Zootaxa 4258 (6): 561–573 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

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Copyright © 2017 Magnolia Press
Article ZOOTAXA
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4258.6.5
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:999CA113-1F68-48DF-9C4C-C4B11946D9BC

Fauna of Cladocera and Copepoda from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region

(China)

ELENA S. CHERTOPRUD1,2, ARTEM Y. SINEV1 & INTA DIMANTE-DEIMANTOVICA3

1
Biological Faculty, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory, Moscow 119991, Russia.
E-mail: [email protected]
2
Laboratory of Synecology, A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Moscow, Russia.
E-mail: [email protected]
3
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway.
E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract

This study evaluates the species composition of Cladocera and Copepoda in the five lakes of the Bogda-Shan Mountain
range and in the floodplain of the Tarim and Konchedarya rivers located in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of
China (Xinjiang). We collected seven species of Cladocera and six species of Copepoda. Seven species were identified as
new for Xinjiang fauna, and two species (Cyclops cf. herberti Einsle, 1996, and Eucyclops roseus Ishida, 1997) were first
records for China. Herein, we characterize the distribution ranges for the detected species and provide taxonomic remarks.
The total species list for water bodies in Xinjiang compiled from original data and available literature includes 56 species
of Cladocera and 33 species of Copepoda. We also discuss the biogeographical structure of Cladocera and Copepoda fau-
nas in Xinjiang.

Key words: Cladocera, Copepoda, Xinjiang, China

Introduction

Information on freshwater and brackish Cladocera and Copepoda faunas from the Central Asian region is limited
(Dai et al. 2014). This is partly due to the difficult accessibility of many fluvial systems and lakes resulting from
the high geographical fragmentation of the territory by mountain ranges and deserts. Thus, comparatively little
material from the region has been available for taxonomical studies. Moreover, the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous
Region of China (Xinjiang) is considered a "blind spot" with respect to cladocerans and copepods of Central Asia.
The territory spans a wide range of climatic zones (Cii 2001). There are temperate forests and alpine tundra located
in the eastern part and this region includes the Tien Shan mountain ranges. The steppes and salt deserts cover the
Jungar and Kashgaria plains. The anthropogenic impact on aquatic ecosystems of the region is relatively low due to
the sparse population (Zhang et al. 2011). Thus, the analysis of the Xinjiang aquatic ecosystems allows the
characterisation of the structure of undisturbed communities in Central Asia.
In the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the composition of Cladocera and Copepoda has been studied
only for the large Ulungur (Chen et al. 1988; Ye et al. 2004; Yang et al. 2011) and Bosten (Yan 1991; Lay 2009;
Wang et al. 2011; Dai et al. 2014) lakes because of their importance for commercial fishing. There are fragmented
data regarding the planktonic fauna for the small lakes around Urumqi City and the Turpan Oasis (Guo 1999;
Xiang et al. 2015). There are also sporadic studies of fauna devoted to certain Cyclopoida taxa (such as
Thermocyclops) using material collected from the large lakes (Guo 1999). The data for ecological monitoring of
the zooplankton in river systems are available only for the Jili River and its tributaries (Wu et al. 2008; Zhang et al.
2011). Cladocera in the region were studied by Chiang (1964). However, this information is outdated from the
modern point of view. The creation of a checklist of Chinese Cladocera species was an important step towards the
estimation of crustacean species diversity in the Xinjiang region and was based on analyses of taxonomic
collections and literature data (Chiang & Du 1979; Ji et al. 2015; Xiang et al. 2015). The information presented in

Accepted by M. Alonso: 22 Feb. 2017; published: 3 May 2017 561

current monographs (Shen et al. 1979; Boxshall & Defaye 2009) focused on Copepoda of the Xinjiang Uygur
Autonomous Region needs supplementation. There is no complete Copepoda species list for this area due to the
small amount of collected material.
Cladocera and Copepoda in the Xinjiang region are studied with respect to the large permanent water bodies
while the small and temporary pools are overlooked. In this study, we evaluated the species composition of
Cladocera and Copepoda in the lakes of the Bogda-Shan Mountain Range and in the floodplain ponds of the Tarim
and Konchedarya rivers. Additionally, we developed a list of the species of the Xinjiang region combining our own
data and available literature.

