1.

Writing formal letters or emails

a) Writing formal letters generally: Greetings: 1 Dear Sir 2 Dear Madam 3 Dear Sir/Madam 4 Dear Mr Brown 5 Dear Ms Jones etc. Reason for writing: 1 I am writing in response to your article/advertisement/letter 2 I am writing with regard to your article/advertisement/letter 3 I am writing regarding your article/advertisement/letter 4 I am writing on behalf of Ending the letter: 1 I look forward to receiving your reply 2 I look forward to your reply 3 I look to hearing from you 4 I am, yours faithfully (if you don't know the name of the person you are writing to) 5 I am, yours sincerely (if you know the name of the person you are writing to) 6 Yours faithfully 7 Yours sincerely b) Writing formal letters to complain: Reason for writing: 1 I am writing in order to complain about 2 I am writing to complain about Introducing the complaint: 1 Firstly 2 In the first place 3 First of all 4 My first complaint is 5 The first problem is 6 The first thing I would like to draw your attention to is 7 My first concern is Introducing further complaints: 1 Secondly 2 In the second place 3 Not only .but also 4 In addition 5 In addition to this 6 Added to this 7 .was also unacceptable Demanding action: 1 I suggest that you replace the item 2 I therefore suggest that I be given a full refund 3 I would be grateful if my money was refunded

I would be grateful if you could give me a full refund

Ending the letter: 1 I look forward to hearing from you 2 I look forward to receiving a full refund 3 I look forward to receiving a replacement 4 I look forward to receiving your explanation c) Writing formal letters to make suggestions: Reason for writing: 1 I am writing to suggest 2 I am writing to arrange 3 I am writing to offer suggestions 4 I am writing make arrangements Making first suggestion: 1 My first suggestion is 2 First of all I suggest 3 I would like to suggest Making further suggestions: 1 Another possibility is 2 A further possibility is 3 I further suggest 4 I would further suggest 5 Secondly Offering a choice: 1 Would you therefore mind choosing between .? 2 Eitheror 3 You might choose either . or d) Writing formal letters to request information Reason for writing: 1 I am writing to receive further information about 2 I am writing to enquire about 3 I am writing to receive more detailed information about 4 I am writing to receive further details about Requesting first piece of information: 1 The first thing I would like to know is 2 First of all I would like to know 3 I wonder if you would mind telling me first of all .? Requesting further information: 1 Could you also tell me.? 2 Could you also inform me .? 3 Would you also mind informing me .? 4 Would you also mind telling me .? 5 Do you know .? 6 I would also like to know if 7 I would also like to know whether 8 I hope you might also let me know about Thanking for information: 1 I would like to thank you in advance for this information 2 Thanking you in advance for this information

Thanking you in advance

e) Writing formal letters to give information: Reason for writing: 1 I am writing to inform you about 2 I am writing to provide you with information about 3 I am writing to let you know that Providing first point: 1 The first thing I would like to inform you of is 2 The first thing I would like to tell you is 3 The first thing I wish to inform you of is 4 I would like to begin by informing you Providing further points: 1 I would also like to let you know that 2 I would also like to inform you that 3 You might also find the following information useful 4 It might also be useful for you to know that 5 Another piece of information that might be useful Ending the letter: 1 If you require further information, please do not hesitate to as 2 If I can be of further assistance, please do not hesitate to ask 3 I will willingly provide further information on request 4 I am at your disposal should you require further information 5 I am at your disposal should you need further assistance 6 Please do not hesitate to ask should you require further information f) Writing formal letters to request permission Reason for writing: 1 I am writing to ask permission to 2 I am writing to ask permission for 3 I am writing to request permission to 4 I am writing to request permission for 5 I am writing to ask if I might Making first request: 1 Firstly I wonder if you would 2 First of all I wonder whether you would mind 3 The first request I would like you to consider is Making further requests: 1 I would be grateful if you would also consider 2 I wonder if it might be possible for me to 3 I would also like to request permission for 4 I would also like to request permission to Thanking for permission 1 Many thanks for kindly considering my requests 2 Thank you for considering my requests

2. Writing informal letters and emails

Informal Letters - Greetings: 1 Dear Jim 2 Hello Jim 3 Hi Jim Informal Letters - Introductory paragraph: 1 Sorry I haven't written for ages 2 Sorry it's taken me so long to write 3 How's it going? 4 How are you? 5 How are things with you? 6 How are things? An informal letter referring to good news: 1 Glad to hear about 2 I'm really glad to hear about 3 I'm very happy to hear about 4 I was very happy to read about 5 Great news about your An informal letter referring to bad news: 1 I'm extremely sorry to hear about 2 I'm very sorry to hear about 3 Sorry to read about 4 Its very sad to hear about your 5 I can't tell you how sad I am that Informal letters - Introducing points 1 By the way 2 Did you hear about 3 Did you see 4 Have you seen 5 Tell me about 6 Oh, another thing Ending an informal letter or email: 1 Well, time to go 2 Well, it's time to go 3 Well, got to go 4 Well, time to close 5 I've got to leave off now 6 Write soon 7 Make sure you write soon 8 Love 9 Lots of love 10 All my love 11 Will write again soon 12 Look after yourself 13 Take care of yourself 14 All the best 15 Everything good

