Lond t2 = Twn pps CHARTER, 12 SR Abehian group [ Covuae asotiotivity , existence of dinky, axitener of sewer. | commu at + 2 Sumi gop — [| donate ond aystciatnity ) * pistal bation, q "yA a2 (bic) + arbtiaze DEFINITION: Hance ring Ry a act wet te Linany vprchions oddion, [ amnoted at a +b) and mabtipticatian Udeneted 04 0.6] auth that ¥ a,b,c 6x Lath = bra Coommutativiny w.r.t. additirn] 2. lateltcs at(btc) — [anationtivrry wort. addicion 3 20€k* ard*a= ota + Jae R: atl-a= O= Lata 5. a (be) = (able 6 albtc) = abt ac [we abe sre Te ck debian porpsrty Th twtol 8 peepaation} * Commutative Ring wiuans Ring Ru Cevmutative wit. mubipfication alse * Ring wth identiky mmuand Ring R Sus waibliplicauert idtiky 1.e., | ave "Tg muuripticatis, inwese of an ghement Onis tn wnat so than it ik vated unit etonaene: DEFINITION: + Uti & 2s rmmutotirs wrt. musripliatiim ,i¢., ab=ba Ha,bER ten R ia said to be rmnuaatirs ving "Uy sing Aris identity, 1 (e) wart. musbtipbiation ie, a= alle) = ela 4#aeéR Hun Rh Said te be sig with, unity A weminudtabert ving & with wnitiy dros terme invade chante wart malt pliatinn in © We invertible ements oc ot all Wn yee iuribte ume WD hate wane yar atenunis Hf twimnnutatiire sing witty uaniry wtvich Jrmwe thei, muipiabire inverse IM R is ened ini toner rf Set mf iMegun A wah a field tem i mal a qmmp wit. MMUULe plication ‘fou field, wing KR nur sabisty OL 3 pampered 0.0, aivewtd, be amantadine Ang with, wuibly and Uotny a peur slant of Ro murt re irate, nt. mip aia in Seb.Ques Ring of 2 (2,t,1) The JUL of Integr wil additions and, multiplication sh add bh Aimy 1h the fottowing nuditvis shat, 1 Wosure with add ion. Ha,be2, atbez 2. Aasrdativily wrt. padi Yabe2 ; at (btc)=(atb)tc 3 J0€L: Ora=a=atO # wee 4 7 (mez: atbale or cata ace 5. atb= bra ¥ abe2 6 ober Haves t albc)= (abc ¥a,b,cez & Albte= abtac | rences (bra = bat ca Hoa Z ba Aang with addirien and mutt pucaten 4 ab? ba ¥ avez wo JLez Thus 2 i a crmmwdabive Aang Wit urity. | Mowrrer , units of 2 exe | and -L Similarly , we on snr gt Rand © Ques: The det Zq{o,1,2,.0, 01} und adaindm and mubipticabion medabe Ans: Zy is an Abdian group wndr addinan wedule n Thur posh tive peopertios ane dae, Now 2 Show 6,2,3 axe alse tue 2, 4m ning 4, hats ae PZ, ih a conmuatative any 316 2y 7 Zn Cemnustahine sing with unity | under addstuny and nwwripticcien medule “Walenta flntad oe Ques The act 20a) rf abt palyeniials inv variable 1.7 witly intugen ceed ents wnces sina, aaldation and Mubtiplicaien, AM. 1 vw ee En 3 al D be, Yam plynemial a(R) 4 fON= aCN)= FONA AD + AME ZOOav 7 200) isa Commutative sing tow 2 207] boo commutative King witty unity Units of 200) are -land | Exupt | and -| any stment ef 20x) soy % tun . bevernen Aakvinal amb ¢ 20x). x Que The atk 220) und additvin ond mutbipcotien fin:| 1 ty §. 17 > Addin qoup wndss additien owe 7 220) it a sing av 7 arbi] & a memmutabire sing WX 7 22Lx) & meta CRU be, ih nae 8 Ctinmutativey Airy witty unity YP) Tie sch of matic ik o. aing whucdh owt cemmucatire ium The art iM, Ce] jt.c, seb of 2X2 mmanuices With ineygen enti 6 a nen enanutatline sng with unily wndin oddity and multiplier Au: 6 5 4 oe AM, [2] & 0 sig under additive and muss plicaaw: ax ep wo. I i ope ™,[2) M,(2] ib a nen: wermnutatuinn ing with nity I Under addAbany ond rnubeipiodunn Ques: The ath of OBL ution send vadued yunchiow Ha Xtal vaLLable where gtaphr pass She pein Ui,0) is a COMMUIRadIN. sing with put Wnty URL tL epiLatvens H. Print wise odaitiow and nusbeiplicrrion, Grp gon+ gon pene 4ongon QUO NER, Ray Rn be Ang We On Ube Ae 12 anaauce mie sing om felons 6.6, BOLO. Okn= {lajar...and lee Rid and peyyorm oompenent wise adaitn and mwuttipiadaw dyined os (hy a pony Oy 4 Cb), bp yo, bn) = Cathy yaatby ,-.., ant bn) aid (4,Ar an) Cbs 4dr, rb) = (Osby » Gabry, an bn) Chath whol this UO ning at et Cm diasce cum” This Aimy i Called sitectssunerfeaingse:THEOREM: Rutesi oF: MULTIPLICATION Ltt a,b.cé R , then 1. 0.0° 00.0 ,a6R tan Ora. = 0.0 = a.lo+o) + aotao —— @ Or ao [right cancdtatvemn law as (R'4) & a qoup) Similaly , 0 r0.0= 0.0 24D. = 0.00.0 [by Bye canwbatinn tome] =040.a —® fwm Da@®, 00+ 0.0 t-al-b)* (-alb = - (ab) Hark: Weakly, “@b) t ab = 0 wid, = albrab = al-btb) 44.0) =|0 2 aly) -(ab). ——@ New, > (abltab = obs (ab) = Ob+ Cab = blat(-a) [wing disaibutive tow] = bo 7 Ca)b* - (ae @® al-b)= Calb = - (ab) 3.) CaF ab Pam: (-a)(- bd - ab = Cae ws car — [= abs Carb > wiry seonnd, prperty] = (-a) (-btb) = Lan o 4. alb-0)= ab ac 6. DED Takis a 64 (-0) Pa Ub va Take "abt ac So. CdD = alb-c) > ab- ac ty fimitoaly, (b-c) a= b.a- ca (-Da= >a Paro: Consider {-Ida == (LA) eed.Ty Rha a uniay it unique 114 0 xing alemnent hod an vovase, UF ib unique TER Wk Unik. Ue unig, Prong: Lot 1 and T Lot’) be beth unity of xing & Tun al= tara —— @ ¥vaer Firwitorly at’ Vasa — lear! Mm ®, lets —= Waal ing, utetaet —@ From a @ , tet Park: Let aR be adh teat a”! enists , and tot 2 wmmenis band c ER WG Wad 1 immeats b and ¢ ab ba=1 te carl Fabra Seornd muthod Muttiptying oc! on inte sides ab- acto 9 (ola) b= (ale alb-c)=0 fl blsic b-ce0 Thus Inmase bo ober Wniqie, bec / SUBRING | A subset ‘S! of a ving “R? GG Subsing of SR", if S ibseh ako Aing witle tw cprintum R |SUBRING TEST AL non-empty subset 's” rf a xinp R Ko Subivng if Sh eth under subractiin ard wutaipicadies | ————> same rpachiw on R Theotem. Pari: + (a-bes and abes whe abe s, fs We know > ppiration of oddibliw is commnucabire fo the ring R and. Wy he given condi. 