16 16 16
5 11
 expectation of A is × 1600 = Rs 500  expectation of B is × 1600 = Rs 1100
16 16
27. P (A) = P (C) clearly undoward ; A  no boy or exactly one boy in family
3 3
 1  1 1 3 1
 P (A) =   + 3 C1   = + =
2 2 8 8 2
3 3
 1  1 6 3
B  2 boy , 1 girl or 1 boy , 2 girl ; P (B) = 3C2   + 3C1   = =
2 2 8 4
3 3
 1  1 1
C : no girl or exactly one girl ; P(C) =   + 3C1   =
 
2  
2 2
3
 1
A  B  one boy & two girls ; P (A  B) = C1   = 3
3

2 8
3
B  C  one girl and two boys P(B  C) =
8
3
A  C   A  B  C in also P(A  B) =
= P(A) × P(B) , so A and B are independent
8
neither P(A  B  C) = P(A) × P(B) × P(C) nor P(A  C) = P(A) × P(C). So ABC are not independent
28. Let a segment of line is x, then other is (a – x), where 0 < x < a
Since no part is greater than b   x < b and a – x < b  x > a – b
favorable length 2b – a
or a–b<x<b Now P= =
total length a
16
C8
29. Total ways 28 × 28. Favourable ways (16C8) = 16
2
(Q. 30 to 32) Total numbers of ways of selecting r1, r2, r3, r4 is 84
30. For y = 4  r1, r2, r3, r4 can have values equal to 4 or 8 i.e 24 = 16
31. for y = –4  r1, r2, r3, r4 can have values equal to 2 or 6 i.e 24 = 16
32. for y = 0 following cases are possible
(i) r1 = 1, 5 r2 = 2, 4, r3 = 3, 7 r4 = 4, 8
4
2 × 4!
(ii) r1 = 1, 5 r2 = 3, 7, r3 = 1, 5 r4 = 3, 7
24  4!
2! 2!
or
(iii) r1 = 2, 5 r2 = 4, 8, r3 = 2, 6 r4 = 4, 8
9
64
n

 i(i  1)  1
3
33. P(Ei) = ki(i + 1)  k k =
i1
n(n  1)(n  2)
3 3
P(En) =  n (n  1) =
n(n  1)(n  2) n2
n
 E  n
(3n  1)(n  2) 3n  1
  ki
i
P(E) = P(Ei ).P   = (i  1) . = =
i1  E0  i1
n 4n(n  2) 4n
1
K.2.
P(E1 ).P(E / E1 ) n 24
P(E1/E) =  =
P(E) (3n  1) (n  2) n(n  1)(n  2)(3n  1)
4n(n  2)

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