CHAPTER 1 Variation

Summary Arena
1
CHAPTER

VARIATION

Direct Variation Inverse Variation

y varies directly as x n, for y varies inversely as x n, for
1 1 1 1
n = 1, 2, 3, , n = 1, 2, 3, ,
2 3 2 3
• y x n 1
• y
xn
• y = k x n where k is a constant and
y k
k= n • y = n where k is a constant and
x x
• The raph of y against x n is a straight k = yx n
line that passes through the origin 1
• The raph of y against n is a straight
y x
line that starts from the origin (x .
y y

xn
O
1
O xn O xn
Joint Variation
y varies inversely as x n
A direct variation where a variable varies as
the product of two or more variables.
• y varies jointly as x m and z n, for
1 1
m = 1, 2, 3, , and
2 3
1 1
n = 1, 2, 3, ,
2 3
• y x z m n

y
• y = kx m z n where k is a constant and k = m n
x z

Combined Variation
Involves a combination of direct variation or joint variation, and inverse variation.
1 1 1 1 1 1
• For p = 1, 2, 3, , , q = 1, 2, 3, , and r = 1, 2, 3, ,
2 3 2 3 2 3
xp w px q
(i) y (ii) y
zq zr
kx p
k w px q
y= q y=
z zr
where k is a constant.

30
KPM
 CHAPTER 2 Matrices

Summary Arena

MATRICES

Matrices Basic Operation on Matrices

CHAPTER 2
• A set of numbers
arranged in rows and
columns to form a
rectangular or a square Add and subtract matrices Identity matrix, I,
array order n × n with

! c d " ± ! g h" = ! c ± g "

• Written inside a b e f a±e b±f element 1 along the
bracket [ ] or ( ) d±h main diagonal and
the other elements
are 0
Multiply a matrix by a 1 0 0 … 0
number 0 1 0 … 0
0 0 1 … 0
! " ! "
a b na nb ! ! ! !
Order Element n =
c d nc nd 0 0 0 … 1
aij is the
Order AI = IA = A
m × n has element of
m rows and ith row and Multiply two matrices
n columns jth column A B = AB Inverse matrix
m×n n×p m×p Inverse matrix of A is

! d " = [ac + bd]

c denoted by A–1.
[a b]
! "
a b
If A = , then
c d
! d "[a b] = ! da db "
c ca cb
Equal matrices
! "
1 d –b
A = B if the order of both A–1 = .
ad – bc – c a
! "! "
the matrices are the same a b e f
c d g h AA–1 = A–1A = I
and the corresponding
=!
ce + dg cf + dh "
elements are equal ae + bg af + bh

Solving simultaneous linear equations

Simultaneous Matrix form AX = B AX = B
a b x p A–1AX = A–1B
! "! " ! "
linear equations
= IX = A–1B
ax + by = p c d y q
cx + dy = q X = A–1B
where a, b, c, d, p and q are
x d –b p
! y " = ad – bc !– c a "! q "
1
constants while x and y are
unknowns

67
KPM
 CHAPTER 3 Consumer Mathematics: Insurance

Solution:
The XX policy plan is better because even though both provide the same overall annual limit
of RM50 000, the annual premium for XX is lower than YY. Besides, the benefits offered are
better in terms of coverage period, which is whole year-round for hospital room and board,
and daily government hospital cash allowance. In addition, there is no coverage limit for
intensive care unit because the compensation is paid according to the amount charged to the
policyholder, unlike YY which has a limit of RM400 for the same coverage period.
CHAPTER 3

Summary Arena

RISK AND INSURANCE COVERAGE

Risk

Insurance

Life Insurance General Insurance

• Motor insurance • Personal accident
• Fire insurance insurance
• Medical and health • Travel insurance
insurance

Calculation of insurance premiums Solving problems

Premium
=
Face value of policy
RMx
×! Premium rate
per RMx " Deductible Co-insurance

90
KPM
 CHAPTER 4 Consumer Mathematics: Taxation

Self Practice 4.1d

1. Han and his wife received an annual salary of RM63 400 and RM52 100 respectively
in 2020. It is given that the total tax relief that was eligible to be claimed by Han and
his wife was RM61 219. Calculate the total income tax payable by Han and his wife by
using joint tax assessment.

2. Encik Jamil is a manager in a company. His annual salary in 2020 was RM146 200. In
that year, he paid zakat amounting to RM2 500. It is given that his total tax relief is
RM46 250 and his PCB deduction is RM1 400 each month.
(a) Calculate Encik Jamil’s chargeable income.
(b) Calculate the income tax payable by Encik Jamil.
(c) Should Encik Jamil make any additional tax payment to IRB? Explain your answer.