1 AS (OES ¥abeS, then by one-step Swbqpeup tut we got that (6,44) i an Abelian a up: Reve the wpanahian of nyuathiplicabinn ie Rik orbediatire ox Well as distvibwuine ove oddity (+7 Tuurfru both tw prapubie by degowte tnatds im S As dekunk with Aupect tor nuibeiphicaion given by Umditivew , terry ‘5? wit, this La (5,7) wa semi-qroup- [and along witly diitaiburinn tow naling ¥ demons of 5) 7 We gS ba Ang unde opasatiinn of R Heng S & a subving of RExampls 1 {01 ond & ont both awhrirgs of sing & Twvial subsirgs of R 2la,+,) let senz= foam, a2ntzn, J Let az mk, and be mk; fot same Ky.k 2 Cents. ae b = nk,-nky nr) Ene sine ey KER 25 Drsed wines subtract mw Gonide o-b * mk,-nky eon lnkky [nk € a € ne 75 is cle under mubdiptication By subving tase, Sin a subting of 2 a $ (be, B00) BS Beet Beg 2c #fo,t.2, 3,45) alla lel el stole le $3 3 less forthe2 4ltio 2 thoi ¢ 12a fii 75 Uosed wma, additviny , suMAneL on and mutiphicnkin By subling test, SB a subbing of Z, + Set rf Gommvian intega. 2Ui)+{arib apeatc € Wa a andy € 201) Then 1= atib and yscrid , a,bc,d62 Gonsidan a y= ati = (cri) @-€) tito-a e 20) [sine ac and bd ae integers) 720) Uobed umd subtanctinn Grider x y= (ati )(c rid) = (a¢-bd)+ i@arbd © LLiI (since (Gee bd) and (ad + be) ate intent] FCI) & dosed unde mute pricaninn. by Suwbaing Mast, 20} 6 a subting of & Sef [a epoanery = mt teat fh ys yta al cays [ ats (@-c)and Co-ave 2] lt Apes, (ides Abe fae tmsiduh Abe fa oN gles [vat avd ba 62] By Subsing st, 5 ib a Subting of5. WE R be te sob of Aca valued Juncker of & vinglt variable Undin print wise adit awd musica Condes S be Ane Subsek of Rog funcbuinn urturk ghaph paw though exigin Reig ber] Grane p45) Ly rep t Ug tine 400. gl2 } ak Se Ed; ERR, flodeo} ek ai) Ub 4,gS 2G RAR $1950 and g>RAR ,glWrO Z1 (nbider G9 M0? = $l) glo) ala) { “08s : Centon 4.400) = $00). glo) AS sd es Paie 25 6 and sma thin en mailto LAN, By subving test, Su a subang qq R NN SINTEGRAL DOMAIN: Chapter 13 “DEFINITION: OF ZERO. DWISOR fA nom- yao dement ‘a? in a vrmmutatwe sing Ru wobled a poe divivot if ent is a nen- pore Stament “b? im RK Such thet ab =O Example 1.2, 26,320 7 2 and 3 ae pw divi 2M, (2) mie ae ae 14 t ° oe a UFFINITIONL-OFrINTEGRAL “DOMAIN A commu atvit sing with Unity lb Sad Yo be an snetgat omaln if it hal we yor Oi risous Phen Th an Inceqpat demoun a purduch 4 pea only wrhen one of srw factn ib gue, i.e, ab=0 7 a=0 Mm b=0 Examples: |. (2,4,92 CRD withewt yao divien. FL is an integer demain (10) 2 (Zq,On )Oq) te CRU 24 nek On inte gut demain > 2y i alu Wel an intyal demain Suk Zp ib an integral dermain C p= pune) 3.201) - fa 4b; abe 2} U CRU and dm nO yuo dirison 9 2Ui) is an integta dermain las Lyin gat ay ht Qa a ye divine 7 2G) it an integtat dormain PAEL HL 23, 0} CRU withond any.5 200) + farQb; a,bez} a CRU withewt any gue divisors. 2 2(G) Go aon Incegul aemain 6 Set of Matios ib wet an intpral defarn since it is net commutative and has yee divi sot % 202% {@,o): 0,662} ab CRU with unity (1,0) (a,b) t Cc, a) » (Gre, bra) (a, bc, a) = (ac, bad (a,0)C0, a) = (0,0) 2 This haa “par diviswes 2 2@2 B wh an integat demain 2003 eoRer: le abc Tr. ato and abs ac , then bec fronts lth abe 6c 4 ob ac=0 2 alb-cy= 0 abc 1) 2 abe € 1p 9 ar0 mn bcr0 wut ato [ girn] bc20 7 bee DEFINITION OF FELD A watmnitatiee ping with unity a calle a field iy wroy nm- yoo shament is_a_unit THEOREM: Fray {vd Won integial demain frets ae F be a pele To pore: F is on untrgtat demain By AIpinIWin ofa fi, Fk @ UMMUTaIG Any Wet Unig. Ye tL Fy ahing we med to Pree that Fak ne gar dire. Let a (to) ef lenside. b= ——O AS a ik nom yw tement a UF, 7 0 a unit and a! eric Munttiptying a? beth sides of ean O, a "(ab) = 9°" Co) 3 ('adb= 0 2 bro Hen ud £ bak we aye diate os a,b € F woe maibiany 7 Pak ne ye daria 2 Fi an intigl, demain Crna may nol be tun. Fee camp 2 ia 1.0. fuk val opedbean Grey finite anteqid demas ov pie Broth tet Oke a pimite Lp weit unity [et fa" be a me gue deinen ef D To pms a a une of D. Tpiotl 9 a bo own mere 08) New criwiden You fatlrwring aequance of eamunte of. a.o*,a*, (wid, axe saat sit iw 0). > JAM —9)_ Shasta mht tare ic auc TW nse enh tw patie inagar i andj say 12) 3a aa eg , ize 2 grins [ey comattanion tour ine 20) jet 3 isp 2 be j-i70 a a'en tert, iter 2 i a a a 2 gts gh Sint a wok osbitiony , thin vrtry nen yur Cement ib a unit in janite 1.0. 7 > ivan pet sconowwamfe 2) bm fe Gently 2p ik ade Tn viuw ef abew thustem, we fut nud vw prove that 2p is a TD. To pit: Zp ht ne gue diviats let ab € 2p» and ob=0 , ab> pe; rez 2 pla o# plo [by Exdid’s emma) Ty pla_2 aso iw Zp Y ple 7 b= 0 iwZy Pdp bas me gue duis 2 Zp in an vntegeal lamain and vb is finite 2 Lyin fie fram: 1. 2,0 Lorib; abez.