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4)
, Ledute Meo “4
Functional Debenden ue
+ The functional dependengy cu a gebhonship tot exists
exists behoern eo
behween -keo uimibufes. St typical D
puimnary Key and non. key Fitsibule within a table
x7
xX dr known a6 delesmninant-
Y va Known 04 dependent -
we cn qeat > i mi dependant
on oe ID on arniquely idontifies 420 Name -
+ “pes of Functional dependent i
iy Taivial FD
i non- triviol FD
Taivial funchonal debenden i
A—>B bos trivial functional dependoncy ip QB wea
dubsek of A-
@—- A>A 4, B>@
gn +toble Emphyee,
{ID, tame} —> rd | ab vi taiviol Fa beowe
TD ws subset of f TD, Name} Non- trivial functional Dependency +
5 @ wh a non- trivial FD ih B dt not a subset of 4
aon A—>R W Ccolled OS Complete
Non-taiviel Fo.
“A
2 when ANB w Noll,
Ex- Ip—» Name
Name —> Do@ “Lnhere noo Rule (38)
+ the Aaumelvongt aniems aig “eS hag t
Lis used te Conclude functional depend
delational database -
¢ The functional dependencies has ga tyret sh Sajere nee
Sule
Ie Reflexive Rule_t—
ahlexive i i 3 ait
Qn the geflerive sade 1B yaa hoe
x ddesmines 7
A“
1 Er ye fa bicdied
Yeo $aibich
4._ Augmentation Rule ==
Lge ub Giles 2 Tal dependency - 3° augmentation »
iy * dereamines Yo dihen Kz detesmines ya fer ony 2
~ Example -
Fon R (ABCD) » ip AS
dton AC? BC
3. Transitive Rule i=
gn Hos Sule» ig x determines yard y dateimine z eon
x mut glo deleamine 2°
ip xy and Y 7 2-
eon XZ 4. Union Rule s—
Gt Soys, if x detesmines
et aot delesmine Y and z-
y ard x determines Z, Hen %
5 Decomposition Rule +
gt us He sevene of union
gt Ga known as
jule SE Says, ig X determines y and 2, ten *
determines Y and * delermines 2 separately
6 Pseudo tuonsitive Rule —
gn ted, ig x detesmines ¥ and YZ dateamines W,
ahon Xz debsminet W- Total _and_fastiol Functional Dependency v
DP
Resliq) Functional dependency _?—
Fastial dependensy occun Uahen 0% prime abtwibule OF pee oe
gabset of 40h
@—> DE
Btol Functonal dependency i—
—— nad _clepenc .
ga any gtelabon, thene exists Ful FDS between ony 4wo
odtvibutes * ard Y» when x fun cti orally dependent on
Yard we not sppenctionally dopendost on any proper gubsel-
of Y-
a lAreicr Dre FD
~
» ABC — DF
B— DF II otal FDS became Yeon J
no Aubset oh &-
s Aec > >F yy Totol PO's
ce PF Pasbal F0's
t — PF Lectuie no - 24>
NORMALIZATION 2s
» data in Ae dlatnkese
2 ge us tee process of organizing “ao
4eo sredunconey foro
« Nosmatizalion J! ued fo minimize
salatione ot aso ed
‘on, upiate and ddebon
a swlation on det
aundesivable chonatkanistics ike ingeahon »
anomalies
= 3 divides +0 0% able into 122 galler. able and links
therm wang adakonship :
Anomalies in OMS #— ;
There 09 por ob anomalies bok coum when 722 ‘
dolabose 4 not amazed |
updole gnomaly t— gn ~eo abous table, We haus
vere grows of employee Rick os he belongs +0
a qnerttt of “es Corrpand- gp we want to "Gate
Ha oddvess of, Rick then we to ale the game
mot om Jeo aota wil beome inconsistent
mn poo
“Tnsexk romaly 7 suppose & 7? employee joins 4%
company » Oho din under, trainin and
as would!
cwsentty not assigned to and depastenret: eon
not be Gble to intel te gta into “tha table if
ep - dept field deer aot ollocs rule.
uo Delele anornaly :— i.
ate: Ff oF O point of time +29 Conan
spond as cbse ho depastment DEGo Zon delelin tae d
v0 eS, ing emp. debt 04 “Dégo could G10 delle
of employee Maggie gince she IS assigned
ony to “Ris depatknent
« Hew, aro Bo most Commo used nonmal -fonms :—
IS rut nowral for C4 NED
5) Setond nonrral forwn (2 NAD
wy Thind nonmal forern (3 NE)
ivy Boyce ke codd rowral Burn (BCH)
Fingt Nowreal fon i—
ane ip it tontains an atomic value -
o table Ganot hold mulhple
© A Sdakion it be
© gt dtakes tok an adtnibule of
Values. St must hold only single - valued attnibute -
© Gt ditallows te maulfi- valued odfibue » Composite oftta bute. 4
Bait, Combinahons
Employee .
enp-id | emp.nome | emp. Phone emp. stoke |
14 John 72 42826385 , ue
9064 +38238
20 | Hasoy 574783832 | Gihor :
12 Sam 4390342389
858383 0302. Panis
3 i vot in 1 NF hecue of Hulti-valued
altibute emp Phone.