Material and methods

Study areas. There were 15 samples collected from three study areas of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
(Fig. 1) namely the Bogda-Shan Mountain Range, the middle reaches of the Tarim River, and the Konchedarya
River source.
Bogda-Shan Mountain Range. The mountain range is part of the eastern Tien Shan Mountains and is located to
the east of the Urumqi City. At mid-altitudes, there are coniferous forests and alpine meadows, and at the higher
altitudes there are glaciers. The maximum altitudes exceed 5,000 m.a.s.l.. The Bogda-Shan Mountain area has a
typical harsh mountain climate with snowfalls in the beginning of summer. The sampling stations were located in
the Tianchi Lake and in the lakes near the Sigong River. The Tianchi Lake is located at 2,000 m.a.s.l. and its
surface of 4.9 km² makes it the largest water body in this area. The bottom of the lake near the coastal region has
large-stony areas with inclusions of rocky parts. The floodplain lakes near the Sigong River are located at 3,200
m.a.s.l. and have areas of about 80–140 m². The bottom sediments in these lakes are sandy silts. Water temperature
of all water bodies was about 10–12°C.
Floodplain of the Tarim River. This river flows along the border of the Taklа Makan Desert and is the largest
river in the region. The streambed of the Tarim River strongly meanders and creates numerous large oxbows. The
Tarim River is brackish due to the high soil salinity of the Takla Makan Desert (Zhao et al. 2015). In the summer
the water salinity varies from 1 to 5‰, and during the spring the salinity increases to 7‰ (Lyle & Mu 2011). The
water surface area of the studied oxbows near the Shayar and Ljuntaj villages varies from 120 to 200 m² and the
bottom sediments are silty. The salinity of waters in the river and oxbows is approximately 2–3‰. The majority of
water bodies are inhabited by large populations of the small shrimp Exopalaemon xinjiangensis Liang, 2000. Water
temperature of the oxbows was about 26–28°C.
Floodplain of the Konchedarya River. The river flows from the Bosten Lake through the north-eastern
outskirts of the Kashgar Plain. The Konchedarya River forms a complex system of streambeds near the source,
which are connected by canals and surrounded by oxbows. The studied floodplain lake has an area of 40 m², and its
bottom is clay-sandy. There are reed stands at the edge of the water-table and the water temperature was 25°C.
Sampling and analyses. Quantitative samples from the following five different water bodies between June 1
and July 1, 2011 were collected: Tianchi Lake; the floodplain lake near the Sigong River; two oxbows near Tarim
River; and the floodplain lake near the Konchedarya River. The depth of the sampling sites varied from 0.15 to 1.5
m. The water temperature of the sampling sites ranged between 12–28°C. The studied sites included water bodies
of various origins, hydrological modes, and sizes. The majority were small ponds in the floodplain of the rivers. At
each site, three replicate samples were collected by hauling a plankton net (diameter 0.1 m, 50 μm mesh size)
through the water column and engaging the upper layer of the bottom with the detached sediment filtered through
the net up to the surface. The abundance of species at each site was calculated as the mean value of the three
replicate hauls. All samples were preserved in 4% formaldehyde after collection. The total numbers of Cladocera
and Copepoda were noted. Identification of species was performed using the following keys for Copepoda: Dussart
(1969), Einsle (1993, 1996a), Ishida (1997), Holynska et al. (2003), Alekseev & Defaye (2011), and Anufriieva et
al. (2014). The keys used to identify Cladocera were the following: Smirnov (1996), Korovchinsky (2004),
Dumont & Pensaert (1983), Orlova-Bienkowskaia (2001), and Kotov et al. (2010).
Literature data. The existing literature for freshwater and brackish Crustacea (Cladocera, Copepoda) records
from the Xinjiang Uygur region includes the following: Chiang & Du 1979; Shen et al. 1979; Chen et al. 1988; Yan
1991; Guo & Zhang 1998; Guo 1999; Ye et al. 2004; Wu et al. 2008; Boxshall &, Defaye 2009; Lay. 2009; Wang
et al. 2011; Zhang et al. 2011; Yang et al. 2011; Dai et al. 2014; Xiang et al. 2015.

562 · Zootaxa 4258 (6) © 2017 Magnolia Press CHERTOPRUD ET AL.