}7{o,0. Li, L, Wei, Hab, 2, 2e0, 2421] ®, Ok Gk nat olo 1) 2 |i mi late a trata thot ta} a te | gt fone | pe | erat lara Bop 2 Lom aeah teh ath anh tio) fe} mal ant agit Ith ra, tei te trial ati ath ath ea pitas! bil Ie Initnai Ini ai UWLizers U2 Ite 21) i a od2. a(@)= {ateG ;0,bea] Let arb #0. Fae 0+ b is teh pris. Ge, atom ome of O and b nuyct be wan ye (arpay' = 1 G ath aa) Gearty a’ 2b £0. a ahs 0 eat a 7 a2 Bb, whl nal pore, Hen al ab showed. be wen: yu. Thus wey mm- yo dement of @CG) a a uni 700) na fel Chusacuitic of a ving Rib a teas petitive integer ‘n” such Wat m= 0 # AER. Th b aunoced by chs Rn, Onto] 7 Tne solr intagee aenist , wt say chow REO fy: cm 220 [na suck oor cast] dias Zyoin [ chan 2,22, chas 24: 3) thon 2, C023 MIMODREDL | Chasdceextic of | siry with, unity et R Me oy Any nite unity |. Ty 1 had infinite etn nd, Adie, the chanacbviitic of R is 0. H hak Mann wndin addition thu chusacteustic of Rin Pannh: Supprie has inyinite cider Then thuat Une paitore integes such, that ml = 0 A aanuunte G Ris 0 ca Reo Supptse | has oddibvce, od FMI = 0 and mG Lome poririre mage sasisgying this pre pety let 2eR be onbitsany. Comvide non = nl.) > (na = )12 0 Sind 4 was aabittowy adement ond nn =07 cha Ren CHARACTERISTIC OF A INTEGRAL DOMAIN The dharadtudstte fa 10. ik om om phe. Fak: Sine orthy Tb. te Gem obate sany with, Wray and foe oe ing wrth unity, cna ncenistre ef any it poo i abhitive edn of unity is inpinite anh chanactuistic of a ming in mh addibwe oder of nityTo porve thy Maquiuah ALqulle, we pit Weel be prove Hat a Aditeeo Oban of I a it ik finite rept be yume Suppeie Tak | has etd on whe ome $b, 1 fs5ten Then o- mi [ adsikive mdse of 1% n) 7 5120 & bIF O But n being thy odditive ob of | thw eat porte Integr caticgying mlz 0 9 eta sen ee ten Ty sem, then 4) ond ne nit Y ten, then s= land nein Fn Mma be prime. aol 10s EDDEAL TOF 1A RING: A cubuing ‘A of a sing Rb cited 2° sided ideal 4 k if fr onay MMO AER and aeA, na and are A Obsevadiew: A swing ‘eof ming Rian ideal [beth sided) if it abrorbs ctemurte firm & ic, AEA TACK ad ata (4, AREA YACK ond een th OKE A YAER ond cen ARS A VACK ond CER PROPER IDEAL An idaoh A Rw @ Pope teak of R Yh ik a pope subsee of R ADEAL TEST AL nan empty fubace A rf oe Aig Re oak Meal of Rip L @beA 2 AG omd OA 6 A whee AE A ond AER trample: 1. R and (0) ade the Wiviel idtals of 2. Fok any patie mtg n, nz witt be fo, 2n,32n,...4 Gnd ot kerents nk, and ye nk, — xX, ye2 rye nkjankye nl ky Fi) 4 ky ez. énz Now 3462 Tan 44+ Val ded he dp ee gen ene n2 wan Uuab of Z 3 ELE) bo sing of _patinermicl cottpicients Goud. ov gubsch A of al patynomials wit conttant cant 0Ae {pide tba): 410) <0} Gmidn gun, gre A, 4(0=0°gCo) lay goon € God Aue 40-00) = 0-0-0 “gl * flor gior=o > Gomer let fO0EA and CDE e LAL 4 gopeelad and fo 0 fron go0.a0) = ohio 3 gene A ‘Thus by ideat tut A is an ideok of etx) 3. ue Rue a CRY and aeR Then the set faa laer} Tus ib Called on paint pleretdaabropeR’ gennated by a let a,y6 a> PAA, ond yr Aya whet 4, 226k Aa- Asa > rao € Alar ov prin plo A 5. lt Rea CRI Wey oy ty An ER Twn 166 an, Maye ter LAM T AT Ayan , AER ,bELI3,..,n) Gon ideal of R. 6. 20x] set of dL prtymernial with, vmtegn ontHicients Ve f ge 6209): gtoreze jeez} cement ow A Le R bea ning of ah atch volued fumciom of deal vasranta. S34 ROR: fod cists pee] a7 deat mag no 2FACTOR! RINGS | la ke a ang and A ke an ideal of Ryton ear tara; reed THEOREM EXISTENCE! OF FACTOR RINGS Leh Row a sing, A Mm subsing of K thon die Set of omets FAEAJ AER) tm Aimy Wmder rpration (st Alt (Lam = (sttiea (st MULT) = sth 5 ste ff A ib on idea of R Then AS Wk Know fem qioup Huey teat the feb of Weet fom a qhowp wndn addition Aja wtb. aadicirn wil from a. gurip (PLA, 1) i a gong, Ldantity © (sth) t Cota) = st Ina < (St: CStm otk GiMtttM = (Atte 5 ster = (eo a = Gem th) > Gem) a a phduan group ( (s4M(bte) + stth € FIA (stb Re) a (lst A). (etm). (oral = (srtaycpe md + (stp tt) (Slt —) +A) = (Sth) Ltp+ = (sth) (tem (pre O Gonsidn (SHAN ten) tp1m) + (srmlittpth) 5 st,pee (step +) (Gtr sp ta) = (St9h) + pth) GEMLLA) + semiprA) Aivitetty (\StRILLED) (DER = (S#RIpeRt EAADC pt A) Th dunt, be noted thar amy celbiction of weeks ia checked fm a Any wmdn ch» given epuatiny but tht yfren epaakiow must oe cnwceed iy thay can well defined. Th peeve ins we wh assume th Ai Gn ideal of 2 let Gt) + (stra) and (uth) = (ttn) To ponistare (tA) = (sent CUA) Gra) = (tn) and (Eth) © (t'e A) a sts 6 R + tier 4 ssa pam aor Ft b yume ben 4 s*s'ta 9 tetas oman (StADt (teh) © Gita tart ctite eA) = [ileal tities) [wna oben 9 arn ae sealConsider st + (s'tayct'te) > sitleseat'tab Stns sit'rsbt at'tabt & vostlta [na at! , sb, abe al iaeat)) Opootuvins of Odditvn ind mutt vpliatvm aepined abore an will dfined rpoatuw iy * ix an (asad, of Hane K/h ib 0 ding teed fader sing if A a om ideal rf Cemasely suppne thot e|A ba Ming wna qirem epuarinns On he contaahy suppoce. that Y penible A i net an ident of (dub A ih a sui off) it, a6M, nek MPA mgm WLOG , bb Us anus ang Grsidsn te Unemerts ath of RIA Wusty atae a [voce] * orn let ata e RIP Nowe QT ADCS # mI C04 MIATA) = (oAtM) = A 2 (at ADs A Wake mand D4 EA Wie ih & Oontwadichen, A must be an ideal Cramps. & faa aang of 2 coy 2? fertz, kez] ie or42+ fo, a¢,34,402, J irene {153,478,004 arte _f.2, 6,-2,10,-6,...} + f42, 26,10... attz= [53-11-80 } 40422 f0,24,29,20,...) = ona FZ has t distinc cates a Z ib omimutating sing wits uni z ’ 4 a a2 © fakrt2; bez} 4t orez*fo.t4s2an,.J 240 f a 6-8 Ft L246. 