ONITHIV Sampuing Ano Statisti cAL ~ INFERENCE Popuakton and Sample se The group ob PndfvPduals uncdes study &% called populatfon. A Ftoth subset ob Atatisttcal PoodtvPdials fn a populotfon & called a Sarmple- The no ob Tralvi duos Fr the Sample & called the Sample Sfze- Tt fs denottd by 1 and the no ofp thafviduals fm +he popwatton &s caltecl +he Sfze of- the populatfon- rt t& denolid by N’, Poramelizg and Stakfsttc.— Paraymetiz & the mame gtven to nean, Vastance, rode etc ob Ehe popwatfon. Statfsttc bs the Tame gPven To Mean, vaxtance, Mode etc ob the Semple. Notat Pons .— Mean ot Poputat fom = pb Valance ab poputlat fon =o Mean ob Sample =x Vaxfance of Sample = s*Sampling: — The Process oly sdecttng a Sermple &% called Sampling. Random Sampling’ — Tk fs the poocess of Arcuulng the Aarne +Psom the poplakton fr Auch a woasy thak each Member ob the popwoatTor hos an equal chance of befing Pncluded fr the sample: Sampling pishtbutfon .— The probate tt Atstetbutton oF the Apktsttc ts called Sorm plPng dfshftoutfon- Clansthtcak fon of Sample 3— Samnpes ave classthfed Frto two ty pesz— Lavge Sample t- th the Atze ob the Aa-mple Cs NYZ0, Ahen the Sample €5 Aakd to be Large Sawmple- Sr Qu Savnple z- th the Atze ob the Aample 1630 , Ahen the fample & Aafa —O be Smabl Sorm ple -Teast ob ‘ypothests .— Tn Many CfscumAtancesd , to aretve at decfsfons about the popwatton on Che basts ob- Sample tn powmakfon , we make CestaPn aasumptfons about the popwatfon porameliza: Such adsuin ptrons Cstath ment) ase called Stattstfcal Hypothests- which mmay on Hay not be tee: The proce dure which enables us bo decide on the bases ob sample Nesul& whether the hypothests CA tee om mot €& Called Test ob hypothests ov Test ob Sfgnebfcance- Nut! Hypothests -— A mut bypothests Ca the hypotheses wbtch asserts that there 0s FEE ence peter the sample ctatfstte and the populotfon parametis- Tt t% enolic by “He « Jo test whether one procedure Ex better than the other, We assume that there f& no Alfhference bet ween the paoce ature.Altesnaktve Hypothestss— Any hypathest which Conteadicke “the Nutt hypotheses C5 Caled an Altewmative typothesfs- Tt ts denobd by Hy - he -tu20 bypothests Ho Grd +) ax Auch thak one t teue, the other 5 —false- Exawnpe:- Ch we want to the Null hypotheses that the populatPon has a Spe cipted mean Lo Say: Null hypotheses Ho: P=Bo Alxrermattve hypoth ests (HY Hy 4 BRM C Two-Tabled Test) Qy My 3 By Ho CRtgbt - Tailed Test) qiy Ae: Heo (left -Tokled Test) The sSettfrg ob attesnattve hypothests & Vey emportant to decide uohether we have to use A Stwdle taxied test Clebt os ght) 07 Twortafled Test Levet of Stgn*Pbfcance Clos) s- The tevel ob SfgnPhfcance Cs denolia by XL” and & the conptaence with which we nejeck or accept the null hypothests¢ Ho)Generally, we take eTthes SY. (aos) oO Wy Cool) LOS. SY Los PH a test pro Ce chure tmolfeahs that these ave about 5 cass tm loo that we pefeck the nut! hypothes®s Ho vohen tt & treue- ie, We ave