FIGURE 1. Location of the studied water bodies from Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

Results

Seven species of Cladocera and six species of Copepoda were found in our collections. Seven species were
identified for the first time in the region, and two species were new for China. The faunal distribution in the three
studied areas is shown in Table 1. A brief description and taxonomic remarks are provided for each of the species.

Cladocera

Diaphanosoma macrophthalma Korovchinsky & Mirabdullaev, 1995. We identified the species in Xinjiang for the
first time. This species is distributed in Central and East Asia from Uzbekistan to Japan and penetrates south to
North-East Thailand. However, it is rarely recorded in China. It was found in both the Hubei and Guangdong
provinces (Xiang et al. 2015) and on Hainan Island (Sinev et al. 2015). A detailed description has been reported by
Korovchinsky & Mirabdulaev (1995) and Korovchinsky (2004).
Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine, 1820). The species is rare in China and has been previously reported twice in
Xinjiang (Xiang et al. 2015). The morphology of the studied specimens (Fig. 2A–D) did not differ from the
European populations (Hudec 2010). A detailed description of this species is provided by Hudec (2010).

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TABLE 1. List of Cladocera and Copepoda from the examined parts of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Sampling regions
Species Bogda Shan Meander lakes near Тarim Meander lake near
River Kaidu River
Tianchi Lake Sigong River Shayar Ljuntaj
Valley Village area Village area
Cladocera
Diaphanosoma macrophthalma + +
Korovchinsky & Mirabdullaev, 1995*
Ceriodaphnia reticulata Sars, 1862 + + + +
Simocephalus mixtus G.O. Sars, 1903* + +
Scapholeberis kingi G.O. Sars, 1903* + +
Coronatella rectangula (G.O. Sars, +
1962)
Chydorus sphaericus (O.F. Müller, +
1776) s. lat.
Dunhvedia crassa King, 1853 + +
Copepoda
Cyclops cf. herberti Einsle, 1996 ** +
Cyclops strenuus (Fischer, 1851) +
Mesocyclops dissimilis Defaye & + +
Kawabata, 1993*
Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu, 1943 +
Thermocyclops crassus (Fischer, 1853) +
Eucyclops roseus Ishida, 1997** + +
Total number of species 2 3 6 6 5

* - new records for Xinjiang; ** - new records for China.

Simocephalus mixtus G.O. Sars, 1903. This is the first report of the species in Xinjiang. The species is widely
distributed in all climatic zones of the Northern Hemisphere (Orlova-Bienkowskaia 2001). S. mixtus was recorded
once in continental China in the Heilongjiang province (Xiang et al. 2015). However, it is a common species on
Hainan Island (Sinev et al. 2015). A detailed description of this species is provided by Orlova-Bienkowskaia
(2001).
Scapholeberis kingi G.O. Sars, 1903. This is the first report of the species in Xinjiang. The species is
predominantly Palaeotropical and is common in China. The distribution penetrates into North to northeast China
(Xiang et al. 2015). A detailed description of this species is provided by Dumont & Pensaert (1983).
Coronatella rectangula (G.O. Sars, 1962). The species is common in China and was recorded in the Xinjiang
region by Chiang (1964). It is a widely distributed Palaearctic species. A detailed description of this species is
provided by Van Damme & Dumont (2008).
Chydorus sphaericus (O.F. Müller, 1776) s. lat. This taxon is common in Xinjiang (Ji et al. 2015). Recent
studies revealed that Palearctic C. spahericus s. lato is a complex of sibling species, which can be recognised
genetically and by morphology of gamogenetic specimens (Belyaeva & Taylor, 2009; Kotov et al., 2016). We
collected parthenogenetic females and therefore its taxonomic status is unclear.
Dunhvedia cf. crassa King, 1853. This is a common species in China (Ji et al. 2015) and has been reported in
Xinjiang by Chiang & Du (1979). D. crassa has been described from Australia and now is reported worldwide
(Smirnov 1996), which suggests this Chydoridae is part of a species complex (Frey 1982). The Xinjiang population
does not significantly differ from the Australian (see Smirnov 1996) and European populations (see Flössner 2000;
Hudec 2010) in respect to the morphology of females (Fig. 2E–H). However, there is a difference in the shape of
the postabdominal claw. The claw is irregularly curved (Fig. 2.I). Both the Australian and European populations
have an evenly curved claw. The males in the studied populations (Fig. 2J–L) and in the populations from China