410,004 4t427 0442 a2 [42 hos tur distinct elements 22/42 ik w Gommutahine rng wither unity3 Plas fp “) [ave sy Scho matuin witty wren eneics- Pe ep es ak, Twit Lo cy and an itech. FIL ib a packet ding. fle ott : wea} aha, 1; apefo.t cee RehconGca 4 Grid thy Aing of boudhian inmgus — z(i) Ka 17 = [ad pae2td) bo panape jamb of 260 id bo poao ai be lh 4 20i) + { aire atib » apez} ao Ritwie ceo > ot sair e020 ? isle Irtit <2 Sta ter + Ma caiz Ber ele 2 te, 2 5-0 9 Metin Coir es Ur Ses CRUD 7 tga Hana way seman of FR. ia yeah of tru of fotlecing cents OL CAL, I Cay, AEE, Bt CRUD AT aE? 2 * 2, arin 5. ROD = f gorrca’er>: gue nad} oe Pn? a am AMAL of Rb ALL in a face airy a> ROD + faaeh + x42 | abe RCa]} aDPnematbe sce glaia'eils aloe! ce ’ salt Ca purbt = fo} C124 Ze 5277 $02,4,...,945 <39° £043,600, 53) <427 £0, 4,8,...,92) S Cap 572 £0,510)... 35) 46>=t0,6,I2,...,30) © & <9? Rib said. tw be maria ides of Kwhumenrr 8 ik an itead rf K and ASBER Denz, Manimal iduat of 25 am. <27 and <2 36 yd Bi, a Maximal ideal | noe o prime idpab 425 <2) s be Np tect NAN TY 166642 cr ae Neth 2 nat 6 € <4> oy 9 C4? & mova. prime (dzat. RESULT Tp Ab On ital of aig R and ‘1° 6A tan A=R Prop: Ack [A wan ids of 2] — © To pure: REA let ser, ler Lach [Ai an Udall tule | ca ET @® Vring © and @ RA Kena. Proved Quan: Prove <1PE1 Ga nemunAL Mat of £O0) AMS Le A he an Ldtat of ROD winich purpeity crvteas ne te,, Ah upen dha amy da'ai2_s A © Rt hk fed. To pom: Ae ela As ER én 2 oxt-eA— O New a canne caren uatiptr of trl) Alw ater Ftatgtral tata EA Cuwing 0 arta) eA ean, <> in natFate en am 1_ eR or @He (yen [ona imot] ae Leben Hena Patved thar ar RL prions auune) 9 ia w marimat Lavab of R600 Que: Cxti7 B met o pume ideal of 2,12) Aw: 2,00) o xing of paLynenuiote with coopicionns fom 2, Caen Cat Get) = atrantl «| ate al [Ee but Cag cxteie 2 CaH1? ib maton pie idiot. eo] THEOREM Ku an intugul damaain yy hb a prime Lauar of & on Ut Robe crmamutatune ain with unity ond A be an iduab of R ‘Wan ban inogal demain uf AW a pam ima of R Payee To purve © hia o prime iceat, Ltt o,btA ; aber (onwiden ath) (bers (ab te) Sea LMM Of Re £ uo demain: ek Arde hol teal a we Ts “tT t 2 ach a ber 7h ib w prime idtat lowrinatly, UA A be a pume ideal of & To pure: RIA ib a Comenmutatiee sary withy nit. “Vik unity & FIER & G unly of. Bank RY comms Cat A)Ubt R= abth = bath *(btAlat he) Fb vrmmucatios Tn widsn to prove Rin is an Wokupal demain, wt push med pare What RIA hor me yo a. lmid. (ata )(bra) = Ot k 7 ye dire f 2 3 Cabeny: A Z 4 ober but AU prime ideab rf R206A m bEA Fath =A m brArh Path yum damn A bE a ge dam A ek has ne yuo dinrivens 9 von inkiqul domain Sr OL 2023 vTHeoRe 4 ba gud yy Ae Maan MOL. ‘ oR Wa Ro omarion ing Ws unity ond LA RM On idol of RR Bin Hild A marina iduat f & Pra Wh RIA ia. pet. To pur: A a maximal idva et 6 he ony imal umtodniny As AeB,..abeB: bgA As bER 2 ben ea Le, DEA i a nen yur damunt of RIA RIN ib itd > Cronyn oer cement of R/A made be an, wnt Fa centaceln (btAMctn) Ith 9 bet he lee > ecew As ctht eA cd an cer As beB anaceRr 2 bees > bbe ebces en 8B 7) A puopuly , Se that it samain te plat that B= e tics 9 or [ap Le 8 fou ong idea BR. thon B=Rj FA ik manimat idea Conrasely, Wt Ais marimat. To pave RIA wa, fieee Prony: As Lb a commuranioe sing, ithe unity 14 A Uo unity of AIA and IR ermmucasie: bt, RIN ik commmusadiee ing wittte uniy So me fuse dr pave, Thoth win wen yer Cam of Bin a unit Lib ben ooo mee ye eam of RA a btnth 2 bg Aber Now, ormidn ter set Oe f bata, rer, andoi: BO an iduab R ted wmaim A poperty Condit (bAta,) and CbA,Ta 268 Chait ay) (oagtan) = bUAraadt Caran) er en eR Conia ACoA, A, I= antag, Ace “ban tam, ek eR ee Sindlaaty (oara dae & Heme by idk text 6 on eat of R Nw, Fo AZO: batasaeh 9 AEB for ari: baras btaca [ogad Plan mms brace: brag h 9 Aes Ken. , 8 annbains A purpealy As AW Mania and 8 contains A popaly- B must be equal te A 7 BFR 2 168 Visrmy CER and a'€R wr that [= beta’ a It ps berate - bck = Ot arrn) Cot A) was ovbinany dununt of 8 whic. hag mubipticaine tnvese, Cot A) Fk vo pus A Enamp: <27 i a prime deat) but net a marimal vdid im 204] Mubmn: <17*bagun: goo 6 20a} fyi € 209), 40-0} ——O Spire Ea ge ta gas 00,07 2009) crn ftw 20a), woods ak} F200 Cen vant Knzecnare2z(al 7 6a? ib moa manimat deat of 210) To prove: Cx? 4 0 puime (da. let gow, WOW € $07, gD, WL) 6204) let gO) Kon exa> To parm that g Qu 6 2 wd ah wmtegal domain) titan ge car mw nive ca? 2 4a) ik A prime ideal of 2009let Rand be two rings amd $ be a map fom kw Sq a said we be owing hememoipar jar Rts ip it passers tw wore sing epuraturn, Gt, lath * part aco blab) = cay gw) A ning havent plasm weiith, 4 beth emu one and ont ib Clbede simp Lsemuatphivns Examples: 4. 