SPIFMO Konstantin G. Korotkov, Ph. p. Human Energy Field Study With GDV Bioelectrography 2002Konstantin G. Korotkov. Human Energy Field: study with GDV bioelectrography. — BACKBONE PUBLISHING Co., Fair Lawn, NJ, USA, 2002. ~ 360 p. This book is dedicated to the presentation of the scientific foundations and practical applications of the Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) technique. This technique represents a revolutionary new method for the study of biological subjects, namely biological energy fields. This research extends scientific tradition, developed in Russia in. the twentieth century. The Human Energy Field carries information on physical, mental and spiritual states of a human being, and the GDV Bioelectrography technique is the first method in the world which gives an opportunity to study this information. Utilizing the latest advances in technology, such as microelectronics, computer imaging, and data mining, scientists have been able to create an entirely new class of scientific instruments that allow the practitioner to view, measure and analyze biological subjects in a manner that has never been possible before. The GDV technique has been found to have numerous highly important applications in medicine, sports, consciousness studies, material testing and other areas, discussed in this book... Whether the reader is a physicist, poet or philosopher, this technique offers an entirely new understanding of the world in which we live. Bach encounter simply confirms the wisdom contained in all the holy books of every religion. We are all one. We are all connected. We are the interrelation of Matter, Information and Spirit. Reviewed by Genaddy N. Ponomarenko, M.D., Prof., head of physiotherapy department of St. Petersburg Army Medical Academy, chief physiotherapist of the Ministry of Defense of Russia Edited by Bernard O. Williams, Ph.D., Terrence J. Bugno, M.D., Pamela H. Parsons, Suzanne S. Gibson, Ph.D. Translated from Russian by Executive Editor Veronica A. Kirillova ISBN 0-9644311-9-1 © 2001, 2002 Konstantin G. Korotkov © 2001, St. Petersburg State Institute of Fine Mechanics and Optics (Technical University) © 2002, BACKBONEPUBLISHING Co. P.O. Box 562, FairLawn,NJO7410, USA tel: (201) 447-1834; fax: (201) 670-7892 bbpub@[Link]Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ... Gas Discharge Visualization Technique: the estimation of biological subject's state . Part I. Practice Chapter 2. BEO GDV Analysis. Protocol for BEO GDV Analysis — Principles for recording and analyzing GDV-grams — Comparison of the GDV-grams ~ Types of BEO-grams ~ Estimation of state using GDV diagrams ~ Separation of the Psychological and Physical Energy Field —Estima- tion of Anxiety and Stress ~ Right-Left Correlations ~ Parameter and Sector analysis of BEO-grams ~ Measurement of the Energetics of Chakras — Psychological Analy- sis — Measuring the Influence of Mental Processes Upon the Human Energy Field — Measuring the Compatibility: The Influence of Individuals on One Another - The Ef fect of Perspiration — Testing of medication and substances - GDV Therapy Chapter 3. Dependence of GDV Parameters on Age .. s Entropy of the Biological Organism — BEO-gram Characteristics at Various Ages — Birth and Infancy — Children and Youths ~The Adult - The Elderly — Transition to the End of Physical Life — Posthumous State Chapter 4. Examples of GDV analysis Part II. Applications Chapter 5. Medicine .. Results and perspectives of GDV bioelectrography applications in medical practice — Analysis of the Bioelectrograms of Bronchial Asthma Patients ~ Health quality evalu- ation on the basis of GDV parameters Chapter 6. Consciousness Study .. .- 108 Study of Consciousness Mechanisms with GDV Bioelectrography — Bioelectrography Correlates of the Direct Vision Phenomen — Experimental research of influence of Consciousness on the processes of material world134 Chapter 7. Sport .. New technology of the athletes psycho-physical readiness evaluation based on the GDV method: Quantum-Field diagnostics technique Chapter 8. Liquids Testing ... . 143 Research on revealing the types of distribution in data collection from distilled water according to characteristic parameters — Time dynamics of Gas Discharge around the drops of liquids Part II. Scientific Foundations Chapter 9. Physical approach . Analysis of physical processes of formation of the gas discharge image of bio-subject placed in high intensity EMF — Mathematical modeling of the avalanche discharge development process — Calculation of thermal power in the discharge and its influence upon the subject’s state — Liquid Structurization in the process of GDV — Main infor- mative characteristics of subjects found with the GDV technique Chapter 10. Biophysical approach i193) Biological subject as the object of electrographic research — Self gas emission of the subject — Methods and principles of extracting information from the biologic subject state using the GDV technique Chapter 11. Mind-Body Connections Right-left analysis. The puzzle of the left-hander — The sexual brain — Is there any difference in Male and Female BEO-grams? Chapter 12. Oriental philosophy and medicine approach. DL) Chapter 13. Entropy-synergetic approach .. 216 European and oriental conceptions of holistic medicine and principles of synerge The principle of entropy and its application to the GDV-graphy — Information-energy exchange ~ Application of probabilistic parameters for the description of GDV-grams. GDV entropy Chapter 14. Fields of biological subjects 237 Radiation of biological subjects - Transition from a cell toa biological system — Multi- level character of synchronization — Principle of holographic structures ~ Spatial-field structure of the organism — Structural synchronization in a group of organisms - Lev- els of organization of space-field structures — Hierarchy of synchronization levels — GDV bicelectrography as a method of registration of field structures Chapter 15. Essay on Consciousness...Part IV. Techniques Chapter 16. Investigation of GDV parameters of various materials .....260 ‘Water — Homeopathic solutions and information-coded medicines — Blood, urine and other biological liquids ~ Procedure for testing liquid samples — Parts of a plant (leaves, stems, roots, seeds, fruit, etc) — Foodstuffs - Minerals and precious stones . 266 Chapter 17. Stability and reproducibility of GDV-graphy data... Metal cylinder - Distilled water and salt solutions — Fingers of practically healthy people and bronchial asthma patients Chapter 18. GDV Camera design ..... Instrument for GDV-graphy — Parameters of GDV-grams used for the analysis GDV software design Chapter 19. GDV Software ... “GDV Capture” program. Taking GDV-images of fingertips, liquids and materials — “GDV Aura” program. Processing GDV-images and creating GDV Human Energy Field Picture ~ “GDV Diagram” program. Creating GDV-Diagrams — “GDV Stress” program. Calculating Anxiety and Health Indices —“GDV Chakra” program. Creating GDV Chakra Pictures — “GDV Printing Box” program. Previewing and Printing Saved GDV Pictures — “GDV Processor” program. Processing Static and Dynamic GDV- images and Calculating Parameters - “GDV APPS” program. Analysis of Psycho- Physiological State — “GDV Compare” program. Comparing GDV-images — Calibration of GDV Software Chapter 20. «Quantum-Health» System of health analysis ...... Conclusion........ Bibliography Glossary... Index Contributors456 0. of the main questions of the GDV-graphy technique is as follows: “What is the principal difference between the mechanisms of fluorescence of non-organic and biological subjects and what is the particular feature of information about the human state? Wide intro- duction of the technique and overcoming of the continuing vigilance of the academic investiga- tors are impracticable without answering these questions. Therefore, when describing the ba- sic mechanisms of GDV-graphy. we should distinguish the settled theories and grounded hy- poiheses from the suppositions and scientific fantasies: ‘The study is based on the hierarchical system approach, illustrated by fig. 9.1. Constructing hierarchical systems, we follow the prin- ciple accepted in systematic studies |Wilber, 1996; Presman, 1997]: cach subsequent level ix based on all the previous ones and can not do without them, while a previous level is able to exist without the subsequent ones. Let us look at the figure. We see a kind of hierarchy, going bottom-up, from one level to the other, to a more and more complex one. All phenomena and Processes on the Earth follow fundamental physical laws, and biophysical processes have their own specific character: emergence of life became a quantitative leap forward in the evolution of the Earth: Psycho-physiological activity emerged as a certain stage of self-organization of the biophysical processes, as the highest phase of their organization. The neat level describes these processes both from the viewpoint of energy metabolism in Western or Easter terms and fram the viewpoint of system theory and information theory. In both cases we consider the biological system us an open one, exchanging energy and information with the environment. From a modem standpoint these aspects of system organization are described by an entropy- synergetic approach, And. finally, the principle of field structures appears as the organizing and structuring basis for all the previous levels. ‘Thus, these are rather like steps or levels of development and complication of the substance existence forms, from inert physical structures, endless in their diversity. 10 the more and more sophisticated forms of biological life. These steps lead us to the highest level —the level of Consciousness, the processes of which indirectly manifest on all the previous levels. For example, it is impossible to measure the amplitude of a magnetic field directly — it is measurable only through its influence on physical processes, say, position of the magnetic arrow. The same is true with the processes of Consciousness and Soul, which cannot be measured directly. They belong to the other, nonphysical dimension, However, we can judge1a these processes through the transformation of physical activity. Thus, from our viewpoint, modem scientific methods enable us to strictly investigate many spiritual, metaphysical pro cesses, “secret phenomena of the human psyche,” such as telepathy, healing, and telekinesis, and (o still remain within the scope of a Western scientific paradigm. A number of such approaches are discussed in this book. Investigating these phenomena, we will move step by step. stage by stage, passing from the habitual notions to the more and more abstract ones, studying various approaches, each describing same or another side of the enigmatic and alluring Kirlian fluorescence phenomenon. Biophysic Physical Fig. 9.1. Hierashical system approach to the study of biological systems,5x Hirmen Energy Field Chapter 9. Physical approach Analysis of physical processes of formation of the yas discharge imuge of bio-subject placed in high intensity EMF — Mathematical modeling of the avalanche discharge development process — Calculation of thermal power in the discharge and its influence upon the subject's state — Liquid structurizution in the process of GDV = Main infor- mative characteristics of subjects found with the GDY technique — Inrristic conduction of a subject ~ Structeral heterogeneity of surface and volume — Moisture of subject - Spentancous and stimulated optical raciation in the visible and ultraviolet spectrum = Choosing most informative radiation spectrum for the extraction of informasion on bia-subject's state in the GD process Jf the first chapter of the book it was mentioned that in the GDV process two types of discharge take place: avalanche discharge in a narrow gap limited by a diclectric, and dlise charge sliding along the surface of the dielectric [Bankovsky ct al, 1986). Taking BEO- ‘grams with the zoom up to 100x [Korotkov, Hmiroy, 1982), with the avalanche GDY the image consists of separate points (clements of image decomposition), and the picture is formed at the expense of unevenness of distribution of these points along the picture's field. A. particular de- composition clement is formed as a result of the influence by local electron avalanche, exerted upon a dielectric (photomatcrial or optical clectrode). This avalunche develops from scparatc points of the investigated subject’s surface under quite high electrical field ittensity, due to the presence of background or emitted by the subject changed panicles [Mic & Kregs. 1960). The lime of existence of such an electron avalanche is small (107-10 sec), because in the process of its development a negative charge is accumulated on the carrier's dielectric surface, screening the electrical field in the avalanche area and decreasing its intensity to a valuc insufficient for the further development of the discharge process. Changing the polarity of the external voltage neu- tralizes the discharge accumulated on the dielectric, and the whole process repeats periodically. ‘The charge and the energy, transferred by every avalanche, are respectively equal to 107-10" ‘Coulomb ard 10°-10" J, The subject's image is formed when the probabilities of emergence ofChapter 9 159 ‘Walunches at several points of its surface differ significantly. forexumple. because of the surface Heterogeneity of the subject's emission characteristics or from local disturbance of the electrical field because of micro-inegularities of a metal surface or impurities in the dielectric volume. A ‘preat number of avalanches possessing higher intensity are formed at the points whore this sur fice is latger, arid the decomposition elements, merging together, produce light parts of the image. This type of discharge is well studied [Mic & Kregs. 