564 · Zootaxa 4258 (6) © 2017 Magnolia Press CHERTOPRUD ET AL.

reported by Chiang & Du (1979) differ from the males of European populations (see Flössner 2000; Hudec 2010).
Males from China populations have a long basal spine on the postabdominal claw (Fig. 2K) whereas in European
populations the basal spine is much shorter. Our data suggest that D. crassa s. lato in Eurasia consists of at least
two sibling-species and should be revised. The current taxonomic status of the Xinjiang populations cannot be
clarified because the males from Australian populations of D. crassa s. str. are unknown.

FIGURE 2. A–D, Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine, 1820) from China, Xinjuang, Ljuntaj area, meander lakes near the Тarim
River. A–C, parthenogenetic female. A, lateral view. B–C, postabdomen. D, ephippial female. E–L. Dunhvedia cf. crassa King,
1853 from China, Xinjuang, from China, Xinjuang, Ljuntaj area, meander lakes near Тarim River. E–I, parthenogenetic female.
E, lateral view. F, dorsal view. G, posteroventral corner of valves. H, distal part of head shield. I, postabdomen. J–L, adult male.
J, lateral view. K, postabdomen. L, copulatory hook of limb I.

CLADOCERA AND COPEPODA FROM XINJIAN Zootaxa 4258 (6) © 2017 Magnolia Press · 565
Copepoda

Cyclops cf. herberti Einsle, 1996. The specimens collected in this study were not different from the original
description of C. herberti. However, we restricted ourselves by identification to cf. since only three females were
found. This is the first record of the species in Xinjuang and China. The species has been described from temporary
ponds close to Lake Constance, and it is distributed from Poland and the southern part of Germany (Einsle 1996b)
to southern France and central Italy (Dussart & Defaye 2006).
Cyclops strenuus (Fischer, 1851). The species is common in China and has been reported in Xinjiang (Shen et
al. 1979). C. strenuus is a circumboreal species widely distributed throughout Africa, Europe, Asia, North and
South America. However, it is part of a species complex and needs to be re-described (Dussart & Defaye, 2006). A
detailed description of the species has been provided by Dussart & Defaye (1985) and Reed & McInture (1995).
The main morphological characteristics of the studied specimens are presented at Fig. 3.
Mesocyclops dissimilis Defaye & Kawabata, 1993. This is the first report from Xinjuang. The species is
distributed in the East Asia from North Vietnam to Japan and from South Korea to Easternmost Siberia. Previous
records in China were from the following regions: Yunnan, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Gansu, Shanxi,
and Guizhou (Dussart & Defaye 2006; Zhao et al. 2012;). A detailed description of the species has been provided
by Defaye & Kawabata (1993).
Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu, 1943. The species is common in the Guizhou and Jiangsu provinces of China
(Guo 2000) and has been reported from Xinjiang near Ulungur Lake by Yang et al. (2011). M. pehpeiensis is
distributed in East Asia (Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, China, Myanmar, India, South Korea, Malaysia, Vietnam, Japan
and Sri Lanka (Lim & Fernando 1985; Dussart & Defaye 2006)). This species was introduced in North America
and was recorded in USA, Mexico, and Cuba (Suárez-Morales et al. 2005; Díaz et al. 2006). A detailed description
of the species has been provided by Guo (2000).
Thermocyclops crassus (Fischer, 1853). The species is common and widespread in any aquatic habitat of
China except for the Qinghai-Tibet plateau (Guo 1999). The species was reported from Ulungur Lake in Xinjuang
by Yang et al. (2011). T. crassus is a widely distributed Holarctic species found in Asia, Europe, Africa, and North
America (Duchovnay et al. 1992; Guo 1999; Chaicharoen et al. 2011). A detailed description of the species has
been provided by Dussart (1969, 1982).
Eucyclops roseus Ishida, 1997. This is the first record of the species in Xinjuang and China. This species was
described from Japan and was later collected in Lake Victoria, Kenya (Ishida 1998) and Korea (Lee et al. 2005).
Presently E. roseus is actively dispersed and recorded in Ukraine (Anufrieva et al. 2014; Anufrieva & Shadrin
2016) and Germany (Alekseev & Defaye 2011). A detailed description of the species has been provided by Ishida
(1997).
Characteristics of Cladocera and Copepoda faunas from Xinjiang. There are 88 species of Cladocera and
Copepoda recorded from water bodies of the Xinjiang region (Table 2).
The species richness of Cladocera in the area (55 species) is higher than that of Copepoda (33 species). This
fact can be explained by more effective long-distance dispersal of cladocerans (Novichkova & Azovsky 2016). The
families Chydoridae and Daphnidae are the most abundant cladoceran groups in the area and include 24 and 14
species, respectively. The copepod family Cyclopidae contains 25 listed species, more than half of which belong to
the genera Cyclops, Thermocyclops, and Eucyclops.
The taxonomical position of Eucyclops species of serrulatus group, which are included in the list of Xinjiang
fauna (Table 2), agree with the latest revisions (Alekseev et al. 2006; Alekseev & Defaye 2011). In the сopepod
fauna of China (Shen et al. 1979), Eucyclops serrulatus serrulatus (Fischer, 1851) was listed for the Xinjiang
region. However, we included only Eucyclops serrulatus sensu lato according to the revision of Alekseev et al.
(2006). The closest to Xinjiang occurrence of Eucyclops serrulatus are the lakes of western Mongolia (Alekseev &
Defaye 2011). The subspecies inhabiting Xinjiang has not been elucidated (Dr. Alekseev V.R. personal comments).
The local endemic species have not been found in the fauna of the Xinjiang region. However, there is an
endemic subspecies Arctodiaptomus altissimus pectinatus Shen & Song, 1965 which is known from the Tianchi
Lake on the Bogda-Shan Mountain Range (Shen & Song 1965). There are no endemic Cladocera in the region. The
two local Chydoridae species described by Chiang (1964), Pleuroxus sinkiankensis Chiang, 1964 and
Camptocercus serratunguis Chiang, 1964 were found to be synonyms of Pleuroxus laevis G.O. Sars, 1862
(Smirnov 1996) and Camptocercus rectirostris Schödler, 1862 respectively (Smirnov 1998).