27 2Zq whbe n€ 2° te kad Tis map 6 O bemerurrphi em AL. tw ax natal ome phicm. Wek Ree 2 mh tah bby k,nwd ns, med 4 gle)? Guy) 9b bret aupined. crnaun CET b= (ey thy) med = (K madi t k nerdin) med n = ky adn Ok, Weed = glty © dey) bkks)= (kk) med = (Kredi) ky taedn) ne ~ kmedn © ky ad = glk © ble? 74 sing larrvemnet irons 1 RET E Qlar)= a-tb [et ati, ond tid, € © swh tak ap ibs aids 7 aedy ant by? by 9 arth, = a,- iby Fg la tib) = > (a, 416s) 94 a well daynea, Cams, & ((a,ribd¥lay ribs) = GC acray ti Cb bp) = (G,t@,)-ilb, tba) = Cay tht Cage thy = Carib) +4 Cas tibs? bLattb Maytibad = Clayay ~ bids ilaet a, 92) © yay- bs ba) = La, be4 ay bd Fa Cae ty Gg Cat ibe pla rib 2 hb nity Wermelmarpurny To pint isemmmplaun —>Leb aytiby gt tba € E Sch thal g Cartibds ¢ (ay iby F detby? Aye ty 2 gray and webs 3 (arity) = Cait? 2 etl Leb tig 6 & (ve domain) 1 & ib onto ton 8 a complex mumbo at cb €¢ (domain) side or gcarib) = 741y 2 give ary 2 oF and -be y Hone atib © 2-iy 6 E.G Yo atiy GE Curdemain) 3a a iy eG sade that derty)= at iy 2 § bone Thus 4 spin price. BRU AR gde teat @CpLD)> 4) lek gins gia) Fyne qu 2 bua = b Gan 3g iy wt daginas. Geman 400, qin € RD 4 tyans glo)= ¢ eqn = gu Hoe gun = dtyant Goo eGangim = 4 Yarn = gyi > (gw = gL yongiay 3.) i sing hemowetphicn. tet ge att and gh? a'tl {WA and g(a Yue (Ul gll) but. glad + glad 2 iv wmh omen fre sing_isemmplioue 4 G24 Dy sun tat gO 5x let ny l2y, 22 y 2 oneyso in Zy. ay? tk slays aoe > wlan) 9 Subys 0 in 2p 4 bas by ie, @0r gly) 3 it welt duyinadWt 2@ ye zy FaGyy- tytn whe ofa. Slaty-44,? * 514 Sy 204, © (p60 + (y)) mua 10 = 4 Oy by Topmeb( 1 Oy = 4) By Oy) AS AYE 2g 9 fot ays 4g,t4, 7 AY? Ay Im Zy (1 ®, = ocry) gu) =p (ay- 44.) Slay- 444) Say- 20q, 2 SS lay)= 20g, in 2y_ [55 25 moat 10] (4.00 guy) med 10 7 gw, bly) 2h ba Airy hememerprirm 5. Leb A be dingy with, dhasackmat ie. 2 GeRAR ouch tt tare a* let aber lat bys Cath)” 7 aa tabt bt aa 2 abt abt bY eqs’ (2 than eed 9 2250 4 xeR ,rabER] 2 glare gu) blab) = (abd* ae = 6) gto) 2 > & henrvatphicm AS pladz a? nd 9 (>a)= a* 9g ® mt om-omw 2 4 neh @ omerphism: 6 OCD tI Zt) Such that gtk ak Uk Ri kpez Qt one = ome @ Melis QU Ut ka) = Aleit? aels bey = at ak, wd 4632 3 y= pep = lk) t Oley) el $b a qoup baemrmeryhismt ond ghey armpit, 6,3)? 060-12. | 5g Gar) 4-H 469) GCL) ot Able atTek fou di i blbity of 4 We knew twa nig mF ay cdkey Ao id cant stbee by 1 Met Oper tort ay Wh dnb by 4 me ay ott ayy Wt ta, —@ Let ® be 0. nabieal bamsmerphiam given by §°2724 side mat @ler= & mod Aybyrng pmo, O GUM= OKIE ayy" ..4 ay) =O laew!) + blag toh D4 OF GLO) QUT bla bOI 4 4 Gad [2 0 = gant A Cae2 CG C0) 44 OCA L . ° 4 Ala) [2 & 6 homomat phism) & buono plist) & lk pomenunphisin) =O ladlt Fp tt $ (and Leqmeat = (det dey 1... tas) FWgt dye. ta, i dairisiber by 1 6.2. sum of AAgpES of numb n macst be avis bee by 4 Seas: We nbd te chuck ask if ome of tute integer & thw sunt of te squares Yo, wan thane must eniye inlgua , ¢) 0 such, thas atk = atte’ — © Consider medinal (womermmpliom 2724 sud teat qm * m mod + PUttkr= Ola wd QO)+ OGHS Gat ew" [ews (a) wa | 340 8 dey? fab A 3s tty im zy THEOREM. i Geka be a stm Quormernnet phi ond. Oo A be an vubing of R and 6 be an dead Mut Hi AER GRA Any prmitire atuge my Gl nad=n ola) and p@")= (¢4))” tam gna pOatat... 142 Ln tina] = 4 Ut Galt. tea) = nb Gane gl ara a) Cn time) F_UM.G IA... 40) = (¢00)" [al gene f gars acm} va money. o 5 Tem: AS A 6 Oe Subuny Of R 2 o€n Gime OLA rom = 9 let ayy 6 CAD Fone POU) and ye O0y Wh 2,5 yy Ew ays blur oy) gta yy) Lob it herwemesphion]A acy eotm) [oa yen? a-yea) lonvidin 2y > @l40 dd 2a Ony? [2b i hemoecpacm) € qn Co ayenl Renee by Subuvry tet Gun Oo subing of 5 1B) yh an ihuat ard § & onde Stun $M) i an deat of Pair AG pared m2, A-ye GCA) Hy aye 4tR) Ih BES , 1 gin rid. bu = 3 bt) AS Qik one, fou aS 4AER such thar Qn 4 7 a2" dint = gtaa — [2 ois hemenverphiom) com (J anen a Ai idvat fe] Smitaaly, 16 € QEm) Vane. by ideah ust acm & an idtat of s || ort fer [ocree) & on idan of B Pranp: Ltt nA & @'(B) 2 goa, dE. Glacad= gtad= dO» es [2 euon megs) 2 arare 6°68) Let AER and a,6 9708). Grider (42,9 = Gla) tla) 6s ee ep Fame oe) Himilaily a4 6 4°C8) By idiot wae, g°'C8) om Laat of R ‘oye B WMMelt, then G(R) ve oMnbatut, fur: RS Rik commtatuee ving, ft Hy ER yt ye 2 Hap guy 9 pEMelge 61400. Lg i memommpriant 9 90K) b Ummmastar we. (ly kia wnity 1,5 t to}, and ¢ & onto, tun ell) & te unity ofS. PaO Uh BES. As § & onto, FP AER wih ther s* gta) lowider $05 = QUI) Alm) = bla) * Qa sAS AES Wad asbitiony, 2 GC i & umity of 5 FE gu an wemetyhiam ] and only if gh Ore ond kes = fAe RI Oiar-o}> fo} fhinf: Suppese. te tan omer phism 746 lank ote heme Le AG kag 7 AER, LH 0,065 = elo) , OER burs eco taco (rg att) Ais x wa onvinony,? wr g > {05 Conrusily , supprte ker b= fo} and 4 is onto Ty pure: 1 Let 4 Ou)2 @ Oy) 4 glad dao 9 blr nm) 0 2 ame ka ge fo} Tay 420 Fee 9 qa vl 2 4 be an isrmepruum My 4 an ikwrampaivm form Konto S, then Gis an ibemeplaiind Yorn S ente K toy. gt 59k ore fares grares} ut wye gO) Fone HES and y= GD) 5 SES 9 gent 5, and Quy)? 