1960). A sliding discharge is such an electrical discharge. which develops on the interface bf two media: one is a gaseous dielectric, and the other one = a dielectric or semi-conductor with a condensed phase (solid or liquid). A sliding discharge appears under rapidly changing voltage on the surface of a thin-layer diclectric, when its other side is covered by a conduct- ing layer, and under a sharply uneven electrical field. Moreover, due to little thickness of the dielectric « high intensity of electrical field is maintained in the head of the sliding discharge inthe process of its development. Because the discharge process under these conditions is extremely specific, and it is very important for the process of GDV bivelectrography, let us study it in more detail. To cxamine details, fet us substitute a thin metal bar for the subject, and apply upon it a positive Voltage pulse, with respect to the electrode. Obviously, the intensity of electrical field will be maximal close to the bar electrode, (having radial configuration near the surface of diclectric plate), Electron avalanches will emenge in the near-surface gas layer when the field reaches its critical value in this area, under whieh the electrons accumulate energy cnough for the gas particles” collision ionization on the free path length. These avalanches will, however, spread not in a free gas volume, but along the dielectric’s surface, moving in the direction of the tar clectrade. The electrons of avalanches, developing on the surface of this electrode. will keave the discharge channels with the positive charge on the diclectric. The electrical field created by this charge will sum up with the external field, resulting in the emergence of new similar avalanches, which will now develop towards previously formed channels. As a conse- quence of this process. a gradually branching network of such channels will keep being gener- ated on the diclectric surface, as long as the electrical field on the periphery of this charge formation remains less than the eritical value. Pictures of a set of such channels were given the name of “Lichtenberg figures” and ‘numerous publications have been devoted to them (sec, for example, bibliography in [Mic & Kregs. 1960; Korotkov, 1995]), Analogous figures might also be received possessing a differ- ence as compared to the bar electrode configuration. But in cither case the electrical field near itshould be highly heterogeneous. Under the reversed voltage polarity, the avalanche electrodes will move from the elec- trode to the periphery in the direction of the weakening field. Therefore, the discharge picture formed will be distinguished by significantly smaller dimensions and smaller branching. These types of discharge have become known as “positive and negative sliding (surface) dis- charge,” correspondingly, and the studied stage of its development — avalanche or crown phase [Dashuk, 1999), If we gradually increase the amplitude of the pulse voltage or the gas pressure, at Particular values an intensive streamer develops from the discharge figure described above.160 Hamun Energy Field ‘Thus, the next streamer discharge phase starts, which then tums into a sparkle discharge. Only the low-current — avalanche and streamer — phases are used for the GDV. when the integral value of the current pulse does not exceed 50 mA. Figures similar to those described above might be observed in the case when the upper electrode is not pressed to the diclectric plate, but separated from it by a small gas gap, usually not exceeding several millimeters. In this case, however, the discharge’s form becomes more complicated: an avalanche discharge develops apart from a surface, which should be uiken into account when interpreting the images received. In practice, to obtain discharge figures a series of bipolar voltage pulses is often applied to the electrodes. In this case. a comesponding discharge phase arises at each pulse, and the final picture represents a superposition of images from the positive and negative discharges (taking into consideration electrical field distortion by a positive surface charge. which re- mained after the previous discharges), Let us study the data on the influence of various factors upon these parameters, Three stages of development of the discharge figures might be distinguished, depending on the ranges of change of pressure and U voltage amplitude. Within cach stage the Lichtenberg figure radius is correlated with the size of pressure and voltage by the power dependence in the following form: R=Qp"UL— Fp. where the constants C, D, F. ware different for every stage, depending on the range of pressure and voltage. In [Toepler. 1921) an empirical formula is given, demonstrating the correlation between the sliding discharge's length, specific surface capacity, amplitude, and steepness of the applied voltage: Lek Cusv where © [Farad*em] — specific surface capacity; 2- U,, the discharge passes into a leader phase. Transition voltage grows with the increase of the dielectric thickness, and the length of negative streamers is 2-10 times smaller as. compared to the positive ones. The main peculiarity of the sliding discharge in the streamer phase consists in the follow- ing fact. The length of positively charged electrode streamers does not decrease: with the growth of dielectric thickness, as it occurs for the streamers of sliding discharge under negative polarity and sliding discharge in the leader phase under both polarities, but, vice versa, sigmnifi- cantly increases. Changing dielectric thickness fram (0.25 10 5 mm, the length of streamers of positive polarity doubles, and that of the negative polarity falls by the same value. In addition, in the latter ease an abrupt length decrease takes place under > 1.5 mm. ‘The width of the discharge channel (a) under U = 10-15 kV falls approximately linearly, moving away from the electrode, Al first. under negative polarity the streamer's width in the zone axljoined to the electrode (1. = 1-3 mm) abruptly grows, and then it remains constant till the very head. Thus, for example, under U =—(10-30) kV, L>1 mm, d= 0.5 mm, the streamer's width a = 0.55-0,7 mm, In elvetro-positive gases (air, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc.) the form of gas discharge figures isqualitatively identical, while the introduction of electro-negative ad mixtures (for example. CCI,) causes a cardinal modification of the whole figure: an abrupt decrease of size and Suppression of the image “thin structure.” According to the data [Mcrill, Hippel, 1939). this fact is connected with the three main processes: absorption of the slow initiating clectrons, which impedes the development of electron avalanches; absorption of the secondary clec- trons, born in the avalanche, and electrical field distortion at the expense of negative ions. It was also found that the magnetic field, normal to the surface, initiates the curvature of the discharge figure branches, which is explained by the characteristics of electrons, moving in the magnetic field [Anders 1985)_ ‘The discharge figure parameters also depend on the characteristics of the dielectric covering the electrode. For example, having all the other parameters constant, the length of the discharge track and the voltage of transition into the streamer phase is in an inverse proportion to the square root of the specific surface capacity [Dashuk. 