about 457. conptdept that we have ynade tre right dectaton . Esrors Pr Sawmptfng 2 In Test tng ob ny pothesls , coe May come ace o% “two types ob Ersoss - Typed erm 2— Relect the Nut! hypothests Ho, when Tt ts tte. Type I ex207 <= Accept the Null hypotheses Ho, when ft ts fatse~ Test Stattsbfe -- we have to Select the neght test de penciling of the nature of Prformnatfon gfven tn the problem: ies geteat, t-test, F-test, K>-test ete. Crttteal negtons- A negfon covres ponding to a test Aektstfe whtch heads to the nefection of Ho t called cvttfcal negron (Ov) netectton negfon- A negfon uhrch leads to acceptence of Ho & calle d occeptence ne gton-ceftitcal VolU2Zs»— The Value ob the test stakttstte whtch Aepaxals the Cotttcal negton and acceptence negton fs called Cutttead value. Thee Value olepends on (fF) Level ob stant btcance (1 Alhesnattve hypothests . Note ~- © The area undes the peob aptly cuwe fe alfvfded Pnto two negfons, the Negfon ob nesectfon fe, whese Ho f& Teleckka and the negton ob acceptena@ whee Ho & accepted - © ~Two-Tofled Test :- The cxttfcal Negfon undes the poobabtifty Cusve & equally afshftbutid on tooth SE, the mean, Ih fhe Altermakfve hypdthests Hy MH Ahen the Cattteal negfon Afes on both Afdes of the ofl of curve such that the cx@t€cal negfon of area Xa Afes on the nlght tafl and X)> Lies on the left tofl, yyence ac gten cia) cath tcot® Reght tafl test :- Ih the alteonatfve hypothests Hy: ByMo Ahen the cxPtPoau negton oy area x Afes oT the Aoght Atae to8l ob the amve- cue ttoos negtor A Hazy @® eft tok test s— Th the attesnottfve hy pothzsts His P< Ho Aen the cof Peat ne gton ob area wf ffas Om the left ATole ob thre tafl op the curve- acceptance neato fa) Zatz Test off stant pfcance for Large eren ples — Xb the sample APBe N%30 Ahen we Comtdes Auth Aarmples as Laxge Aarnple Fos large formples >the AamplPr ~ fst? butfon of o btotestte &s 2 oF smaticl by Noxmol olfstesPbutron. oresProcedure <—- Step Mir step@: step@i- step@ Step © xr i) a Debtme Nutl hypothests Ho taking Ento Coméateration the natuse ob the peololem Set Up Atternattve hypotheses Hy Select the appropetalr level ofr Stank bfcance Ch) 6 Compult the test Statfslfo ze Sob “mn whese KH = mean >' sample p= Mean ob populakton we Ss bob popwatton, wwe compare the compuld value oh the test Statestte Z ut th the est}fool value A at the gtven Los “+ Dy 1214 2¢ Ahen we condlude that the APbbesence B Not bgnthfcant. So we accept Ho. Ih 72 Ahen the dbberence th Aignthf cant” Ao we NeSect Ho.Table :— CF e+ fea Level ob Stanthtcanced a ed Tv of\ =2s 4G Regt Tafl| z= 2-33] Ze = 1ehs Test aye 16h Comb tdence (Pentts i— 957. combtdence Uti Ctrverval) for amean ob the popwiat fon M corres ponding +o the gtven Aaw ple ts Daleqww98 vn Stroflavly » ae arses axe 99 4. conbidence lfratls eat p- Note :— @m te TH and F be the Aarmple means of Bawmple Atzea Vy aod ny drawn from two popwlakfons having means py and He and sD and T%~ To +r whether the two popuwlatfon