Nurliyana binti Abd Mutalib

SEMESTER 2 2022/2023
Chapter 1

• BASIC CONCEPT
  Introduction to Electric Circuit
 System of Units, Unit and prefix
 Charge, Current, Voltage, Energy
 Introduction to circuit elements, Passive
and Active Elements
Outline
 Learning Outcome
By the end of this chapter, students will be able to:-

• Explain the concept of an electric circuit and the

elements.
• Describe the concept of Charge, voltage, current and
energy.
• Identify the dependent and independent sources.

4
 Introduction

What is electrical circuit?

• is an interconnection of electrical
elements.

Elements?

• Is the component that used in electrical

circuit
• Ex: Resistor , capacitor , inductor ,
sources
 Introduction - Cont
•[Link]
 1.0 System of Units
 Six basic units

Quantity Basic unit Symbol

Length meter m
Mass kilogram Kg
Time second s
Electric current ampere A
Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
Luminous intensity candela cd
 1.0 System of Units
 The derived units commonly used in electrical circuit theory
 2.0 Electric Charges
 The most basic quantity in an electric circuit is charge.
 Effect of electric charge --- Electrostatic charge
phenomena.

 Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles

of which matter consists, measured in coulombs (C).

 Each atom consists of electrons, protons, and neutrons.

 2.0 Electric Charges

 The nucleus is positively

charged and has the
protons and neutrons.
 Electrons are negatively
charged and in discrete
shells.
 In the neutral atom, the Electron Proton Neutron

number of electrons is
equal to the number of
protons.
 2.0 Electric Charges

 The charge e on one electron is negative and equal in

magnitude to 1.602x10-19 C while a proton carries a
positive charge with the same magnitude.

Example:
 How many electrons in 1C?
• There are:
1 e = 1.602 × 10-19 C
?? = 1C  1/(1.602 × 10-19)= 6.24 x 1018 e
 2.0 Electric Charges

Exercise:
 How many coulombs are represented by these amounts of
electrons:

 6.482 × 101717 =
 6.482 × 10 = 6.482x1017 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = –103.84 mC

 1.24 × 1018 = 1. 24x1018 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = –198.65 mC
 2.46 × 10 19 = 2.46x1019 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = –3.941 C
 2.46 × 101920=
 1.628 × 10 = 1.628x1020 x [-1.602x10-19 C] = –26.08 C
 1.628 × 1020 =
 3.0 Current
 Direct current (DC) is a current
that flows unidirectionally.
 DC is produced by such sources
as batteries, solar cell and
thermocouples. Freq is 0.

 An alternating current (AC) is a

current that periodically reverses
direction. AC current is normally
produced by generators.
This picture would explain you better , as you can see the Ac current is
changing it’s direction frequently with time , whereas DC stays same
direction.
 3.0 Current

Electric current is the time rate of change

of charge, measured in amperes (A).

Electric current i = dq/dt. The unit of

ampere can be derived as 1 A = 1C/s.

A direct current (dc) is a current that

remains constant with time.

An alternating current (ac) is a current

that varies sinusoidally with time
 3.0 Current

• The direction of current flow

Positive ions Negative ions

 3.0 Current
• Example 1
• A conductor has a constant current of 5 A. How many
electrons pass a fixed point on the conductor in one minute?

• Solution
• Total no. of charges pass in 1 min is given by
i = dq/dt  dq = idt
q = it = 5x60s = 300C
• Total no. of electronics pass in 1 min is given
300 C 21
−19
= 1 . 87 x10 electrons
1.602 x10 C/electron
 3.0 Current

• Example

i) What is the current if 2 C passes a point in 5 s?

ii) A current of 3.2 A flows through a conductor. Calculate how much charge
passes through any cross-section of the conductor in 20 seconds.
 4.0 Voltage
• Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to
move a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V).

• Mathematically, (volt)
vab = dw / dq
 w is energy in joules (J) and q is charge in coulomb (C).