1975]: U,-L-ING, C=ke/6. In compliance with the results of the research implemented, coinciding with the data from Practorius [1940), the presence of roughness, dust, or moisture on the surface does not affect the image. if these are not related 10 the change of surface conductivity. Positive streamers” length rises in proportion as the dielectric thickness increases, nega- tive streamers’ length falls according to the rise of the dielectric thickness, linearly with regard to Ind. Since for the negative streamers both dependencies; L(U) and L(d) — are linear, the total dependence might be described by the following empirical formula: L=—4+085U -Ind,ie Hoamion Corgyy Fick where L fem}, 3U%> U* > U™, which is typical of a weak-current discharge, The volt-ampere characteristics determine that under every voltage value the following ratio is. correct: >>> Such an onder is established by the values of the gas atoms’ ionization section by an elec tron impact. In the case of discharge an oppressive effect of the electron component manifests itself in the air. The marked order maintains for the fluorescence intensity curves as well, Taking into consideration the permanency of the visualization device parameters, the dats obtained enable drawing the conclusion that the GDV-gram's form is determined by the character of electrical field distribution over the investigated subject's surface. In the case of an isotropic subject of constant thickness, the electrical ficld will be homogenous along the ‘whole gap area, which leads to a uniform illumination of the image carrier. The presence of a heterogeneity defect on the surface. or in the volume of the non-conducting subjects, results in the distortion of electrical field in a gap close to the subject’s surface, which effects the form ‘of the image. This fact can be demonstrated on some examples. Let us discuss the character of electrical field distonion caused by the surface and inner heterogencities-defects. Let uc schematically study the interaction of a subject with the electromagnetic field by an example of analysis of the field in 4 flat multi-layer condenser (fig.9.5), It follows from the clectro- atic Gauss theorem that the decrease of voltage on the discharge gap is defined by the expression: LW =E() = U,)/ (die + d/e, +d fe,), oy where U,(1) — momentary value of the applied voltage amplitude; d, d,,d,.¢,¢,, ¢,.—thickness- es and dielectric penetrabilities of the gas gap und dielectric layers astride the discharge gap, comespondingly. ‘The resulting potential of the diffracted (disturbed) field j is determined by the superpo- sition of the external field potential ¢, and secondary field potential p,, created by the charges. induced on the cylindrical cavity surface: o=9,+9)- (9.2) In addition, an induced field with potential ip, occurs inside the cylindrical cavity.166 Haman Eng Field Fig, 9.5. GDV device for avalanche discharge: 1 electrode; 2 — dielectric; 3 — gaseous gap, 4 — subject: 5 — generator, A Laplas equation solution enables deriving the distribution of electrical field intensity (without taking into account time processes) for the cylindrical defect (cavity) with the radius “a” with dielectrie penetrability ©, and axis parallel to the surface of the dielectric with penetra bility e, (fig. 9.6) [Korotkoy, 2001 | E,=— grad = BUI —a'#e*y) cosu — E(1 +a%P*) sin , (93) where ¥ = (€,—€,) / (6,4 €). As long as it is necessary tw determine the field imtensity for various cavities’ radii and various occurrence depths, itis convenient to pass over to dimensionless quantities: qeWa, A=wa: (a) where b — distance from the cavity axis to the dicleetric boundary; x = distance from the projection to the cavity along the pattem surface. Field intensity on the boundary of the pattern and registering material is defined as follows: ECA) =E [1 + (y-2ylq Mga} '°. (9.5) While 1 0; F(A) |, = B00) = B (1 — yg"). (9.6) The field structure (9.5-9.6) defines the GDV-gram character as follows. Having dielectric penetrability of the inclusion ¢,, larger than that of the material €, (€,>e,), the inclusion develops an increase of the electrical field in the gas gap above it, Le. to a more intensive development of the discharge process in the given arca, while having &, <#, ~ to the electrical field weakening. Indced, investigating samples possessing €, > €, (metallic inclusion) a more intense illu- mination of the image carrier is observed in the defect area, Having ¢, €, with the egrowth, the field goes up at first, but rapidly approaches saturation. With the increase of the depth of the defect occurrence, its influence goes down quickly and under q=4 practically does not manifest itself in the example given (calculation parameters: €, = MO, £, = 5,4 = 0). Fig. 9.7 demonstrates electrical ficld spatial distribution (medium parameters: €, = 30, £, =5, q= 1). The figure shows that under &,>e,, moving away from the defect projection point, the field quickly goes down to its initial value, passing through the mini= mum at the defect's edges. Such a field structure leads 40 the increase of image contrast in the process Of fig. 97, Computer modeling of the electrical fieid spatial distribu- GDV-gram formation at the expense of ring area emer- gence (in the zone x/a = 2) with the reduced value of electrical field, ‘The calculations stated allow the character of electrical field distribution in the air gap lo be determined, depending on the presence of heterogeneities on the surface or in the volume of the subject investigated. The presence of the magnetic field vector causes the electrons’ trajectory curvature and the corresponding image distortion. The EMF distribution determines gas discharge development processes, which are given below.168 Herwsrn Coeigy Fick Mathematical modeling of the avalanche discharge development process ‘The dependencies of discharge current pulses and fluorescence explained above give a good fit with the Townsend (avalanche) discharge model [Granovsky, 1971]. This good fit allows using the Townsend mode! fora more detailed analysis of physical processes according to the given GDV form. ‘The emission of electrons by the cathode (i.e. by the studied subject) is one of the most importunt factors influencing the development and parameters of the electron avalanches. There- fore, this cathode electron emission is a question of special attention in the literature devoted to the GDV physical processes. As ruther high electrical field intensity is needed to receive the GDV images. supposition was expressed by Adamenko [1975]. that the autoelectronic emission (AEE) makes a decisive contribution to the formation of avalanches. More dettiled research, however, demonstrated that although under high electrical field intensities the AEE is really observed, it does not playa determining role, because it is also possible 10 receive images using the avalanche GDY technique in the absence of the AEE. For example, smooth dielectric surfaces were partice ularly investigated: the microprojections on these surfaces did not exceed 0.3 mem, i.e. the field amplification coefficient caused by roughness [Slivkov, 1972] was clase toone. A uniform illumi- nation from such subjects appeared under 10‘ V/cm, which is considerably lower than the AEE threshold equal to 10*V/em. Thus, the AEE can influence the process of the GDV-grams forma tion, however this emission process is not a determining one for all the cases. Specific conditions of the avalanche discharge under the GDV prevent experimental in+ vestigation of contributions by other electronic emission types to its