Means ave equed oy not, we Use the test stat&tfe ze a]rh the AMPs Ove akan foo the Aame popwoatton , =a a hen Rh og feat ma De © Z= © Ib wits not Known Ahen we use an est Erma ob by 2 a Me S: ye MHS Ms So Oto a (msieeest ay MAND ™ ra) ® Ib and Va ave sot Known. Ahen WB z= Soe. 62 SP 4 Ss 7 Hs toheve $),S, Arve SD of Sasnples -< z= x<OA Sarople off 400 members bs foun to have a mean of B-Lcm+ Can ft be Neasonably negasded ax tvuly Nancom Aawmple from a large popwiatTon with Mean B-25¢m dnd SD elem, Sdlr—- Given N=d0o 3; pos-ad ReS-H 4 we el Null tHypothests « Assume that the ample hos dvawwn fsom the fopulatton uifth amean BE382R, Hot p=B-25° Attes native Hupothests tH) > BRS Level ob Sfgntbfcance » Let x= 57 Kdy) 4 Test Stoktstte + Zep t stattsite fs z= 25S “The “Te rn Ze B—-325 204495 ve 1-6) | G00 At SY, tos, tabwatia valued a= 1-96 > \2171+96 o » we nelect Ho- te, The sample hat been dawn & not faom the popillatfon with mean U=3-25- — x —_@ The mean Life tPme of a sample of loo bulbs Produced by a Company &s compulia bo be I5F0 hx ortth s-D ob lao bv The Company clafms that the Avetage Ufe ob bulbs produced by Tt fa 1600 hy» Ustng the level ob stgntht- Cane SY. , ts the clafon aceeptable - Sol. @tven Netl0o; A= 1540; S=l20 w=1600 Nauti bypothests Ho + H=le60 A\tewnak tye phypothests Hy * p=$1600- V Level oh Stgnthfcance X + SY. Teat Stattstfe 1 z= BoM ~ = Tins ~ Goh I540~—1600, nN SCs OS 120 | Jioo-T At 57. Los, tabulovktial Value 221196 ” \z\ 71-96 mr Ho & ne fectia- te, bs l600- —_—K r-—@ Tk & clafmed that a nanctom Aample of bh types has a THeaN Ute ob [5200 Km « This porsople ULas Arvauin from a popwatfon tohose snean 4 15150 Km and SD ob 1200 Kym, Teak the Afanthfoance ak 5y.+ Sol. Given m=h4 : Z=)}5200 Pr}s\BO; T=/200 Nal} Hy pthosts Ro + =l5150 Ait ermaktve Huypehosts Hy > pp #15150 Levelt ob sfgnt bfcance At of- teat stattsife . Ze Fo. 15220715150 5 12.00 ] V9 Ob 29) F At 57, level ob gtgnt pfeance , Ty =I°46. IZVZ1-96 we accept Ho- ite M=I5ISO- ® The mzam of two \axge Aammples ofr AK€zer 1000 and 2000 Newer ave 64-5 trches and 68 tTrches Nesp. Can the Aocmples be negorded as Avawn from the Aame populat fon ob SDE frches.Seolz- Let Pi and Pe be the wheems ob population. Given = 100d 1 Me = LOO Ze 6F-5; A= 68 T= a5, Nol Hypotheses Ho: Ms Re Alrevnaktve Wypothests + Mi Ha- Level oh Stgntbfconce 4 > O77. Teast staktsttos ze uy AS faa 6#-5-68 (5 ne 3-5 Je = +5 dbo ooo * 2000 At BY. level ob stg nrbtcance, the talulated Value zy = |-F6- Izi 71-46 > we neject Ho- ) Samples of Studeng Were aArxalun Pao two uUntverattles and from Lhety uePghis tr Kgs, mnean and sb axe Colewatid and gtven below~ Make a lavge Aormple Fest to test the Altonftbfcance or tpe athhererce of means: Mean s-b Sfze of Sample BS lo 400 UDIVERSITY B 5 \5 loo DNIVERITY AWen _ sols y=th00, Myetoo, H =55 ) Wa= 64 s,zto; SFIS Null Hypothests Hot My =e Altes nattve Hypothests = Hy a Pye Ys, Leva) ob St grt btcan ce lh: Sf. jest stattstte: z= Kt =Fo J SP 