Summary Arena
CHAPTER 4

TAXATION

Income Road Property Quit Sales and Service

Tax Tax Assessment Tax Rent Tax

Consequences of tax Calculations involving Solving

evasion various taxes problem

Legal and
financial

118
KPM
 CHAPTER 5 Congruency, Enlargement and Combined Transformations

Summary Arena

Congruent Triangle congruency

shapes
• ide ide ide • ide n le ide • n le ide n le
• The (SSS) (SAS) (ASA)
correspondin
sides and
an les are
of the same
• n le n le ide • n le n le • ide ide n le
si es.
(AAS) n le (SSA)

rea must be e ual rea must be e ual

Enlargement

• Ob ect and ima e are similar

PA!
R! • cale factor, k =
PA
A! • rea of ima e
R = k × rea of ob ect
CHAPTER 5

A
P

Combined To determine ima e To determine ob ect

transformation from ob ect under from ima e, the order of
• Combined transformation transformations is reversed
transformation AB AB, the order is to determine the ima e
means transformation transformation under the same combined
B followed by B followed by transformation.
transformation A transformation A.

Tessellation
• Tessellation is a pattern of recurrin shapes that fills a plane
without leavin empty spaces or overlappin
• Tessellation can be desi ned from an isometric transformation

166
KPM
 CHAPTER 6 Ratios and Graphs of Trigonometric Functions

Summary Arena

Unit circle Corresponding reference angles

Let α be a corresponding reference angle
y
sin θ = y-coordinate Quadrant II
y
1 (x, y) cos θ = x-coordinate α 180 θ
1 θ
θ y α
x y-coordinate x sin θ = + sin α
–1 O x 1 tan θ = O
x-coordinate cos θ cos α
–1 tan θ tan α
Sine,
Cosine y Quadrant III
and
Tangent α=θ 180
Signs of values of sin θ, θ
cos θ and tan θ α O
x sin θ sin α
y cos θ cos α
tan θ = + tan α

Quadrant II Quadrant I Quadrant I

(sin +) (All +) y
x α 360 θ
Quadrant III Quadrant IV θ
(tan +) (cos +) O α x sin θ sin α
cos θ = + cos α
tan θ tan α

Graphs of sin x, cos x and tan x for 0° ! x ! 360°

y = sin x y = cos x y = tan x
CHAPTER 6

y y y
1 1 1
Shape of graph
0 x 0 x 0 x
90° 180° 270° 360° 90° 180° 270° 360° 90° 180° 270° 360°
–1 –1 –1

Maximum value 1 1

Minimum value 1 1

x-intercept 0 , 180 , 360 90 , 2 0 0 , 180 , 360

y-intercept 0 1 0

192
KPM
 CHAPTER 7 Measures of Dispersion for Grouped Data

(f) Description and conclusion

(i) Interpret your findings of the research. Make conclusions about the
physical state of pupils according to their gender for each form.
(ii) Suggest follow-up actions that need to be taken by the pupils who are
underweight, overweight and obese.
3. Write down your findings of the research on the cardboards and paste it on your
school bulletin board.

Summary Arena

MEASURES OF DISPERSION FOR GROUPED DATA

Data Representation

Histogram and frequency Ogive:

polygon: Cumulative frequency
Frequency 50 Box plot:
20 40
15 30
10
9.5
14.5
19.5
24.5
29.5
34.5
20
5 10 Mass (kg)
0 0
9.5
14.5
19.5
24.5
29.5
34.5

9.5
14.5
19.5
24.5
29.5
34.5

Mass (kg) Mass (kg)

Measures of Dispersion
CHAPTER 7

Range Interquartile range ∑ fx2 – 2

Variance, σ2 = –x
= Midpoint of Midpoint of = Q3 – Q1 ∑f
the highest – the lowest (The values of Q3 and
class class Q1 are determined
from ogive)
Standard deviation, σ

= ∑ fx2 – 2
–x
Percentile ∑f

221
KPM
 CHAPTER 8 Mathematical Modeling

Summary Arena

MATHEMATICAL MODELING PROCESS

Identifying and Making assumptions

Applying mathematics
START defining the and identifying the
to solve problems
problems variables
Yes

Need to Verifying and

Reporting the No refine the interpreting solutions
END in the context of the
findings mathematical
model? problem

Reflection

At the end of this chapter, I can

explain mathematical modeling.
solve real life problems through mathematical modeling which involves the
following functions:
(i) linear
(ii) quadratic
(iii) exponential
and communicate the mathematical modeling process implemented.

MINI PROJECT
Open the worksheet for this project.
1. Estimate the length of Malaysia’s coastline using the
200 km unit and the 100 km unit.
2. Predict the result if the length of coastline is measured
using the 50 km unit. Explain.
3. If you continue to decrease the size of the unit of Scan the QR code or
measurement, what do you think will happen to the visit [Link]/MPChap8 for
length of the coastline? the worksheet.
4. Will you ever reach a point where you will find the
exact length of the coastline?
After you have determined the length of Malaysia’s coastline by the method above,
find the actual length of Malaysia’s coastline from a reliable source. Also find
CHAPTER 8

information on how a geographer determine the length of a coastline of a country.

Prepare a written report for the mathematical modeling process that you carry out in
this project.

241
KPM