development, Therefore, mathematical modeling of a development process for the avalanche discharge single act was performed. Analysis is implemented in a two-dimensional spatial approximation, as long us the task is axially symmetric. The z-axis is directed perpendicularly to the plane-parallel electrodes surfaces, the cathode is in z= point, anode —z=d. The initial self-consistent system of equations, analogous to the oné used in [Sahni, Lan- za, Howard, 1978}, includes four equations: dif + do,V fade, = cin, V, + Den fda? — En, (9.7) dn at + do Vfde = ain. V, — Ena. (9.8) dE/dz = efe,(n,— 9.) » (9.9) La o=eld I J (ny, 4ny dtd, (9.10) o% where (9.7, 9.8) — equations of continuity for the electrons and ions, (9,9) — Puaisson equation; (9.10)—equation describing the process of the discharges’ accumulation on the dielectric surfac- es of electrodes at the expense of electron and ion currents; n,, n, — concentrations of electronsChapter 9 169 and ions (in the functions of z und t}; V_(z,t)=V_ + 1 E(2.0) — electron-drift velocity; V (2,1) = mE(z.) - ion-drift velocity; V_, H1,. |, — constants, numerical values of which were selected according to the data [Granovsky, 1971; Mic, Kregs. 1960]; a, D, €—avalanehe multiplication coefficients, diffusion and recombination, correspondingly, depending on the electrical field inten- sity Elzst); o(z, t) — surface charge density on the diclectrics limiting the gap; €, — absolute dielectric penetrability; ¢— electron charge. In the case of metal cathode or anode, in the last equation, only one of the currents — clectron or ion — is taken into consideration, The surface charge being accumulated at every time moment influences ¢lectrical field distribution between the dielectric layers and the gus gap, which is allowed for in equation 9.9. The boundary conditions of emission of charges by the subject's surface are determined from the equations: nm /at |(Z=0)=n, + 79 (00) +¥,0,(0,) + ¥,B0.), an/at |¢Z=0) = 0. where, Y,, 'Y,— coefficients of jon-clectron emission (IEE) , photo-¢lectron emission (PEE) ‘and auito-electron emission (AEE), correspondingly; n,— background particles concentration. The analysis was carried out by way of computer numerical simulation according to the finite difference method using explicit path of control; the number of spatial mesh points (m) and time step were selected from the Kurant condition: tum /d<1. Parameters for ealcuilation: m=300- 500, r= 107" —107!! sec:. Bas— nitrogen, p= 760 mmHg, d= 107, 6, = em — dielectric layers’ thicknesses on the cathode and anode, correspondingly: constant, lin- eally growing or bipolar impulse voltage (values of parameters characteristic of the GDV conditions), Results of analysis provid- ed the time and spatial characteristies E a of electron and fon concentration, of clectrical field intensity, and of current and surface charge densities. as well. Fig. 9.8 gives a family of time characteristics of the discharge process. 0 As seen from the dats obtained, having J constant potential, applied to the elec- trodes, electrical field and system cur- rent have an impulse character, whieh is connected with the electrical charge accumulition on the dielectric surfaces. o Time length of the current pulseonthe 9 Of O3 0 O1 O3 [Link] half-height has 0.01 mesee order, time of the whole process development Fig. 9.8. Results of computer modeling. makes up 0.5 mesee order. with sepa- nite discharge pulses at 10” Hz frequency. Such qualitative estimations give good fit with the experimental data of ascillographic investigations. (2 tang 8a 129wo Hcwwien Energy Field TEE and PEE contributions to the development of the discharge were taken into account when the calculations were carried out. by way of variation of the cor- responding emission coefficients under boundary conditions in the range from 0.1 to0.00! [Dobrezov, Gomounova, 1978). It turned out that the IEE effeets the ampli- tude of the discharge current pulses only when gradual accumulation of positive vol- umetric charge is possible in the discharge gap, ie. under quite « long sequence of bipolar cycles of external voltage. The PEE influence upon the discharge, stipu- lated by the radiation from the discharge avalanche, appeared to be more signi cant, The PEE coefficient’s variation in the given range caused a pronounced change of both amplitude vatues and time conditions of the estimated characteristics (considering maintenance of their general Li pete ae i peop form), Consequently, a conclusion might be drawn that under the avalanche GD a determining role is played by the photoelectron emis- sion, although other types of emission might be observed under certain conditions. Mathematical modeling of the avalanche discharge process revealed another important factor influencing the avalanche development: the amplitude of the avalanche discharge current, and hence other estimated characteristics, significantly depend on the steepness of the voltage pulse leading edge, i.c. on the rate of the voltage rise (fig. 9.9), whereas the ignition potential remains unchanged (rising areas of curves in fig, 9.9 lie on one line). This phenomenon gives an Opportunity to explain the experimentally observed rise of amplitude of the discharge current impulses. ot fluorescence intensity under the increase of sinusoidal voltage frequency: with the rise of frequency the steepness of the leading edge of every voltage hall-period goes up. Thus, the model studied reflects the main aspects of the visualization process develop- ment, which is evidence for the validity of the notions developed. At the same time, some discrepancy between the experimental and calculation data was found, The experimental re- search revealed that under any d gap values, the average magnitude of an experimentally defined radius of illumination spot of single avalanche * significantly exceeds the diffusive radius of the electronic avalanche head, calculated based on the Townsend model for the avalanche discharge single act development. Measurements of GDV-grams of illumination of sensitive photo-material in the system of electrodes analogous to those given on fig. 9.6 has demonstrated the following. With d increase, size of decomposition single element r rises in accordance with the empirical depen-‘Chple 9 Ad? (fig. 9.10), where A and k are cmpirical coefficients: at the same time “tail- ing” is observed of the boundaries of decom- Position elements (fig. 9.11), Under d > 600 mem, photo-matcrial illumination attains “surclike"* character. This phenomenon dis- appears after the photo-emulsion layer is cov- ered with a transparent dicleetrie, which con- firms the hypothesis on the phoio-emulsion illumination in these arcas directly at the ex pense of electrodes, A supposition was proposed that this discrepancy is produced by the accumulation of negative charge on the dicleetric surface of the image carricr. The charge spot creates a potential, additively summing up with the 18 001 o. 1 Fig, 9.10. Dependence of an image element on modeling for a bell-shaped charge spat, 3 — same for gauss form of charge spat. outer potential, A tangential component of electrical field arises near the dielectric surface, stimulating widening of the discharge avalanche