432 yD) py. 55-54 i = 2H | 122 + 238 too 100 Bt 57. los , the Labudatid Value Cs ZyelI6 Ve \z1z 1-46- So, we accept Ho- fe, the €s no Atgnfbtcont af pb wetween two popatton wneans: © Ahe mean hetght cy 50 wale Studenkk who pasttctpabd fn sposts Es 68.2 Tnches uur sd ob 345 Pnches . The ton hetght oly 50 wate studs who have snot past cfpalid Po Apost ts 6F-3 Pnches bafth Sb oy 2-8 Frches- Test the hypothests that the hetght of the Atudenté who part fctpadi ol Pn spol fn move than the Atudenis who not partect paliol tr sports.Sole. Gfven B= 6e-a + Heot-a S)= 2-5 5 Sy=2-8 M)= 50 + M2 = 50 Nut Hypothests Hot Mi= Pa Alternattve Hypothests Hit M+ Us. Level ob Stgnt preance &+ Sf. test Staktstfo + Z= XB (S282 As 68-2 — 642 [35 an SPOT 50 BO At 57. level of Segnrhfoance Zu =)-96 we YZ NS we accep Ho~ —_— xr © An ambulare Sexfce clafsrm that tk takes on the avesage less than 10 antms to neach PK dAettnatton Pn emer genay colle. A Sample ob 86 calls Inas a Tea ob Nh rmPHs and popwat on Varface of 16 mrm%- Test the clatm ak v-o5 level of Signtbfcance Sol: Qtven W=36; Halo: Tai: 16 ve.Null Hypotbests Ho: M=lo Arex nor ve Hupothests AL: Level ob sfgntpteama % = BY. peat Startstfe + Ze x-R L\I_-Id wr bY Be Meto eo lS At 57. level ob stg nt btoance ) meek OU Ss pe VEN So we neject Ho- x Test ob Sfgnthfcance fos Smati Samples :— Degrees ob Fueedomi-~ “The number ob frctepen arent varztables whtch roake UP the Atattsttc & called Degrees ob Azeedom. =k ts aenotid by 'Y- Tr otheswords, Tt & the 29 of VYoulues Bm the Aet ob daka twhfch mdy be assigned axpttvarlfy- EL ee Lek a,b,c be 3 Values whose Aura && 50- te atbyce 50 . Let AIO; be2S' C=IS gavectae 3-| =2 DF- AG a=; be 0) c=35Students t-test CSmall Samples) Let = Mean ob Sample- 1m = Stze ob sample gone = &-d of popwiatton ZB = sp ob sample fa = Trean of PopwWarton- he Students t-test Es Uebtned by the tear Startstic t= Boh alr Students_ttest for STngle Mean Let the nandom Aample Afere 1 < 304 has d sample Mean and sb's, To test the hypoth ests that the populakton rneon has a Apecthted Value Ho when the papatatfon sD TCS) fs rot Known. Step@r— set up Null Hypotheses Ho ds Ho: BR BPRo Stap@:- set up AMernatfve Hypotheses Ay a4 tye M+Ro take svftable LOS ts 57 ov ly. step@=- step@:- set op Degrees Ob Fseedom (dof) as y= Step@:- Test Stattsite te. BoA Al¥n-} sjep@:- Conclusfon + Corn polie the yalue of Te) usfth -+the talwabaA value of ty- gh Itlyty, Ahen we neject Ho. ak tkhlcky Then we accept Ho.@ The mean Lhe tfme ob a Sample ob 25 bulbs & found as 1550 has aith Sb oh IZohyw~- The company smantfactur Pag Fhe foutls clafms that the avesage Life ob thete bulbs £4 lbeohy - 1 the clafen acceptable at 5. Los Sol s— Gtven =25; A=I550; A~ 120 NL Hypothests Hot P= l600 Alresnattve Hypothests Hy2 M <1600 Cthe sample tf beloo atorndasal) Level ob Sfgnitphtcance A= A Degrees ob foeedom Vo Dl & a5-l=2h- Teast Stattsttes bs Ao 4) fn 1550-1600 120 | Yon f i RHO — \tl= 2-0h Now the tabulabd value of & ak SI. Los and 2h dof tox one tailed test & fags lif lttrty in we netek Ho- ip» +he Aarmple avauin fom the popeation UH Tet upto the Atancaryd-@ A ymechanés ls making engine part ult axel dfameliv of o-f Torches. A nandom Aamse oy To parts shown a cmedn Blames o-ftna Tnches wifth SP ob Oo Fnch* on basts ob the Sample, would you bay that the toosk & Tnbeefos~ Sol + Q@tven N=10™ Ze othe, A=O 0b BsoF- Noll Hypotbests + Bo t Naor Aves nakfve Hypothests Wy t BS ost Level of stant breance ft Sy. Degqveer ob froecaiom Js m-) =lo-l=4- Fect saxrtatte + te 7 Otho -O-4 A\Tn-) —— » ore 8| iiocr = BIS Vhs BIS the tabutala Value ob t at By. pes and Qaof tf ty= 1-883 A Lelyte So we nedect Ho- The = preoduct KR not meet Prg the Apeck pfcatfon.® The aves age boeak?ing Atsength otr the Steel nods te Apeckbfed to be 18-5 thousond pounds . To test thts Aomple of th mods weve testid- The mean and Sb obtained weve lF-85 and [456 mesp. Is the nesulk stgnthfcant? Given math, HE V5) A=1-955 B= 18-5 Noll Hypothe Aes Ho: p=te-s* AHermaktye Hypothests > B85 Level ob stant hfcance X + By. dnd \ 4. Degqoers Ch foeedom Yt DA =I3dofF- test stattstfe 1 te A-P Sol Ar Fees—l8-5 Ale rass[fia Sle ltl = 1-2 The tolwatd value ob ty foe SJ. Los ond 13dof t& eg = 2-160 we (NEN K eR So we accept Ho- the tabwatid vale ob ty foo [f. Los and 3 dof & Ex= 3-012 we Wleta ~, So we aceept Ho-Problems Relatol to t-test Lohen Aampe Sb % not gtven alfse ct Uy. ® the hetght of fo mals ob a gtven locality ove fotrnd to be 15, 168, 155, Fo, \59,\t0, 145, 160,160, 165 cm-~- Based of kes Aormple , tind the 954. con bfelence Jeootte tor the hetght of ates Po the locale ty - Sols gtven n=lo- ~ Be VH5 4168-4155 +10 Sample mean A= ae ee eo rh leo-+ 165 to = \65 Sample varfana We * Com nN (FPS1es Py (169-165 94 (155 - ES (154O-1eS > + (159-165)% (FRO ES SP (175- Tes > (I60- TeES> (160-165)? (T6S- 165)> fo 100 #9 -+ 100-25 FEI 2B +100-+2B+25° eee Se lo = 54-8 “ Sb Az foreThe 5]. conbtdence LErfE ave gfven by axty- Be -> aad]: aS M-1 t, at 5]. Los and a dot & ty 2-262 ae HA KR AL ge 165 A o-oo. Arb Vip yea = [G5 + T-03 = 166-08 and 163-4F~ 454. Conbtdlence {rn axe (163-44, 166-03) @ the vine Ttems ob Aarmple have the fol) values * 45, 4,50, 52,48, bt, 44, 53, 6]. pow the mean ob athbex Afgn?ffeontly from the assumed mean of H4'5- sol!. 6fven W=4- ustuc-tsot i 53 eH 4+50t5a%e Sample Meon zm aA = dug natsays] q Table t- = all Sample vorfance Be SOery > nN = [luscoaary + -haan> a(50- HENNY (6a- watt) He (Bee RUN Get gH + AH WANS (53-911) 4 (s\- BANS] 4 FEN gn Aza YNull Hypothes’s Hor Bab AWernattve Hypothests H+ Pe v-S Level ob Slgnt fecance 4 54. Degrees ob freedom 9: H-1=8- Jest Atattstte + be HHH _ bO-N-HAS 4\ Viner 2-44 | Te = J8h a lelet-sh the tatbweatd value ob ty for S/ bos and e dof & t= 27806 tel Z Ek So we accept Ho: @ A Certatn Artmulus ad-wmfinbster2d to zach oy the 12 pattenls nesulltd to the foll change fm BPE 5, 2,8,-l, 0,6,~2, L, 5,0, bw3- Can Tk be Conduded that Ue Atemulus