• Electric voltage, vab, is always across the circuit element or

between two points in a circuit.
 vab > 0 means the potential of a is higher than potential
of b.
 vab < 0 means the potential of a is lower than potential
of b.
 Definition of voltage

vab = dw / dq
One volt is the potential difference (voltage) between
two points when one joule of work is used to move one
coulomb of charge from one point to the other.
 4.0 Voltage

• Example:

To move charge q from point a to point b requires -30J .

Find the voltage drop Vab if :
 q = 2C
 q = -6C
 4.0 Voltage

• Solution:

• Using formula
vab = dw / dq
Vab = -30/2
= -15V
Vab = -30/-6
= 5V
5.0 Power & Energy
 5.0 Power & Energy
• Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing energy,
measured in watts (W).
Mathematical expression: p = dw = dw ⋅ dq = vi
dt dq dt
Passive sign convention is
i i
satisfied when the current
+
enters through the positive
terminal of an element and +
p = +vi.
v v
If the current enters
– through the negative
terminal, p = −vi. –

Passive sign convention

P = +vi p = –vi
absorbing power supplying power
 5.0 Power & Energy
• Example:

Two cases of an Two cases of

element with an absorbing an element with a supplying
power of 12 W: power of 12 W:
(a) p = 4 × 3 = 12 W , (c) p = 4 × (−3) = −12 W ,
(b) p = 4 × 3 = 12 W. (d) p = 4 × (−3) = −12 W.
 5.0 Power & Energy
• Example:

(a) P1 = 4 × 3 = 12 W , (c) P3 = 4 × (−3) = −12 W ,

(b) P2 = 4 × 3 = 12 W. (d) P4 = 4 × (−3) = −12 W.
 5.0 Power & Energy

 The law of conservation of energy ; the algebraic sum of power

in a circuit at any instant of time, must be zero:

∑p=0
 power supplied to the circuit must balance the total power absorbed
 The energy absorbed or supplied by an element from time t0 to
time t is:

t t
w = ∫ pdt = ∫ vidt
t0 t0
 the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J)
 5.0 Power & Energy
Example:
Find the power absorbed or supplied by each of
the elements in the circuit.
 6.0 Circuit Elements
 Two types elements in electric circuit:
1. Passive elements
2. Active elements

 An active element is capable of generating energy while a

passive element is not.

 Active elements are voltage or current sources that generally

deliver power to circuit.
 There are two kind of sources:
1. Independent source
2. Dependent source
 6.0 Circuit Elements
Active Elements Passive Elements

• A dependent source is an active

element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or
current.

• They have four different types: VCVS,

CCVS, VCCS, CCCS. Keep in minds the
Independent Dependant signs of dependent sources.
sources sources
 6.0 Circuit Elements
Color bands
Resistance material
(carbon composition)
Insulation coating

Leads

Passive
Components
Foil
Mica

Resistors Foil
Mica
Foil
Mica capacitor_

Mica
Foil

Capacitors
Tantalum electrolytic
capacitor (polarized)
 6.0 Circuit Elements

Passive
Components

Inductors

Transformers
 6.0 Circuit Elements

Active
Components

Transistors

Integrated
Circuit (IC)
 6.0 Circuit Elements
• Example
Obtain the voltage v in the branch shown in Figure below for i2= 1A.
 6.0 Circuit Elements

• Solution

• Voltage v is the sum of the current-independent 10-V

source and the current-dependent voltage source vx.

• Note that the factor 15 multiplying the control current

carries the units Ω.

• Therefore, v = 10 + vx = 10 + 15(1) = 25 V
 Important Formulas

Item Value/formula Symbol

Electron I= -1.602 x 10-19 C
Proton I=+1.602 x 10-19 C
Current, i i=dq/dt ; 1 A = 1 A
C/s
Voltage 𝒗𝒗𝒂𝒂𝒂𝒂 = 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅/𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 V
Power 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 W
𝒑𝒑 =
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= ⋅ = 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗
𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