The decomposition of ae Emplyee table into 1NF hog
been shown below > 4272026385
$06 44282 38
544-78 3832
390 32 389
8589830302,
Berord Notmol for (2 NE) i
gdahoral must be in ANF.
attsibules 04%
+n qeo SNF
gn tes Sond TOW | atl non ke
uly functional deperdont- gn Ho forernas keg
Be fats augue, 0 hel On SoHE yea dato, of feather 7-
bh x He ox
5 yu i ibinte pe, each elornent ob
oh waaale Key
2° 3NF vy used to
+o athieus #0 dota
eso Su no tyons\
gee _seail
Example - Enable
in obow table
ap, Heme , 21b3 5
_- 46 07.
supa Hey
fay, [EPinane’d ,
Candidate key - 2203 non- prime lind bules —
gn +e given able, ay absibuler except ED ate
non- prime - .
Heo, Shoe & ely dependent on zip and Zip doperdont on
Ib. Tho non- prime alteubules (stale, city) transi tively
doperdsnt on Suber key (ED) > gt vielatg to Sule 8
anf:
Trot's why we need to mow “es city & State to Bo
neo zip table with zip a3 O prmasy ley.
Emplyee table
aololo
02228
6@m0F- Boyce Codd nlosmnal Form (S6NF)
apogee gd
gt shaicke® an 2 AF
nog 3nF-
x ot
+ OR va Advance versio
2A toble ts in gene FR vey Fp XY"
Auber key of +e Asble -
oe Ton Ben, “te table should be in BNF 903 fom enery
FD, tig 3 Spe eg
ume Haro vi O Compon: wher employees
Example - toh 's as
wok In moto than one dopoatment
gn tte abow table, FD os fellas +
Emp. id —~ emp- Country
emp. dept —> Y deph type, emp -THt- lo
(an didole bey * Sem id, emp. depth
4oble us not fn BcNF beawe neither, Emp-Det
“The
noh Emp-id alone ase Ke
To convert “+00 gion table ‘into
Bene , wo decompose it into swe -tobles
> Emp. Coun table ,
3 Emp-Dept table
2 bmp. @ebt. Mapping table Emp. Gsuvtag table
X\
LEmp- Dept | Emp. Dept No
Datignig | D394 33 CC~™”
UN
| Terhay D394 300,
| Shot D283 32 nv
Develsping] D2Ea
y
FD's ave
Emp_ id — Emb tountoay
Emp Dept ~> § dept type » Emp Dept. no 4
tondidsle hay t=
oa ish table Emp- id
fi, am table > Eenp- Tept-
fh gM date 4 CE bid Eonpo- Pebty
peo, +a Jt in BSNF bewure lef Sida frit op
both Ro F's ane Ke a
Lceluse No-26
Fousrth Nohral form (4NED
ein 4HE th ik Ge in GenF and hog
© A salalion -uulll bi
no multi-valued “pendeng
+ fon a dependency A —>8 ip fen a Single value of A,
wmultple values of 8 jes salahon 4! be
mul - valued dapendinty
exists, Tr
Ex' -
a gtudect
‘
Dancing ‘
Singing
arcing
coricleel
crie given Stilent, date ee bap Heo Counse and
Hobby ase 20 independent entity » Hence, cea Ht nD
salafionship behoeon (use Gad Hob ;
gn tte Student tables o ahudert With 4
ji , compares ard Moth 9
cortoins +00 couuer, comP' oo
=
stu . A Si ing So
“hol ies , Denc a 8
: dapenden q sind , which Jeads to wanecatoyy
of ‘A data.
anf, we
Student- COuUe
Dancing
Singi 4
‘Dancing
couckel
Hockey Skee ate
: ‘
Leetuy slo - 24. 4
“Laclusion Dependency
+ Mulfivalued dependeney and Join dependency
to quide database design although “Pay both
Common Han Puncional — dapendencies -
+ Trctusion dependencies as ite Common They typitally Ahowo
Aittle — influence 0” designing of Ye databose
in which some.
tan be used
arp ters
a dtalement
« The — inthuion dependany
Glumas oh @ selotion a fortained in otter columns:
+ The example of Tadusion dependency oa 0 Foweign Key -
siedlahion wt Contained 10
nelaion , the sefesing
key Column of tee gefersncd selahon
4m one
tho primo
fe we hove two salotions
Asranslahing “two entity boty Su
entity cy alto an § entity.