utth fncvease the BP 2 Sol Given nei2 Sasnple mean A= Sa Saate-ito+6-24] n tt Sot 3 12 = BL = 9.58 Sample Vartance Be Sor -xP eo m = (8~9-58)"s @- 2-598 4(e-2-58 S4 4B a say 12 “WBS Bt)Sample Sb A= {ewe 296. Nut) Hypothes®s Hot Blood pRestme wth) mot = \FEnevease- ( MH =Hs)( A =0) Atiernaktve Hypoth sts 1% stimulus wt) Pnevease BP Level ob sfgntbfcan %: oe De goees ob foeecdtos® JY: D-) =l3e\) =N dot. Test Stattstfos te Bo _ 258-0 ——== Tao as BF Alyn=t 296 [ i the tabulotid value Ey ot Sh tos and Wadof ty= 2-201 TE) x ot 1 So we nesect tlo~ The fol) data represents the BTologfca} Values Of pectetn from Couss SAK and buffalo’s satlk at a cestatn level. Cou milk | 14 aie al we we 1 Ih #4 15 «(8 16 ® But falos anttk| 15 WTS zh the average valueg ob poote’rn Examfne ratbtcomtly lrfber tr the two samples 479 KR ond y Nesflesent the peotef Sols Let K omnd Buffodos milk Voduer ob Comms mil nesp asp Heve NHS) N=New = sab JEFFS +2) FISH + l6te = 3 = VF piso Y= Sur Ballets we HEtle No F = le Doar- zy = Be pat) -TY= 20. Now gi SOT Dye 2 __ BeHO =o 84-2 = 3] s =g.al = 2.08 Nutt tHypothes®s Hot A= Yo Alter natfve Hypethesls Hye Hye Leveloh Sfgntbfcana d: By. Degrees of foeedom Yi NytMe- 2 =13 lof Feat statesttc pte %-G _ ale . rat = 0-93ee {t} =0- 98 the ‘*cabwaha Value ob ty at 5-/. los amd \Bacf tT t=a-le a. Vtl< a-de So we accept Ho- ® To etamtne the hypothests that the boys Ave Move Pnteurgent than the gfzls, as tnvestigatos took o Aan ple ott [6 A-wd ad-mtnts tesed therm a test which mmeasurves the L-Q + The nesubl ave Ob follows = (ex Wt (05 4 [05 133 lo4 geo 48 [63 Gixls [loo a8 8% lok ie 45 Fo 67 los oF Test the hypothests with a neasonable 4 kerk at 57. Los.Sols. G&en y=10, Dg= 10 WS 4 (054-95 -4105-+123 4109-4 86449 Noo %= 8 fe) = 103 Gu 064A H+ AF FIO FNETIEDIO4 EF +\os+ea5 lo = 4518 = 2 Llai-X) 4 HYF-S) ng tol-oly | GS = GE Oe ns NFM 2 los 1606+ 1649-6 peoo* teat Is = (82-63 - g = (lea-53 = 13.5) Null Hypothest& Hot By = Po Atternattve Hypotheses Fy * By Pe. {eval of Sfgntficance xi by, Degrees ob freedom Vz M*Ms-2=18Test Sjaktst?cs t= A- GZ > \elellq- The tabwatid value of ty fo Sf Los ard isdof & ty=1-734- leh z ty - So wwe accept Ho- ie, There & Do Aébbesence tn 194. © A ger oly lo nade fed on a adfet A and anothes cpoup ob 8 nals fed a aibberent agek B necorded the foll Prcevease PO wetghs tr gm- _ prt Al 5 6 8 t m BS 4 6 = peels 3 6 @ 1 % 2 8 = a test whethes the dfet A tf Aupexfos to ote B- So\.. Given My=10 P=8- = 5 A +BF+I46 Now = F64O41 412 +4 +4 +6410 lo = be Go BBS Tarl totate 8 =FPareeccd Noto 2 FAO FR - NrtNe-2 = l02-5¢+eo_ 16 = N54 S=VIf-54= 3-40 oe o QW Fw — ° Null Hypothests Hoy My=Ho Avernattve Hypothests 4,4 A 7 Pe Level of Stgntbfcamce & 2 5. Degoees ob foeedom Vi Nyro Q = 16- Test Staktstte: Ea BeY _ 64-5 Ts Ey = o~ BF The ttalowtdtid value ob tx FR $7, Los and 6 dof tT ty=l-446 Tel tx we accept Ho- jie, Thene & No Afbbevence vm both the dfetsr@® Seannples oh two types of electete lfght bullos were