5, tH O° COU t Gy) = ol bat) sty = gst otlsy) 4705, 592 47 (G00 Oly)? = 4" Cec lay = gy 2¢' be Ning, beemnerae Phim FL ug 6) 2 "sy 2 es 44)) 2 $5 onto: MEAL, ip G6 ome, 2 se 5: Qinen 2 g-ses Kena fe ER 3 GUNES: O*(QUa)e A| OF 02-2023 oTHeoReet: Let $:8=5 be w ning hemewmorphitm thn kage (nek giadeo) i an iduad ef & ron: Leb ak, aks € end 7 plad= Qlayd- 0 9 Qin eae Oo 24 0 hmmm prior 9 gla, 2 ° wae ent lovide , 4rz-AD= OU) OL), AVE K ° A aAe bad Simmilanly yay € RAD Phang ia an ident of R (by deat tate) FIRST HOMOMORPHISM: THEOREM (RINGS). STATEMENT: th g: R75 be & ding darmomnphiv Then the Magpring pur Ay w 4 ginn by ¥ Un ka 8) UR) kan omanptairm frac: To pave sp ik Wenn mna pris ee P Lajtagt ben 4 t kin)? y (ntazt kere) + bord Yar dd ylat kag) pt ab) gy [rte grlagren gn]? yl ayaa ka Oat Aa t km 6) ty yrteng) (tap ia an taunt of 2] * diary + dla bla) (2b i homer prirm) yOut eg) Vlagr kab) New poe yd [1 Let Uy ik) = @ Cat kag) > go On petty apna 2 bla glare o i 2 glcanso i Pray € kg 2 ating sat ng Now pore pik enter Ut gin) © o(R> yu rer Hyd ome 73 xtknge_p jree ce git kn = O00 32 4G) = bid > Qleaeo lace, inplits “Wp? ikon ihernn pion 2 wate fim ding ib idumbicldy, coab te thy range. a Aig = At EA gLIDERLS “ARE KERNELS: SUNTEPENT © Evawy idan fo ating” i tne keane rf a, xin, orm pian of ‘R” Th paaticulon on ah “A? a the kun of Ue mapping A ATA Ley Bem R-RIA Back: Lak be simp on A? be on idtal yk. Umit a mapping gi R= RIA such that Gude arA Thang is hewveramprim [ Natural, Wemrmevpacem) qUataa)* astaat a saytntaan [2 At on det) ADE ant eutmom [oA a an ime) = glo. gud To pe: kag = A Toe 16 wag 2 glnso FATA A > yun damune of yout. ring, ata > mg en — © New iy a eA Farnea 2 gcae a 7 a6 mad 2 Ae ms— @ by © ond © 3 ae kad Examps @:21a]42 + 6400) = 400 aot: ue gon, gone zt ridin, 4 4004 gla) > 4( 42g)000) - YIpo glo + glo) & (400) 4 & (goo) Met wotudan, & ¢¢a.gan)= § (gd) = 4g) = Aor. god ~ 4 gon). § (goa) 79 ih ning Jowemnatphirn hats { yoneztarsg (qan-0} +A gonezta: 4-0} e lea> + fa gon: gorezta) By gut Lemarptuirm mem, Zia = 4 (2h) bag Zid - 4 (203) n>Cualy gb ome lv nerd give 200 QC giW)= & gg bn = glo k Th particule , tet gin 011k Thin fr ke2 = g00° onth € 200 4c gmMek 24 onte Li $2 [ Specie aa As 2 i an immgul demain ~ 2LaL prime dah oy 200) Oo (O88 8033 sTMEOREM Lo R be a ning wt unity €. TRL mapping: 2-98 glen by glinl= ne ib & sing henwerwet phism Pomp: cove tl) m,n 2° lt my ner aLmtn)+ Cnt me Peretet..te Umm) time Tetras ete m tims on times met ne Glyn) tg (n) caw lid mo, nc0 (mtn): Lmrnie + m-mce) Cm -as -rt-e) = ome tne 44m+ din) cox tii) m70, ned. kb nt=m 4 (nen) = (mame + Lmrtagle Fomet ene) Tey coe uo) ve tne = goms gin &(mme= (mde = mene = go gun) 2h is a hannereapaiomSOOROPUMONA: 14 RU a Aing mith Uty, Ond COAT 4 VOL, CARE R20. Then ‘RT ontalne a subuing luomamphirm tw *24? HY wwnaatoishic of Riv.c, dar R= 0, then ‘R? ventoins a subaiy iaemmplisi ty 2 tne: Les Se? be uncty. of te! trnsiten te seh ‘5+ the |kez) FAS puree Sm be SubiNg of aim: $ & a skbaing af *R” Unite ke Ke 6S a hehe 9 Uke. ts Sinlaaly ie ee P elekK) | ek EL 4 eles es By subsing tot SS? hm bing of 62? Note, Leh g:275 . GU) ke by abire these, 4 hemnrmonphion, Fe isomerism, Mew purr onto: qh mers Let ke 6S, then J Lb ible ke Pate ke 34-5 F Fm ke eS 9 kez: Med ke, Hence, ia onto by Fuk ommphiam zis ae tag: freer: giro) = fkez: keroe} cw fe, $22, when ar tin Ty thea R= 0 st$z2 52 Zoo SCOROUERIONR 2, herawrnstptuic. image of 2 gi22, CORONERS A YwA untaine Zp % @bt, Tp FM Yiu chmnacedstic $P), them PF umtoins a gub= field Womunpiaic tH 2p.1f F Wo felt of chasnauistic “6, tne € contains a sub gietd isemenpeic w 0 ump: et UMAR +g, thn by Unetlany |, F contain & subsing Unimtphic te 2» I, oa £0, shen port that F teins a swing $ omorpic wr @ tt 1 fab" aves, seo} Nowe we davis a reap 1 B+ plan" de a/b S ly inpmarplnic tr 2 (5 = 29) S must be a field [pin a feta) New ous. dina ibe pave Ts field [igatd] of S. Se, omny nen yore chumenty rf S nmusts have a multiptintive innast hind bTES $b ES 2 abies #a.beS,btd a 18s + (adr bed(bdd™ et abcd * (acd(vay” eT Alp, Lats eT OT ig ormmutatice ring with, unity, (abV"* bate rt fray damunt (nven-yve) of T ha a muti pti irate PT ina giud | ie 1 a a mabpea of 5} Conmidtr, 64, 6° 4 ah) * > & +4) pha = flab, rays.) Cb bad] * abst abr abe - oto b be F globe gla by [layla bY] = ¢ Capa, Co, 6.970 SGM Me By bbe 4 a,b.) Olay by) a king hemomvengirm. bk eds tet Cad) lasts 2 wt be ba Fab, + aby 1 ayectht hy aby eh, 9 abt + la, be > div 4 onto: ut alb £@ tan 3 abler: q (abs alb > 4 te ibemospaierTp dha F=0, tun F centoine subfith T irmenpinc te @ SFVELD-8F QUOTIENTS. Let D be an Intogal Drmain thon 3.0 yetd F cabled yield rf québiints mot umtains subhing isntompatc tw D ars Wh S be Ost ah symints of ame frm aber , bt0 Deft a satatine = om. S. by birt © Myre: asa abs ba bb Wyman ie tg 2 ad tbe > bead > eta ab Ui Taamailine “Lu afb cla ant cla To ports albe ely ch, apt be (envi, of * ade. Paysvee [aarde] + ape be Let F te a sot of cquivatena dame ofS , unda robin = om Sond donee the dau umbouning %]y 4 tal Dyin odAitien nd mubtipticabimy em F by Vales] [sanse [al-Es] “| 44] he 440 9 bato DM an intepat demain aim: Fina ped ) opsotvans one well dayinad a) [a] ant fe}: (el fe) tae + ab" ba’ and c's old ouidss,, (abs be) Ba'= ad vas ocv'a! = Cav’) aa's (cabs + (atbdaa's (cla) bel 2 (alas ble) ba adibe) © stave ve va * [sh fe Lele (e]Mow oe ware C8 Ee): Fate} Conidan (ad Wa) > Labptea) = (atl) Ce'@) + ale!) (bd) Now (Fa) ih am abelian group with identity. (gl (ol and tree of [a] in [a] wat (3) Maiguadine wore Hf La] [4] 7 F isa gua G:d-F mh at QO: [a] aim: larmerpoiene gaem Do (02 F centoint a swbiivg 40D) isemarpaism Te D: voor [os [449 £44 doy-(a4}-(2] 4 = garaty) 2 gi ememnetphi smn, G8 om: tet [a}er mon dato: gone datas