« Tatuuion debendon twould be hapben . é
its key asntiaser © td a selakion ur ontoined
in tts gelation obtained by projecting on its key
acted bules -
+ Qn Inetusion dependency
athibutes Hot — paslicipate
Inclusion dependency asa keg hored teak
Rand § which od obtained
th “teak eneny gw
ip projechiny R on
toe shoud not split gre ob
fn an fncbaion dependency .
13m Practice, rnesk
Li involved — only keyg - _Relalionod Decornbesition
+ when a gelation in ee Salahenal rode! su’ net in
Appropriate normal form +2on tee decemposition ch
Saloon Gi srequine
+ Sf ye selohon has no proper decomposition, Hen
Mmay lead te problems like loss ob Tnforrnohon
© Decomposition Js sted to Clieninole Some of He Phoblernt
of bod design like anomolies , inconsistencies and
sredundan
+ Types of decomposition —
3S lossley decomposition
~ 'D dopendeney Preserving
Lossless decomposition s—
« Sf tee InfpnroHon S41 net lost ram ee solokion
thot? a decornposed , Hen te decomposition will be losslers.
eo The lossless decomposition guonantees thak the Join of Sulakons
auill Seautk in Heo Some galation ag it was decomsted -
© The xeation di Said to be lossless decomposition if ”
Joing of ot! Ae decomposition gis eo original swlahon
employee _ Debontment’
© €xample -
“Thin robles decornposed inky tno owlations -
Employee & Department t+ -toble
—Depostrrer
Moaketigy
Finance
Produchon
Testing
how, when tae’ hos salalioni ase eine) on He
fommon Gluenn 'Emp-id! Alen 469 Sesullant sealahions
foo Vike Emplaiee _Depoakrment™ table -
Hence , Ho decomposition ie loaslees
fon decomfesition - Dependency Poererving 1 aaa
ny oad Cute
© 9b Gt an impoxtant Consboaat
+ Sn eo dependency presesvation , of leart on® decermposed
table must antispy eussy dependency
* Sf a selation R is decompased into Selahion Ay and Re ,
then +0 debendoncies Of R either must be a part of Rj
Of Re o&% must be chsivable from the comb inahon
Of FD's of Ri and Re.
+ Ex, Subpue Hare di a sulabon
FD ger A> Be
The melahonal R ds decomposed into Ri (ABC) ond
Ra (AD) which ow dofendenyy oneseavia
beaue FDR A—»aC
R (A,B,¢,D) eth
~
Sia pak of sedation R)lN8d, Vv
Teche 19-24
Lecline lo - 20
Multivolued Dependents
+ Multivalued dependency occut tohen “hee atthibules in
table ase independent of exh othen bub, both depend on
@ thind athubule.
. Gt consists of blest tu0 atinibukes that ax dependent
on a cthind athdbule . tal’s why it akoays rrequitres ot
least Howe abtdbures -
deoxe vt a bike monujacurer company
Exampe- Suppose
tahich— Produces oo colots ( white and black) ob
goth model Nery Ye*-
Here, Columns Color ond Manuf yeas one dependmt on
Bike. Model ord Indebendext of each other -
gn +eis (ose, shee oo columas can
dependent on @ike_ Model - The
be lled 08 aul fivalie
below —
Sreprosenttohion of eae dependencies dt howe
Bike_ Model ——> Monuf_ gear
Bike model —» Colon
“This Gan be ead az “Gike- Model” mmuttidelenrnined
Manuf yeu” and "Bike Hodel multidensnined * Colon” .
bond
oC Teeluae 9-3
Lest ro. st
TOIN Dependency *
le tables
* 98 a table tan be srecheaked by Joining multipt
and eath of eu dable howe a Aubset of the attributes
of to table, tton +e table ut in doin dependency -
Ha a qenoalization of Hult valued dependency
+ Toin dopendency Gan be seloled to SMF, Wheso, a dlahon
si tn Snr, ig Hd alneady im 4 alk ond Ht connat
be decomposed ~—fuathea -
Example -
Employee
this table can be dewmposed into 42 following -teowr tables;
Hrosefons it di not in SNF.
Exnployee Skills EmpkyeeTob
'
f
= pur ‘Tein dependenty *—
[Ceenome e.skins) , (Enlame, &- Sob), (e-skills, €. 50h)
The above xdalions have Join defeadenay
Trak would mean that
ass nok in 5NE-
salotion of Hee obows yeseo xelaHors ur equa) +o
our omiginedd nelahon < Eon ployee >
