Solid Mensuration

MODULE 1

Anthony [Link]
Instructor 1

College of Engineering and Technology

Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering

2022-2023
 Solid Mensuration – module 1

VISION
A provide of relevant and quality education to a
society where citizens are competent, skilled,
dignified and community- oriented.

MISSION
An academic institution providing technological,
professional, research and extension programs to
form principled men and women of competencies
and skills responsive to local and global
development needs.

QUALITY POLICY
Northwest Samar State University commits to
provide quality outcomes-based education,
research, extension and production through
continual improvement of all its programs, thereby
producing world class professionals.

CORE VALUES
Resilience. Integrity. Service. Excellence.

INSTITUTIONAL GRADUATE OUTCOMES

Creative and critical thinkers
Life-long learners
Effective communicators
Morally and socially upright individuals

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 Solid Mensuration – module 1

About the Author

he is a ched Scholar from 2014 to 2019 and a graduate of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical

Engineering at Northwest Samar State University (NwSSU) last May 2019. In February 2020 he took

the Mechanical Engineering Licensure examination.

Education is like your daily meal that it needs to feed your brain with a new knowledge

through our daily experience and embracing challenging works for us to be a better person. Positive

attitude is another virtue for a person to grow in this complicated world.

Special honor and appreciation to Willis F. Kern and James R. Bland the authors of

“Solid Mensuration WITH PROOFS”. From which the content of my module had adopted, for the main

purpose in the delivery of instruction to mechanical engineering student in our University.

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 Solid Mensuration – module 1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION
Mission and Vision of the College,
School and Classroom Policies,
Grading System and References.
Introduction to Solid mensuration
Plane Figures
Lines, Planes and Angles
Exercises

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 Solid Mensuration – module 1

Rationale

Course Code: B3

Course Title: Solid Mensuration

Course Description: The course deals primarily with the various solids. Discussions are focused on
the theories, concepts and developed formulas for the following solids: cube, rectangular
parallelepiped, prism, cylinder, pyramid, cone, frustum, prismatoid and sphere.

Number of hours per week: 3 hours lecture/week

Course Outcomes: After completing this course, the student shall be able to demonstrate various
solids and how to derive its formula.

Course Requirements:
In general, the requirements of B3 are as follows:

To pass this course, one must accumulate at least 75 percent through the course
requirements discussed above. The maximum points that a student can obtain through each
requirement are shown below:

Requirement/Assessment Task Percent (%)

Major Exams 30

Class Standing(quizzes, recitation and 20

attendance)

Major output 50

TOTAL 100

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CLASS POLICIES:

1. Problem sets will be given at the end of every major topics covered. There will be
at least eight (8) problem sets each to be submitted not more than a week after it
was given.
2. There will be four (4) long exams and one (1) final exam in this course. Make – up
exams will be given provided that the reason for not taking the exam is excused as
approved by the dean of the college.
3. Regular attendance is expected. Students who incurred more than 20% of the
required number of hours shall be dropped from the roll.
4. Cheating and plagiarism are strictly prohibited. Students caught doing these acts
shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions in the student handbook.
5. Cellphone use during quiz and examination is strictly prohibited.
6. Wearing of appropriate school uniform and ID shall be strictly implemented.
7. Final grade of students will be posted on – line (please refer to the school calendar
regarding the schedule). During the grade consultation day, students can meet with
the faculty (time and date will be posted on – line and at the department’s bulletin
board) with regard to the computation of the final grade.

References:
1. Willis F. Kern and James R. Bland Solid Mensuration with proofs Second Edition
2. Solid Mensuration, by Carpio, [Link]., 2013

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 Solid Mensuration – module 1

Module 1

Module Tiltle : Solid Mensuration

Module Description: The course deals primarily with the various solids. Discussions are
focused on the theories, concepts and developed formulas for the following solids: cube, rectangular
parallelepiped, prism, cylinder, pyramid, cone, frustum, prismatoid and sphere.

Purpose of the Module: This serves as an aid to the students in extending the
learning of this course through modular instruction.

Module Guide: This has a complete and detailed content of the course. Please read and
understand the preliminary content for you to understand the needed requirement in passing
this course. You should submit and following the deadline set for every submission and practice
solving problem to enhance your problem solving skill and understanding.

Module Outcomes:
1. After completing this course, the student shall be able to demonstrate various solids and how
to derive its formula.
2. Analyze and apply its principles to solve problems on various solids

Module Requirements:
At the end of this module, the students will answer and submit the problem in every
end of the topics of Solid Mensuration

Learning Plan

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 Solid Mensuration – module 1

Lesson No:1

Lesson Title: Introduction of solid mensurations

Mensuration is the branch of mathematics which deals with the study of different
geometrical shapes, their areas and Volume. In the broadest sense, it is all about the
process of measurement. It is based on the use of algebraic equations and geometric
calculations to provide measurement data regarding the width, depth and volume of a
given object or group of objects. While the measurement results obtained by the use of
mensuration are estimates rather than actual physical measurements, the calculations are
usually considered very accurate.

There are two types of geometric shapes 1) 2D and 2) 3D

2D shapes are Having only two dimensions, such as width and height but no thickness. :

1) Square - a plane figure with four equal straight sides and four right
angles.

2) Rectangle - a plane figure with four straight sides and four right
angles, especially one with unequal adjacent sides, in contrast to a
square.

3) Parallelogram - a four-sided plane rectilinear figure with opposite

sides parallel.