testid for length ob Ute And fell) daka were obtafnpecl s- Behm | Age Hoh Somple sp | A= tpn the Atbbevence fr the means Aubbferent to warrant that type t fs Avperfor to kype I negardtfng length ob UWe- sel, given yee, MEF Y Ralaay Gu i036; 4,=36 5 Ag= bo- Nutt Hypothests Hor =Ps Alternat Pe Aypathests Tie BPyv7 he Levelob Stanthfconce & = 5. Degrees of foeedowm Ve Ni*Ns- A= 13 dof Test Stat&tfo: tr A~¥ ohare § Jayt am > Azs 2 Se nae = 1659-08 - ge Jlesz.ce = HO-F8be \oah—-lo36 = = 9-349 ho-43 | Lt Vers the tabuiala value ob ty for 57. Los and dol t& te= Ft vr tel y be So we eject Hor Pais ed Sample t-test 1— Dy (4M) 1 On¥2) 1-77 Cn, 4n) be the paths of Aakes data befose and abt the Aales promotfon , we apply potred E-Eest to examine the Atgnf- bfcance oy the Aafhhesence ob too Atruatt om Let ApHAre¥; FR Cay 207 Nut Hypotnests Ho + Hie He (M=o) pernaktve Hypoth est Hy Bie Teak stattatte 7 te d-y _ s |i whee d= RA peo, se xa ay nm?’ J aT > te A shir@ The fell data jalal the marks obtofned by NV student Pr a tests, held at the begtntng ob G year and the other at the ehd of the year aster Pntenstve Coa chtng Es if 93 1% oh IF 18 90 38 a1 19 50 one jest Dl 28 80 2h 20 22 FO 90 18 22 Iq Do the data tradlcali that the Atudentt have denebited by coaching Sols Nol hypothesis to + A= Me go Aries naktye hypothests 4H) + Dy Ms Level ob sfgnt bfcomne ot Sf De greed ob freedom Ji N-1 = 10 comtdes i= NM-M eB, thy Or 8, HHO 873 4 7 Now A= Sai _ a-inbea-h-at3-a4) ” ert tt NAO Ste Xlor-T 1-1 = BPH OHS 4+ EHP MOSTPS CBRE COED (OP C24 BE ITS F8t IP +> 1d AAA AR OHI HE +h +B = 5.8 0 “ge [Sg = elTest stabtstte + t= Fo _ s\\n 2-001 | (TT =-1-38 > \t{ = 1-38- the tabuloded value ob fx ot 5/ Los and lo dt TH ty= 2-228 Vers te ~ So we accept Ho- ie, The Pntensive cou ch?ng fa Tot useful. ® The BP ob 5 tvoTeNn befove and afte fntake of O Cextatn drug are gtven loelow: efove| 110 1290 125 182 $25 Ptea}izo We 195 136 it est ubethes these fs Stgnthtcant chomge tr. BP ak ty], tos: Sols Given N=5- Nall Hypotheses Hoz Pir Ms Alrewnaktue Hy pothests Ryt sieeve Levat ob Sfarithicance & = Tf Degrees ob fyeedom Y= O-v=h- Test stattstfe bk = a S|Now adAf= -lo, 2, Oy piso d= X i -lo+e-b+y gs . nN 5 = = ease Agen S= Pet-Ay oI = Clog lee PEO 4 16 EOF EY abate 6 h = 20-8 $e (Boe = 555 ce te dg ole = oe S)\yA 5-88 VS » \tlxo-eu ~ the talouladi d Value ob Ey at 1+ Cos and dof & ty =t- 604 ll Zee 4 “* So we accept to- te, these & no Afagnfbfcamt Change fo BP abte the Entoke of cestafn avug:Test ob Stgntbfcance Usfng F- Test = zr rc \ a To test the Algnt becance ob Popwatton Varvtances we us@ F- test. Method :— StepOM~ Let two thaependent random Born ples ob sfzesx VY) ANA Ms ke chain from tio populatfons- step@:- To test the bypothests that the two popWotfon vastances 47 and oy ave eqprot - Null hypothests Ho: Van C=s2) Atrernatfue hypothesis H)* os”. Level ob Sfgntbicance & 2 S/. o8 17. Degrees ob foeedormm Vz ( My-!,Ns-!) Test stotfstfo > Fa sp <2 =L oy 2 Ss.” = ie