quar ap ia a ae Twas bd & 400) soap RING THEORY, ENDDEFINITION A veda spat (tines space) Vovta a field that omnsists of a set on which twe epuatiiw (1? and seater ‘2°) Ot fined, se Una for ene pain of ements ,y inv Ane Gh a unique MAMAN ay He Vand, peak element Xfi V Shu a unique ALMMENE ax ime V such Cheat um fatRowring, condition, sate VSk fr lh ay mew, Arye yee WSR. fy olb ay, tw, Catyle ge aly rg) W330 EV: ar0= ae ore FREY WS fmtade EV 4 yEY, atysO= yen W55. fr tok nev. twa (ler) VS6. foLtach pain duu a,b 6 F and fH Wek LEY, Ub)xe Rix) WS2, fo eady a6 F and cock pa of Uemen Liyey , aay) SR. pol ache pain of dsmenth G,bEF fu each 2ev, (Geb) NOTE: Th Cunt of isl F ORD Cabbed. ScARLLL wna the, MALE of thu VECEAL SpA V Oke COLA wectans * Trivia 6 0 vedas spack ve [OT ond F, be any ith then oro-0 €y 4.070 €V ack © Evo fod io recon space rr that. Take oP Sea ‘T* ond scuten 2” one esinany ScabA. qAditn and muMLipicadinn, of YiMA Fond. MMAininy, 1 followed. fod perp of. FLED FEMARK: Gray ed ba rect space ra its subpiute Fou cumple: 08), RIQ) mae vecM. spat La v= RY with, cempenunt wise ‘1? and scala ‘a’ dopined by fray. eR to (a,, bt (arb) "Caras, byt bed ©C0.,b) = C60,» Cb.) pars atk prepa VERT R) & a wecten space THe ko HM tpl with ents foemm fold F dri by. Ry te nyu crmpenent wis, “1° and x” dupina by Fla esta sinted! @ ER ayy sad Daya by) te go dt bg) Clas, Mays dnd ® (6d, COn y-my Cay) Ore ALL WRC Spaces, eemark: UR), K'CE, PTLD R" UR) ont OME veceet spuds: Enampte: tot Ye R with “1? and 56x? dasa vy (a, a.) 1 b,.bx) * Ca,t by .0) cla,,a.* (ca, .0) Hong, (053, 4,5) fob RUD in vk a tat Space rds “+? ond 6x? + Seb of ott yma rn mnamices with tmcsan fu ta gio F which, we dune by Mya (F) wth the, rpastine Hit? and Kale 127 PR ALD E Mman Fl and cer(nt @y = Aig t By Comy = chy & a rect ypna. thins Fiat, VSL, 2,4 singed Assosiakinity : (ayn = alba) Gren = ane bk acre) © onaas Myra (A mith be recor spe MAUR) ik nek oe ecto space hy (20) ih mat rect space mal2p) is mba wean xpact Me Hy “) i a reckon space mite ) ad- te #0 ib nat a recor ypu [of 053) * Lt S tea nen-empry set ond F be any pie thin tot F15,F) dante the sib of oth fumavria frome Sw F unde thw patie of 2? and $44? dayined on fh He SERS F and cer Gig la = grt gto cfd = cl fo) fa ses This with be a vector space Tolet ve fay tart gr et ant"; ay, a), CR) he te se rf pRynemints of dagiee fn. Thin wibt be et space TUL be any fda sequen fv F is a Yonceiim pum ret vnbeqen uinke F the qwuner oo Un) ay $e nh 2, ib danated. 06 Lag}. abv oratist of ath sequins Lay) iv F hat dwt enby finite number of nen- Ye Lum ay 4 (ap) ond (bn) € vont ter, shen fond t (by 3+ Layt bat fads ttayt With Ns epaatien Yb a. veLom, space CANCELLATION 'LAWS FOR VECTOR ISPACE ‘ADDITION! “THEOREM: Tg ways mie veces in echet Spach V tuh tha at y= yt. Tun Ay Tang: by aapiinibirn of Veo space wet kaw that fis winy ridley 46 Vda ed I EV wil that Ftr <0 cnviden eto ae aryy) = epee = yrs ite L gion ay] + yt Gen Fyre eyCOROLURRY The veces Ov (53) tb unique, munns iaenti ty unique. Prorf: ub 0 and o! be tise recto tv ¥ sth teas arom ay aev— O arolt a yrev—@® Put 1-0! im Dart x-0 in @ — 0'10- 0! ; F020 10 im @ and so mO 2 ato+ 10! 2 oF 0! Coy ual Hens vedm 0 unique stacorert Vectes yt Cus#) i unique. Taash, uppers 3 tw vickeu yard 5 tv V Such dak nt yO and 215° 0 a oaryeany many ewer apace ‘y?. The fothowing eatemanta ane, Dus: Lox oy ney [ Riyro a veUm spa and Uy Oa fu] at 3. 4050 veer Uniden aoxt ox+ (04092 oxroxs on Orton: o1to oxs 0 (by Let) baat [-lan] +o Lala rare Gara a as -(a9) © a-m) ¥aer, eV * om Cox + an slaw = alr -ax-al-Lw Scan Calon = eat aa (ara) x = om L. 90440 = alto) + 010 oo+o Coy teu) SUBSPACE A GAGE Ur ef a veUEOR Space V OTK a Yule, Fo med subepAE Up we a O. eCIM Ypaee ove F with the epuation. 4517 an teat, Sx? aap. on Vv ane (0) aan aban tein subspaces of V ‘sTMEDREM: Lee W be a rece spa thd wee sheet of 1, Uren we ik cr wubrpam of Vif the fetlewing 3 tendibirns bald he paw aapnth iwoe (2) at y Em whens Ly Ch GW) ce w wha Lew, cer theo: 1, We akspace rE then W le rectey Space with the mpeat von of 4 and, Stata Sx? depind om v. > Wand 0) bate, nS Wik rect Ypaot ,.'-3 some 0 EN wh that rt0'-a ¥ 26 W. Ay fo thy ye Hckeh Oa mL de Aton Haney Thu .n 40'= 20. 3 o'F 0 [ay Leu im vest spa) 2) datas Conroy, suypese (1),(2)and (3) dtd be parve Wis a subspau of ¥ Wie fuepace if pastiobenty, tna 4 purple trad ont oew (i) ty OW whunwen a, yew Gi) Cx CW hana ew and cor (oy xem, 3 new ateaso 5 (2,01 ond) ose giren by (0) we kane CREW FLEW ond CEA In palonlae grt CooL EE we awe chaew plo ale Hence, + porpatin obae duds, tence ,W 6 6 subspaw, of V Enampts(s Let (FD Ae thu set cenviting of alt papain im Ale) domring- deque Lut sham ob AQUAL tron, IKE Nik var nagar amb fern = ac mur ft palynemials of dagen tus tran agual ten Lagan Primemink of dag Jak than equal tn Hema (aes. Again seat mudziptlcation rf pRYWeMNiA of AUyLe UM than ML e4URL nk pai a Payer Hf dug, BAS than o& equals te > umd (3) hi MLO prlymetiiat, ter nek dugane Luk than Ug Wn. > venasbing U1) bold TWilk, ey (F) i mMbspau op. ee) Enammpte 2: Let cCe) dunate the so of OW crmcinuenn sual vata func duytud, rm R atin: To pare COR) ib subspa