head, because the energy of electrons in the avalanche docs not surpass some tens of électron-volts and they are able to react to this field [Mic, Kregs, 1960), To substantiate this hypothesis an estimated model was developed. Analysis of the dielectric surface charge processes in the course ofthe GDV. Let us study the interaction of a single avalanche discharge with the surface of an isotropic non-polar dielectric, d, thick, located ona metal electrode [Korotkoy, 1985], Let us assume that a positive potential, in regard to the second clectrode, is applied to this elec- trode, ic. study the charging of the image ear- tier surface by the discharge electron current. Let us analyze the electron bunch, bombard- ing the surface from the gas discharge. On the dielectric surface the electrons form a charge spot; the created potential additively sums up with the potential established by the external voltage. If the energy of the electron bunch is not large ( for the avalanche electrons, ener- 110% Fig. 9.11, Hystograms of image density along the radii of the discharge image for different air gaps. a 1-01 mm; 2 — 0.3 mm; 3- 0.5 mm; 4-1 mm, gy does not exceed some tens of eV), they will deviate from a lincar trajectory under the influ. ence of Er-Z) field tangential component, rising with the increase of the dieleetric thickness. ThisHa Herwarn Euergy Field will cause the growth of the charge spot diameter relative to the bunch diameter, and: ingly, the E,(r2) further increases. The electrons move to the surface with v=pll drift speed, determined by the tion of the discharge spot and external field (jt, — electrons” mobility), having ably a component, defined by expression 9.1, which might also be written as follows: B= une 2 cen. ou where & — dielectric penctrability of the layer with d thickness. ‘The trajectory of the bunch clectrons is determined by the system of equations: duh =— 1, CE, (0) — dpirz Oz). ar/Ot == B(r2) =—j1, dp,(rzVaz.. (9.12) The first equation determines time r of the eleetron passing through the gap. Under! E, insignificant change with respect to the disruptive value in the discharge process (at expense of both external voltage and spot field), r changes weakly, therefore this magni might be regarded as constant in the first approximation. At the same time, as shown by the experimental data, the time of a single discharge aet development does not excced. 10? sec. it is Comparable with the time of a single electron avalanche flow through the intes sap. Therefore. carrying out the analysis, it might be considered that the radial electrical field, Sonditioned by the charge spot, does not change within the time of the electron avalanche flow, In addition, as compared with (9.11), the value of deviation of the electron fram the normal trajectory will be determined by this expression: | Besar = in. (9.13) Having Z=d, this expression evaluates the diameter of the charge spot on the anode int time point. Potential created by the round-form charge spot with a symmetrical charge distribution in regard to the axis, under the condition that d>>r, can be presented in cylindrical co-ordinates as follows [Zirlin, 1963}. Anz) = f eaf (4) expt- cez/r,) I (arr/r,) dex , (9.14) ® where r~ effective radius of the charge; J, ~ Bessel function; f(a) — amplitude of decompo: sition of the diclectric surface potential into the Fouirier-Bessel integral. Solving the given expressions, taking into account literature data, we receive an analyt- ical expression forr,, For example, having bell-shaped charge distribution in the spot in the form B=, (1 + rif)". we will receive the following equation after the integration from (9.14) having Z=d: Ona k=O," rr, + zie + Cr, + rane, . (9.15)‘Chuptes 9 as For the Gaussian-shaped charge spot s = sexp(rft,) we will get: (2) =270, 1 J, (krir,) expl-W/A)fch (kasr,) — shtkalr, vibiktd + d,)/r,)IFak: F=[e,chik/r,yth(kilr,) ~ (6,~ Iebikd/r, Mh(kCd + 9/74) —sh (kd /r,)I". (9.16) Having differentiated this expression with respect tor, Jet us substitute it into (9.14), and then, assuming that z =d and integrating, we will receive: 2 =| ISHA0,r/(, +d /4ne,e, + dP} — d? Ht =2no,(chik dir) —shik dirgathikid+d, Vey texpl-kiiek Ml (kit) dedk. (9.17) ‘The r,(d) dependencies built according to this formula are demonstrated by curves 2 and 3 in fig. 9.10 (under r= F,: 6, = 10° Coull*erm j4, = 100 em"/V*sec), As seen from the picture, by an order of magnitude 1, corresponds to the experimental data. For the Gaussian- shaped spot this. correspondence is even better. This fact indicates that the spot being formed has a shape similar to the Gaussian shape. It is also worth considering that r, characterizes the charge spot size in the f, time point. with the experimental data —in the t, tine point, while t.< t, Thus, the obtained equations enable evaluating the size of the charge spot practically over the whole d range studied. As follows from the comparison of the caleulated and exper- imental data, these estimations canfirm the hypothesis on widening the change bunch close to the surface under the influence of the tangential field component created by this spot. ‘The expressions obtained are also equitable for the case of interaction of ions with the dielectric surface. The ions” mobility is, however, approximately two orders smaller than that of the electrons, and the influence of the longitudinal electrical field only weakly tells upon the jons” movement. Because of the radiation diffusion in the gas, the size of the illumination spot might slightly exceed r.,. which is observed experimentally. Calculation of thermal power in the discharge and its influence upon the subject's state ‘As demonstrated by experimental research on the GDV process, initial heating of the subject's surface takes place, under a long-term voltage application or under high frequencies. in the course of visualizing a model subject. Therefore, to choose an optimal impulse recurrence nate and Lo estimate the extent of the method's invasiveness, it is necessury to evaluate the energetics: of thermal processes relating to the gas dischange development on the bio-subject’s surface. ‘The thermal effect exerted by the discharge upon the investigated subject's surface can be estimated with regard to the processes in the discharge gas column. For calculating this magnitude, let us evaluate the power evolved per the discharge volume unit. The energy trans- ferred in an electron-ion collision can be estimated as follows:7" Haasan Energy Field ah 2 if (9.18) Where m,.m, — electron and ion mass. correspondingly; v, — electron velocity. ‘The transferred power might be expressed as follows: fay aR =e, 22M, eC *dntv), (9.19) where dii(v) — number of particles in |v, v + dv] imerval; (it is implied that v — veetor, dv = [Link],dv,) Presenting da in the form , under the normalization condition 1 [hav=n,, (9.20) the following expression for the power might be obtained: rE “fav. (21) “i Me / [Link] Peller ys ‘To solve this integral, let us use ratios: dV =amv'dy , f=Cte 7%, —Marwell funetion, whence: Se = hy be 7 [fav=anc| vee WV ons anceii4+(s/.,) My O= ops fea) ) a1 conn)" mf a fo =n{ Voss | ReGen (9.22) here T, — electrons’ temperature. ‘Taking account of the received expressions, the expression for P might be rewritten: ‘We will get the estimation for, assuming that the electrical field is applied along the “x” coordinate and, accordingly, all the ionization goes in this direction. After a number af conver- ‘sions we will receive: : “v8 atio/ ami x2 of m, = v2 32 Se os oa ‘( oe) 6 im, Ome TE) sa Ae we ™ } . (9.24)‘Chapters QS Let us take the following values of magnitudes, typical of a weak-current discharge: Nye = LO" m™;m, = 10° kesd = 10° 7; E = 10°V J mr, therefore ne / 16 en? eyor!?