Fe Geeatie Vonfmce Smaller VarPanceSb Ap and As axe Vartanes ob two Aaropes ob Sf2en 1m, aod Ts Nesp. then the popu akfon ydstantes ave she APL LOE 1 Re > Soe Ne AT = =Zwi- Id hH-! ar I @M The vicoitne contains tn two stanclom Aarrples oh tobacco are gtven foe)oud +— = 1 s1 9h 95 26 oF | Sampe 9 [99 24 a8 go 3) 3c] Con you Aay that the two Aarm ples came frown he Aame popwatfon? Sol «_ Given N= FL Pa=e Now 2= NA — B+2h+9549679F a = Oh. 6 Y= LiL 224294384 Bork! 43¢ Tp 29 Also S?- Xoy-a _(leranePs @h-24.6)7 met 4 @5-2b-693 Gb 2h-6)~ + @F-2H-6>7] = 5-3 *Ao $25 HUEY Dao! _ [2-24 + GF -29F 4 (28-297 se oosaP rere G20") 5 Hoehne eh he 5 Natl Hypothests Het vPaag? €$2= $7) piiermattve Wypothests Hy) ~ veo” Level ob stant btcance xk. 57. Degrees ob Freectom Y= (M1, Do-V) = U5) Test Stat&tfetF = —s = 26 Laos sP 573 the tabwoid yale ob Fa at B/- LOS and (h)5)dof f Fy= 5-19 TELS FA = 21-6 So we accept Ho- je, the two populattors having Aarne varstances: ie, the Aampes drourn Foon Aarne popwlat fon,® ‘Fwo fmdependent Samples of Steed Fo and 6 have the foll Values:- ample A | 28 30 a 33 33 29 3h Semple B | 24 80 80 3H SF 24 Examine twhethes the Sarmples have been drounn feom nowmal population haveing the Aame vartance - Sol -_ Gtven Nye ts Da=é 20 eS Nall Hypothes® Hot 7 =oe Avermaktve Pyporhests Wit oy7 Ho” Level of sfgnthfcana A+ 57- Degrees Ob foeectom Y¥ tO ey= Oh 3-1) = (6,5) dof. Now A= Bak | 284+30+a04+BB4+334 29434 Ay a as = 3)24 uct " M aT - 29+B04 B0F+ 2h 494429 WN. a = 28-33 Also $ 2a Xt a, [(e8-ar-24)(o- ara)” Mel ++ (B2-Bh29P4 (BB 31,29)7 + (83-31-29 40% 3)-29)* (34 -3)- 297] ashes es c 8-25flab S = UBS _ [ea de-2854 (Zo-De-33)~ Ny-! +(80- 24-339 + @h-as-33 > + (24 “28-23P3(4-22 225] a = 8-49 test stattatfe: Fe SS tno sey s>. Sy)? Fe ert i btn 5-36 \ oe The -tabwWoaba Value of Fa at Si Los and (65) dof & Fx ez 4 I5 (©) Frege Ie CP) Fogg 9F ’ re F LPL toe accept Ho- @ The aafly wages fr nupees ob skied workers Tr +wo cittes ave as follows: Terk dk 5. los the equality ob Vvartances of the wage Aafart butFon Gn the two CPs - Sole Let y= t6 5 Dy. =)3 A\S 28 5 Ag =32Null Hypotheses Ho: Pee Cs ?=38~) AKewnattve Hypothests y+ 077 > Levet ob stgnthfedn 4+ 5. Los Deaysees ob freedom Vz CWI) = (MHI, Pa-!D = (15, 12) we row thar $?= M1 AP _ le (ase 1S = C6be 1 Co oF > gos De sd _ 130829 E joa. ae Di-) \o x Test Stattstfc + Fe Ss $? = 107-33 _ 1.66 666-6F the tabulatid Value of Fy at Sh tos ond Cis;ny aot & Fag = 2-48 wo FLFL So we accept Hor © Test +he equality of S-D fox the data gtven below at 5/. Los- 2 au Boa S$ 7% NEOs MQElh; AES 5 Ag=l-ae Sols given D\z1o Dozld Ay=l-5 Ag =Ir2Null dypothests Ho + wen> AH esnartve Hypothests yy s TP ET Level ob Sfgntbfcance X+ 57. Los Degrees of freecosn D2 Cort, M1) = (9,135 we Know that 2 7 Ar tots” Sye MA = = 2-5 D1 4 2 a Sy= Mee Wes ss 5-1 TB Teat statfatic + + Fe ss? Arnce $;7 +S So? w Fe 2:8 55 The —tabutatia value ob Fa (arate & Fs 2-3 uo Fg Fa So toe accept Ho- — xX =16l at 57, Los and