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FIGURE 3. Cyclops strenuus (Fischer, 1851) from China, Xinjuang, Tianchi Lake. Female. A, P1. B, P4. C, P5. D, furcal
ramus ventrally. E, pediger 5 and genital double-somite, ventral. F, basipodite of antenna, frontal side. G, palp of maxillula.
Scale bar: A−H = 100 μm.

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TABLE 2. Species list of Cladocera and Copepoda from all over Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region.
Species All waterbodies Ulungur Bosten Ho Lake
Lake
Cladocera
Haplopoda
Leptodora kindtii (Focke, 1844) + + +
Onychopoda
Bythotrephes longimanus Leydig, 1860 + +
Polyphemus pediculus (Linne, 1761) + +
Ctenopoda
Sida crystallina (O.F. Müller, 1776) + +
Diaphanosoma brachyurum (Liévin, 1848) + +
Diaphanosoma dubium Manuilova, 1964 + +
Diaphanosoma macrophthalma Korovchinsky & Mirabdullaev, 1995 +
Diaphanosoma mongolianum Uéno, 1938 +
Anomopoda
Daphnia carinata King, 1853 +
Daphnia hyalina Leydig, 1860 + +
Daphnia longispina (O.F. Müller, 1785) + + +
Daphnia magna Straus, 1820 +
Daphnia obtusa Kurz, 1874 +
Ceriodaphnia pulchella G.O. Sars, 1862 + +
Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (O.F. Müller, 1785) + + +
Ceriodaphnia reticulata (Jurine, 1820) +
Ceriodaphnia setosa Matile, 1890 + +
Scapholeberis kingi G.O. Sars, 1903 +
Scapholeberis mucronata (O.F. Müller, 1785) + + +
Simocephalus mixtus G.O. Sars, 1903 +
Simocephalus serrulatus (Koch, 1841) + +
Simocephalus vetulus (O.F. Müller, 1776) + +
Moina micrura Kurz, 1874 +
Moina salina Daday, 1888 + +
Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni Baird, 1857 + + +
Bosmina (Bosmina) longirostris (O.F. Müller, 1776) +
Bosminopsis deitersi Richard, 1895 +
Macrothrix laticornis (Jurine, 1820) +
Latonura rectirostris (Jurine, 1820) +
Ilyocryptus sordidus (Liéven, 1848) +
Eurycercus cf. lamellatus (O.F. Müller, 1776) +
Alonella excisa (Fischer, 1854) +
Alonella nana (Baird, 1850) +
Alona affinis (Leydig, 1860) +
Alona guttata G.O. Sars, 1862 +
Alona intermedia G.O. Sars, 1862 +
......continued on the next page