/ Mnf, IO TOE LOT for 10" «(ea k= 10. The electron velocity is determined as: eka. / _ [eE/ 2 [1.610 v= PY = PFs 971077 + T, 9107 =9*10'K, =Vi0" =3*10°"/, reo" "10" AT = my? = 10 *9* 10" p=0.25*10" #10 #7" =0.025*(9*10')"* = 0.025*10° = 254, = 25°10? wen. Incase my, = 10" mi;T=10°K P=25°10~* wim’. As seen from the discussion, even under the maximum values of the parameters, the power evolved in the discharge is not cnough for any noticeable temperature influence upon the subject under a characteristic 10* sec influence time, However, the increase of these parame= ters by some orders makes the heat generation an important factor. Liquid Structurization in the process of GDV K. Korotkov, A. Korotkin. For understanding the process of obtaining information on the structure of liquids using GDV. the hypothesis was put forward that under the influcnee of an impulse electrical field with reversed polarity, micro-particles present in the liquid start precession movements, because of the polarization. These movements create spatial distribution of heterogeneity in liquid that may be registered by GDV. Let us caleulute this process fora cylinder of radii R, suspended in liquid at rest (fig-9.12). ‘The amplitude of oscillations a< in the Volume and at the surface of a liquid, influene- Fig. 9.13. Computer stimulation of the liquid ing parameters of the GDV-grams. scorer, penta bre. cocina paitictsms Hasmin Encegy Fold ‘These results create a conceptual basis for understanding results of GDV testing for different liquids. Natural biological liquids: blood. urine have some natural microparticles that polarize in an electric field, start oscillating and form an inhomogeneous structural distribution, influencing the GDV process, This is, of course, only one possible mechanism. Main informative characteristics of subjects found with the GDV12 technique Materials presented above demonstrate that under the GDY the information about the subject is transferred to an image produced by its influence on the discharge characteristics: intensity, duration, recurrence rate, and spatial distribution of separate avalariche acts, as well 1s spectral contents of radiation. The main informative characteristics of biological subjects arc: « Factors causing the change of electrical field in a discharge gap (for example, hetero- geneity of structure of surface or volume), Under equal concentration of the initiating particles in the areas with maximal clectrical field intensity, mostly avalanche discharges appear and develop more intensively as compared to the adjacent areas, Space or time heterogeneity of emission characteristics of subject’s surface. Both intensity of discharge act (PEE, EEE, in certain conditions (EE and AEE) and discharge reeur- fence rite (EEE) depend on it. We should note that an important role should be played by electrones kept in surface traps of the upper zone levels. © Space or time heterogeneity of self-gas emission (or evaporation) of subject's surface. It influences contents of gaseous medium in the gap and, correspondingly, imensity of discharge and specual contents of radintion. © Heterogeneity of subject's surface by electroconductivity or its change in time. Inten- sity of separate ucts of the discharge and their recurrence rate depend on it. © General impedance of electrical chain depending on electrical characteristics of the studied subject, its surface and volume; ull other parameters remaining constant. Analytical models presemed in this chapter. together with experimental data, allow the following conclusions for practical realization of the GDV method: * The character of physical processes within the network of « single discharge act does not practically depend on the form of the applied voltage, but is determined by the redistribution of electrical field in a discharge gap, owing to the accumulation of the surface charge on the boundary dielectrics and studied subject. * The established notions on the necessity of using high-frequency sinusoidal voltage for forming images are shown to be inconsistent. The discharge might be initiated and, respective- ly, the images might be formed practically under any type of voltage: constant, sinusoidal, or impulse. Choice of an optimal type of voltage is mainly determined by the conditions of minimal influence of the discharge process on the studied subject. = The application of a sequence of short voltage pulses appears to be optimal. Because the time for development of a discharge process requires only units of microseconds, durationChasfider 9 of voltage pulse ‘T, should be at least an order higher: Comparison of the GDV-grams received under Various durations of pulses demonstrated that under T, >1Smes and 'T, P,. where p,~ threshold of GDV-gram formation; p,— point of inflection, p, — threshold of satu- ration; C,, C, and $, ~ constants. Threshold values and constants depend on the configuration of a benchmark subject. Thus. the experimental data proved the given notions on the multi-phase character of the visualization process and the non-linear character for dependence of GDV-gram parameters on the volume electro-conductivity of a subject, For the estimation of electro-conductivity of a subject's surface, a direct experiment witha benchmark subject was performed [Korotkoy, Velichko, 1983]. Vanadium dioxide films, undergoing phasic transition: metal-semiconductor (PTMS) under the change of temperature, were selected as a benchmark subject. ‘The plan of this experiment is demonstrated in fig. 9.16. Vanadium dioxide film 2 is applied to ccralized plate I, glued 10 a massive metal plate 3. into which heater 4 is put, Temperature is measured by thermocouple chromele-alumele 5. Calibrated dielectric spacer 6 provides optimull size of spark gap (about 300 mcm) between the surface of the investigated sample 2 and quartz plate 7, to the outer surface to which transparent conducting coating 8 is applied. While applying voltage between electrodes 3 and 8, exceeding firing potential, avalanche gis discharge appears in the spark air gap. (A sinusoidal voltage with 400 Hz frequency and 1.2-2.1 kV amplitude was uscd in these experiments). The glow of this discharge is registered by a photomultipticr tube (PMT) 9. Vanadium dioxide film has electroconductivity jump (ap- proximately in 15-20 times) under phase transition metal-semiconductor 17-5 K wide and tem- perature hysteresis, Characteristics of PTMS were determined according to temperature de- pendencies of both light reflection factor with the wave-length 0.63 mem and electro-conduc- tivily using a four-probe method. In fig-9.17 the dependence of film resistivity VO, on temper- SUS mee 1 0 6 4 #08 4 6 8 10 ip