3. Writing stories
Time phrases: 1 It all began 2 Shortly afterwards 3 Meanwhile 4 Not long afterwards 5 Some time later 6 Later that day 7 A little later 8 Finally 9 In the end 10 Eventually Phrases for dramatic effect: 1 Suddenly 2 All of a sudden 3 Without warning 4 Out of the blue 1 Just at that moment 2 Quite unexpectedly 3 As if from nowhere Direct speech: 1 .., said Fred 2 .., shouted Fred 3 .., screamed Fred 4 .., whispered Fred 5 .., announced Fred. 6 .., thought Fred 7 .., cried Fred 8 .., promised Fred Concluding stories: 1 When it was all over 2 Looking back now 3 In retrospect 4 In the end 5 After all that had happened

4. Writing articles
Rhetorical phrases: 1 Have you ever ..? 2 What do you think about ..? 3 Are you one of those people who thinks that ? 4 Are you one of those people who ....? 5 What would life be like if ? 6 Will the future bring us .. ? Introducing your first point: 1 Firstly

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In the first place First of all The first thing to consider is One thing to consider is To begin with

Introducing more points: 1 Secondly 2 Another consideration 3 Yet another consideration 4 Another thing to consider is 5 Added to that 6 Apart from that 7 In addition to this Introducing your final points: 1 In conclusion 2 To conclude 3 To sum up 4 So Introducing your opinion: 1 I think 2 In my opinion 3 Personally I believe that 4 In my view 5 If you ask me 6 To my mind 7 My personal opinion is

5. Writing essays
Presenting two advantages or disadvantages together: 1 not only but also 2 not only but also Presenting two opposing views: 1 on the one hand, on the other hand Expressing Contrast: 1 nevertheless 2 even so 3 even though 4 however 5 in spite of 6 despite 7 but 8 although Expressing results: 1 because of this 2 therefore

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thus as a result for this reason consequently

Giving examples: 1 such as 2 like 3 for example 4 for instance Expressing the opinion of someone else: 1 some people say 2 some people say that 3 many people say 4 many people say that 5 people often say 6 it is said 7 it is said that 8 according to

6. Writing reports
Introductory Information: 1 To: 2 From: 3 Subject: 4 Date: Headings - to include: 1 Introduction: 2 Subject of each paragraph: 3 Conclusion or recommendation(s): Introductory Paragraph 1 As requested I have .. 2 This involved visiting . 3 This involved looking at . 4 This involved investigating .. 5 My findings are outlined below. 6 My findings are presented below. 7 I outline my findings below. Recommending: 1 I would like to suggest 1 I would like to recommend 2 I therefore suggest 3 I therefore recommend 4 I therefore suggest that we do not 5 I therefore recommend that we do not 6 I therefore do not suggest 7 I therefore do not recommend

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I therefore recommend I believe we should recommend I believe we should not recommend You may wish to consider

7. Writing reviews
What I liked 1 What I liked most was .. 2 The thing I liked most was . 3 I was pleasantly surprised by .. 4 .. would appeal to .. 5 If you get a chance to . What I disliked 1 What I disliked most was .. 2 I was disappointed by 3 I was disappointed with .. 4 I was very disappointed by .. 5 I was very disappointed with . Reviews of books: 1 main character 2 is set in 3 comedy 4 science fiction 5 thriller 6 romance 7 comedy: 8 author 9 written by 10 chapter 11 factual 12 fiction 13 unbelievable 1 bestseller 2 chapter 3 ending Reviews of films, tv programmes, plays: 1 lead role 2 star role 3 star 4 star actor 5 star actress 6 starring 7 secondary role 8 He plays a . 9 She plays a . 10 written by . 11 is set in .. 12 based on a true story ..

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believable true to life not very believable far-fetched comedy romance science fiction ending

Reviews of hotels, restaurants, etc: 1 location 2 service 3 setting 4 attractive setting 5 disappointing setting 6 owned by 7 run by 8 head chef (restaurant) 9 waiters (restaurant) 10 staff . 11 staff at reception .(hotel) 12 hotel facilities . 13 reasonable prices .. 14 good value for money .. 15 excellent value for money .. 16 expensive 17 a bit expensive 18 overpriced 19 not worth the money 20 poor value for money 21 always fully booked 22 book in advance