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TABLE 2. (Continued)
Species All waterbodies Ulungur Bosten Ho Lake
Lake
Alona quadrangularis (O.F. Müller, 1785) +
Flavalona costata (G.O. Sars, 1862) +
Coronatella rectangula (G.O. Sars, 1862) +
Camptocercus rectirostris Schödler, 1862. +
Camptocercus uncinatus Smirnov, 1971 +
Chydorus ovalis Kurz, 1875 +
Chydorus sphaericus (O.F. Müller, 1785) +
Disparalona cf. hamata (Birge, 1909) +
Disparalona rostrata (Koch, 1841) +
Dunchevedia crassa King, 1853 +
Ephemeroporus barroisi (Richard, 1894) +
Graptoleberis testudinaria (Fisher, 1851) +
Leydigia leydigi (Schödler, 1863) +
Monospilus dispar G.O. Sars, 1862 +
Pleuroxus aduncus (Jurine, 1820) +
Pleuroxus laevis G.O. Sars, 1862 +
Pleuroxus striatus Schödler, 1863 +
Pleuroxus truncatus (O.F. Müller, 1785) +
Pseudochydorus sp. +
Copepoda
Calanoida
Arctodiaptomus altissimus pectinatus Shen & Song, 1965 +
Arctodiaptomus rectispinosus rectispinosus (Kikuchi, 1940) +
Arctodiaptomus salinus (Daday, 1885) + + +
Sinocalanus doerrii (Brehm, 1909) +
Cyclopoida
Cryptocyclops bicolor (G.O. Sars, 1863) + +
Cyclops cf. herberti Einsle, 1996 +
Cyclops ladakanus Kiefer, 1936 +
Cyclops strenuus (Fischer, 1851) +
Cyclops vicinus vicinus Uljanin, 1875 + +
Diacyclops bicuspidatus (Claus, 1857) + +
Eucyclops macruroides (Lilljeborg, 1901) + +
Eucyclops macrurus (G.O. Sars, 1863) +
Eucyclops roseus Ishida, 1997 +
Eucyclops serrulatus (Fischer, 1851) s. lat. +
Megacyclops viridis (Jurine, 1820) + +
Mesocyclops dissimilis Defaye & Kawabata, 1993 +
Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus, 1857) + +
Mesocyclops pehpeiensis Hu, 1943 + +
Metacyclops minutus (Claus, 1863) + +
......continued on the next page

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TABLE 2. (Continued)
Species All waterbodies Ulungur Bosten Ho Lake
Lake
Metacyclops pectinatus Shen & Tai, 1964 + +
Microcyclops longiramus Shen & Sung, 1965 + +
Paracyclops affinis (G.O. Sars, 1863) + +
Paracyclops fimbriatus (Fischer, 1853) + +
Thermocyclops crassus (Fischer, 1853) + +
Thermocyclops dybovskii (Landé, 1890) + +
Thermocyclops kawamurai Kikuchi , 1940 +
Thermocyclops taihokuensis Harada, 1931 + +
Tropocyclops brevispinus Shen & Tai, 1962 +
Tropocyclops prasinus (Fischer, 1860) + +
Harpacticoida
Canthocamptus microstaphylinus Wolf, 1905 + +
Canthocamptus carinatus Shen & Sung, 1973 + +
Enchydrosoma breviarticulatum Shen & Tai, 1964 +
Onychocamptus mohammed (Blanchard & Richard, 1891) + +
Total: 88 29 13