Fig. 9.15. Shematic dependence of the GDV area on relative conductivity of the material.we Heaman nergy Fett Fig, 9.16, Scheme of the experiment (see details in the text). ature is shown by curve 1, The energy of activation for electro-conductivity in the semiconduc~ tor phase near transition is 0.23 eV. By investigating three different samples of film VO, with the GDV technique, it was revealed that the phase transition is reproducibly found according to temperature dependencies of the glow intensity (curve 2 fig. 9,17). The temperature interval of PTMS for forward trace of the hysteresis loop is equal to 347.5410 K. while for the reverse trace it is 327.525.0 K. These values have a good correlation with the data of direct measurements, although, according to the: estimation in as discharge, the area of PTMS is moved to higher temperatures. In control exper- iments carried out using cerimized plates without VO, layer. the value of PMT current in the range of 290-360 K practically did not depend on temperature. Changes of integral characteris- tics of glow were determined by the change of parameters of glow in every half-period of voltage: with the rise of temperature in the process of phase transition, amplitude, regularity and pulse- recurrerice rate increased. This was strongly manifested in half-periods, when negative potential, relative to grounded electrode, was applied to electrode 8. The observed change of characteristics of discharge under PTMS in the sample with surface limited by a discharge gap. is a direct experimental proof of the role of a subject's a een Yo oe Be. In the discussed ex- periment, both surface and 49 20 volume conductivity of the sample increases with the Py, growth of temperature under 10 LS 8 phase transition. Conse- quently, the speed of the /> _— 40 charge leakage grows. As demonstrated above, this leads to the rise of intensity 0,4 5 and reccurence rate of dis- 290 310 330 360 TK charge acts, The same re- Fig. 9.17. Temperature dependence of elecirocanductivity of VO, film (1) and GDV fluorescence intensity (2). sult is produced by the in- r ae -huapoler 9 ISS crease of speed of diffusion of charges applied to the grounded electrode along the side surface of a ceramized plate with the rise of temperature. ‘A certain part might also be played by the redistribution of voltage between the gas gap and dielectric layers produced by a change in diclectric penetrability of one of the layers. Structural heterogeneity of surface and volume As shown above, the presence of structural or surface heterogencities distorts the elec ical field above a subject’s surface, which can influence the distribution of discharge stream~ ers, For experimental testing of this data a series of physical models was produced, which included specially selected heterogencities-defects. The defects in dielectric were imitated by metal and dielectric threads 300, 200, 100, 30 mem in diameter and balls 100 mem in diameter, placed in the dielectric at different depths. The width of the dielectric layer above these defects varied in the number of layers of dielectric film G5 and 230 mem thick, glued to one another. ‘The glow was fixed on photo-film. After standardized processing (development and fixation), the photo-film was measured with a densitometer, which showed the curves of spacial distribu- tion inthe density of the image exposure (equal to the logarithm of the product of exposure time and the intensity of light falling on each point of the photo-film ). ‘The data received [Ban'kovsky, et al, 1982; 1986, Korotkoy, Hmirov, 1982] give an opportunity to estimate limit values of both a series of visualized parameters of the investigated subject (table 9.1) and characteristics of the received GDV-grams (table 9.2). Table 9.1. Limit values of some parameters of subjects revealed with the GOV. eee Minimal dimension of ledge on the metal surface, mem Minimal dimension of cavity on the metal surface, mcm 15-20 Minimal dimension of metal impurity in the dielectric at the depth of 100 mem, mem Heterogeneity of dielectric penetrability of non-metal subject, % Maximal occurrence depth (mn) of the visualized metal impurity in the dielectric (epoxy compound): | Ball 100 mem in diameter ‘Wire 100 mem in diameter | RE aces me ee Threshold value of resistivity of liquid, diffcring in GDV parameters from | <10" distilled water, Ohm/mwe Haman Eveigy Field Table 9.2, Limit values of image parameters, obtainable with the GDV. Contrast, % Minimal size of picture dot. mm Magnification degree Moisture of subject The presence of moisture both in the bio-subject's emission and in the atmospheric air influences the GDV processes. therefore this question is studied in detail in a series of works [Pehek et al, 1976; Zheveley et al., 1998], The processes of emission of electrons in the moist air under atmospheric pressure are investigated in the work [Chemov, 1975]. Emission currents were registered only in heteroge neous clectrical ficlds near cathode, and their magnitude depended on the air moisture. It is significant that the presence of walcr molecules in the discharge produces not only the formation of a double electrical layer, but also causes both direct and reverse plasma chemical reactions (more than 200) in the discharge [Shustow, Protasevich, 1999; Protasevich, 1989; 1999), In [Grig- oriev, Protasevich, 1998] it is shown that the speeds of condensation (and then coagulation) of water vapor (and water drops) are determined by squared electrical field intensity, Evaporation of moisture from the surface of plants or human skin leads to the decrease of partial pressure of Water vapor near the surface of the investigated subject. This causes distillation of moisture from the deeper lying layers 10 the surface, ie. makes for the drainage of a subject's surface. Simulta- neously, moisture evaporation causes additional cooling of the surface of the investigated subject. Thus, both processes of moisture exchange of a biological subject's surface and volume processes, mainly caused by dissociation of water molecules in gascous discharge, exert influ- ence upon the character of a discharge. Moreover, decay products of water molecules also influence the magnitude of ignition potential. Consequently, moisture tums out to be an important, however not the only informative feature of subject. As shown in [Jerman, Berden, Ruzic, 1996, Opalinski, 1979] and proved by ourexper- iments, placing a bio-subject (finger, plant) intoa rubber covering leads to the decrease of intensity of GDV-gram, but does not influence topographic peculiarities of the distribution of streamers. This statement is proved by the results obtained with the application of evacuated cameras [Korotkoy, Ban'kovsky, 1980; Korotkov et al, 1980). ‘The scheme of this experiment is given in fig. 9.18, A device, consisting of flat optical glasses 2, vacuum-compactly glued with a | mm gap, is placed onto the optical window of the GDV camera I. Tube 3 serves for air exhaust and letting-to-guses. The size of gap was select- ed by way of quantitative comparison of contrast and brightness of GDV-gram for test-sub- Jects with the gap varying from 0.55 to 1.5 mm. Gaps 0.8-] mm were optimal. Gas pressure