of FE, RD nck Gu are fH ees forties ik Opin ain and sean ‘x of nino fomnchuin in alee onkinusens fomdion « * wendition (2) and (3) datas 400"0 abu uentinur wa * unaiginn, (0) hates Erompl 3: Let mig Ae a we of mem dingenal matin SeAnion: To. puave: My) ik AAbAPAL FE Pinay (FD The Hy Men ( FD SAM ab abe poet: QwAL: torn the a Tf mn mation with trac [um of Utamunts om main disgenat] = 0 fra: To prove: T in Wap A tye 4WIATB)= 6A) + B18) + o10%0 mca) = cen exo =0 Hen 1 6 a tbspace of Men (F Let The a sek rpnkn manic vn Mana LF) bowing wen-nigatrs erties Ti Wh a subpar. rf Man). Sine desane wert. scala” dete nt date THEOREM Any usec of wiingaces of vecen opace ib 8 wubopaue of ¥ Fane: us © be a aleve of bepaL ef V and w dene Yu InLAKLLA of Yubupac inc To pene sw io subspace tc Uaaaty, weny wwhpace ¥ dentoin 0 yee toew We ce ant 2.4 6H) Then ye eh subrpace of Cin el 9 by aucun of subtpace 24 y and CE tach Sbnpa Paty ant crew Tous. Wk Subspace 0 JTMEOREM rien rf fubypace may neti Mw Lubes pacts fount: eve RE and tee 5,71 (4,005 068) and 54°f (4,600; 6]; (,0,09,C0, 6,0 5,05. Bi (0,0,094(4,b,00= (a,b,02 § S05, Honora 5,05. ih nit a mubnpace if tito 5,254 5,65) “LINER EL COMBINATION: OF VECTORS-OF A SET. Wet CED ke a reat opnee, rth ged F $Me a WM empty GubSEE Of V. Now rev bo Linea rmbinatun of veur if 30 finite numba of recat Biel OS tnd OMI 8.) oy Oe HIN Aa EAU e aya. Onn Framer > Grnsidtn. 58) aatsack, fyt Stor taon, ygtae area aeatiiaa- 6, fy oil 4. i dintan oembivatsin of fond fy By depirtvtrs 3 scala a,b ER boat p adorn tanec = aCPean™ saat bC a sh 4-9) by Umpauiorn, we ga Rr atdh 8 = -Ra-5b, IRF Sa th, b= 30-4 oa -tyeea ADIMNR: Fy VE & inten ormbinatitn fy On tee ht bps gcaa'yan ts ace Bash, tesa-th Sa DaCosta) fe 30-4b dr ardb,-2°Inoanssten, oti, Le, thadesie nyttem bee ri sation: SPAN OF A SET! LoS be & Maem- tmaphy, bbe of V. Then xpan of S dumeted by rpan (5) i the seb vending of all Linge combinable, rf veces fn 5. by lenrntién pan egos: ‘TaeoRee Tu span rf any subset $ rf vedas space ko subse af v. PLEYEA aruy subipaie of ¥ Duct Umnind Ss mut ale Uren smn gs Trang 4452, thaw spanisd= £0] whicn ko» swbspace wentadn ins amy subs pace sp ¥. Y stp ut aes, TAD Fy" Oey & Hanis) Lek ay Spams). Than 2 re sy Mayes Me ANG Faysoee in HS OPA SARE 8, hyo aI By bo ony by Ch tha We at tua tt ane Pobre tby rat t bath ARPS tot agbat be tt Bate cx clout aut + ayue) = Ceadat (ea ruytat (Eta)tn € pants) pants) i a sub spac of Now, wy aunster any subypads of V tha urtains S. 14 We %pancs), tan We Git Gm totcaita s W's 65 and c's EF fina $n FW Wyo tea EWAN Wik a eubspace We Cyt Gy Matt Cty € 8 2 yn) SnLee UF) be a voce epam aid $ be subieh of VS ib suid to he Linuan dependent tnene emits init nunnber of aisconce: WMA Wa ay gly WS AM SRE 5 Ra ony in I AR YO HO Aha Alt uy tt daa © We ube Sef veUaL space V which & WML Linuaily dupendunt b UBted, URIBdly, independent sc REMAEKS: + Emnptiy otk aia independent, sc + Linanly depundent $27 mast alavauys be rer empby 5 RE ans oa Fingle AR: ye CAL ib Lineaay adepeadent + Ask arity, xf rly your eco alwys Aenea upended 7 Uy A sc of a rea sau. tontaln tre ye rte then i a Linealy dependant x Enample: Tae votes ey C0) ,e4£ (0,0) vo CRD a tncoy imdpendert: adit: 9.0.7 ae,= 0 5 0, 036 R (1,0) + 460,020 AImiaay = (4,00) ,€42(0)1,0) C4F (0,0)1) one Linkasly vn tependent Fuampte: $* f -1, (3,295 4.044, 03,297 0 1H, atesmdnont | ej elas a Let el Unkany rpan da 4-340 and “At 240, 9 4, Te 6 timaaly. independant Enarapte: A+ €41,0,00,,€0,1,09, 04,1,09) 8,(,0)0 4 a0, 1410 4 4yl1,1.6) 20 (410405, 0.145 ,4,24,) 20 0.40520, Aytaje0, 40420 9 ataro, ataro 2 rayta-0 it binwdy mtupendtens: Frampe: BF f (1.0,40,(0,1,0,(1,40) | Ff a epee tte le 1A it Miwonly dependant Enamptt: both Liat and {1 tx iexta? ) mae ineawly iaepondant sets viv POR) MUU: Ay t art a, x= 0 fac aye 0 (by umpoing wfisent of bth du)‘this sh in Unusaly, intependes sh And by 4b, Citar by lira ts =0 Cost by ths) Cbytboat byt 20 ber bee hae 0 [ty tompaning uetpicinats of both sides) fit ib Cay independent EMRE: 1 Layee) ena dagen tae a re spac VFD then Lu, utr, ween) i Aah Ail dpa a F framp: S74 (1 0), f0 1),f0 0), [00 (asa caren ae seeholebaledad 9 graye assayed eit k Manwardy independent: fume ef (6 CAYCE pm he mae EOE LAME IN fG. 2 k ed Ghtyee lactose 9S trunty dependent, snsise_(p) A bats fx. a rece, space Vis a tinwasly independant bod. V ouch germans ¥ YB bas gm veclon spree V trun vein of B frm a bani fx V Eramptict§ & tiwanly indepurdent ypon(h)= [0h > ¢ wa bans qo redav space to) a ANS tn G0 bass of ORD 3 41,0) 0a beat op 6) 4D Leys G00 0°00} in the Mandand basis of RCRD « (i 1,-0,05,20) a @ beats on UR). 5. (i) te U1,0,00,¢+ (oy1,0).¢57 (0,0,03 & @ standard baxis of UR? G1,0,19.(0,0,0, 4100) 0 ans rf 0 6 Aa a8) and El, Hoe tio?) beth ont base ag PLR) space 1 brary We Mus ye FndEe aimuniiny Ke apo VCR) Yu Er, Kar rental & ale a Ms 1. Hardand edie BOS 4 ayy verted 4 vecons AG tee| 0305-2038 [FINITE "DIMENSIONAL, A eam pmee ib caLud, ity dimumiual ig it ad & aus outing fini nub Hp ree DIMENSION. The wnkge ma of tae Veh Sais ft VILA Ame FY a AAC yc foe ne tm ae ts aer | Th | fi wu ta} tam de steo| tele Lac anh ‘e. - inn. Py — tL 8, 8%} dian col)