Discussion

All species first discovered in the Xinjiang region were found in the underexplored and difficult to reach highland
or deserted regions. For example, Mesocyclops dissimilis Defaye & Kawabata, 1993, Eucyclops roseus Ishida,
1997, Diaphanosoma macrophthalma Korovchinsky & Mirabdullaev, 1995 and Scapholeberis kingi G.O. Sars,
1903 were observed in the brackish oxbows of the Tarim River in salt marsh areas. The latter species also inhabits
the oxbow of the Konchedarya River. Cyclops cf. herberti Einsle, 1996 was found only in the Tianchi Lake at an
altitude of 2000 m.a.s.l. Simocephalus mixtus G.O. Sars, 1903 lives in small water bodies of the Bogda-Shan
Mountain Range at an altitude of 3000 m.a.s.l. This species was found in the floodplain area of the Tarim River.
The finding of E. roseus in China is not unexpected because the species is widespread in East Asia (Lee et al.
2005). The discovery of C. cf. herberti in the Bogda-Shan Mountain Range significantly expands the range of the
species. We have analysed the drawings of Cyclops sp., which is found in the Nilgiri Mountains (Tamil Nadu,
India) (Einsle 1992), and assume that these individuals also most likely belong to the species C. herberti. Thus, this
species rather has a wide range from boreal to tropical latitudes.
Approximately 40% of recorded Cladocera and Copepoda species from the Xinjiang region are found in the
large Bosten and Ulungur lakes (Table 2), where hydrobiological studies are regularly conducted. Our findings
further underline the uneven exploration of water bodies in this region and particularly of the small lakes and
oxbows located in the mountain and desert areas.
The Cladocera fauna in the Xinjiang region is composed predominantly by common Palearctic species with
wide ranges of distribution (82% of the total number of species). The East Asian subtropical species (7%) include
Diaphanosoma dubium Manuilova, 1964, D. macrophthalma Korovchinsky & Mirabdullaev, 1995, D.
mongolianum Uéno, 1938, and Moina salina Daday, 1888. The tropical species (11%) of the area include Daphnia
carinata King, 1853, Scapholeberis kingi G.O. Sars, 1903, Ephemeroporus barroisi (Richard, 1894), Disparalona
cf. hamata (Birge, 1909), Dunhvedia cf. crassa King, 1853, and Pseudochydorus sp. recorded by Chiang (1964) as
P. globosus (Baird 1843). The Pseudochydorus sp. have a maximum female size of 0.53 mm, which is
characteristic of the tropical species P. bopingi Sinev, Garibian & Gu, 2016. The maximum length of P. globosus s.
str. is 0.8 mm (Sinev et al. 2016).
Copepods are mainly represented by cosmopolitan species with Holarctic ranges (41% of the total number of
species). The two groups of species with broad Palearctic and East Asian ranges are second in species richness

570 · Zootaxa 4258 (6) © 2017 Magnolia Press CHERTOPRUD ET AL.

(24% and 20%, respectively). Tropical elements are comparatively rare in the fauna (15%) and include five species
that are prevalent in Southeast Asia: Mesocyclops dissimilis Defaye & Kawabata, 1993; M. pehpeiensis Hu, 1943;
Metacyclops pectinatus Shen & Tai, 1964; Microcyclops longiramus Shen & Sung, 1965; and Thermocyclops
taihokuensis Harada, 1931.
A harsh continental climate with strong termic seasonality is common in the Xinjiang region. However, a large
portion of the region is occupied by saline deserts (Cii 2001). These environmental conditions obviously impact the
composition of planktonic crustaceans inhabiting the water bodies. The fauna of Copepoda and Cladocera includes
primarily species with wide distribution covering Eurasia, Africa, and North America. The majority of these
species are cosmopolitans and inhabit a wide range of habitats in various climatic zones. Colonization of tropical
species (that inhabit the areas with wet and relatively mild climate with slight seasonal variability) to this region is
difficult. Thus, the climatic characteristics and scarce wetland extensions in the Xinjiang region appears to be a
barrier for the expansion of tropical Copepoda and Cladocera towards the north and possibly for the East Siberian
species towards the south.

Acknowledgements

The studies of Cladocera, drawing of Copepoda and drafting of crustaceans species list of Xinjiang Region were
supported by the programme "Scientific bases for the creation of a national depository bank of living systems" of
the Russian Science Foundation № 14-50-00029. The identification of Cyclopoida was supported by the
Norwegian Institute for Nature Research in Oslo, Norway. We are also grateful to Dr. Hab. Maria Hołyńska and to
Dr. Nikolay M. Korovchinsky for useful comments.

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