4) Rhombus - a parallelogram with opposite equal acute angles,

opposite equal obtuse angles, and four equal sides.

5) Triangle - a plane figure with three straight sides and three angles.

6) Trapezoid - a quadrilateral with only one pair of parallel sides.

7) Circle - a round plane figure whose boundary (the circumference)

consists of points equidistant from a fixed point (the center).

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3D shapes : They have surface area and volume.

1) Cube - a symmetrical three-dimensional shape, either solid or

hollow, contained by six equal squares

2) Rectangular Prism (Cuboid) - A solid (3-dimensional) object

which has six faces that are rectangles. It has the same cross-section
along a length, which makes it a prism.

3) Cylinder - a solid geometric figure with straight parallel sides and a

circular or oval cross section.

4) Cone - a solid or hollow object which tapers from a circular or

roughly circular base to a point.

5) Sphere - a round solid figure, or its surface, with every point on its
surface equidistant from its center.

6) Prism - a solid geometric figure whose two end faces are similar,
equal, and parallel rectilinear figures, and whose sides are
parallelograms.

7) Pyramid - a square or triangular base and sloping sides that meet

in a point at the top called apex.

Lesson No:2

Lesson Title: Plane Figures

MENSURATION OF PLANE FIGURES

Mensuration is the mathematical name for calculating the areas, volumes, length of sides, and
other geometric parts of standard geometric shapes such as circles, spheres, polygons,
prisms, cylinders, cones, etc., through the use of mathematical equations or formulas.

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Sample problems

A man wants to fence his rectangular garden which is 15m long and 8 m wide. Find the minimum
length of fencing he needs to buy. Find the area of the garden.

The minimum length of fencing he needs to buy is the perimeter of the garden.

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Perimeter = 2L +2W
=2X15 m +2X 8m
Perimeter = 46m

Area = L x W
Area = 15 x 8
Area = 120

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Lesson No:3

Lesson Title: Lines, Planes and Angles

A line is defined as a line of points that extends infinitely in two directions. It has one
dimension, length. Points that are on the same line are called collinear points.

A line is defined by two points and is written as shown below with an arrowhead.
↔
AB
Two lines that meet in a point are called intersecting lines.

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A part of a line that has defined endpoints is called a line segment. A line segment
as the segment between A and B above is written as:

____
AB

A plane extends infinitely in two dimensions. It has no thickness. An example of a plane

is a coordinate plane. A plane is named by three points in the plane that are not on the
same line. Here below we see the plane ABC.

A space extends infinitely in all directions and is a set of all points in three dimensions.
You can think of a space as the inside of a box.

Measure line segments

The length of a line segment can be measured (unlike a line) because it has two
endpoints. As we have learnt previously the line segment can be written as
___
AB

While the length or the measure is simply written AB. The length could either be
determined in Metric units (e.g. millimeters, centimeters or meters) or Customary
units (e.g. inches or foot).

Two lines could have the same measure but still not be identical.

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AB and CD have the exact same measure and are said to be congruent and is noted as

This is read as the line AB is congruent to the line CD.

Finding distances and midpoints

If we want to find the distance between two points on a number line we use the
distance formula:

AB = |b−a| or |a−b|

Example

Point A is on the coordinate 4 and point B is on the coordinate -1.

AB = |4−(−1)|
= |4+1
|=|5|
=5

If we want to find the distance between two points in a coordinate plane we use a
different formula that is based on the Pythagorean Theorem where (x 1,y1) and (x2,y2)
are the coordinates and d marks the distance:

√d = (x2 − x1)2 + (y2 − y1)2

The point that is exactly in the middle between two points is called the midpoint and
is found by using one of the two following equations.

Method 1: For a number line with the coordinates a and b as endpoints:

a+b
Midpoint =
2

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Method 2: If we are working in a coordinate plane where the endpoints has the
coordinates (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) then the midpoint coordinates is found by using the
following formula:

x1+x2 y1+y2
Midpoint = ( , 2 )
2
Measure and classify an angle

A line that has one defined endpoint is called a ray and extends endlessly in one
direction. A ray is named after the endpoint and another point on the ray e.g.

The angle that is formed between two rays with the same endpoint is measured in
degrees. The point is called the vertex

The vertex is written as

∡CAB
In algebra we used the coordinate plane to graph and solve equations. You can plot
lines, line segments, rays and angles in a coordinate plane.

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In the coordinate plane above we have two rays

That form an angle with the vertex in point B.

You can use the coordinate plane to measure the length of a line segment. Point B is
at (-2, -2) and C (1. -2). The distance between the two points is 1 - (-2) = 3 units.

Angles can be either straight, right, acute or obtuse.

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 Solid Mensuration – module 1

An angle is a fraction of a circle where the whole circle is 360°. A straight angle is the
same as half the circle and is 180° whereas a right angle is a quarter of a circle and
is 90°.

You measure the size of an angle with a protractor.

Two angles with the same measure are called congruent angles. Congruent angles
are denoted as

∠A≅∠B

Or could be shown by an arc on the figure to indicate which angles that are
congruent.

Two angles whose measures together are 180° are called supplementary e.g. two
right angles are supplementary since 90° + 90° = 180°.

Two angles whose measures together are 90° are called complementary.

m∠A+m∠B=180
m∠C+m∠D=90

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 Solid Mensuration – module 1

Axioms of Geometry
Euclid of Alexandria was a Greek mathematician who lived over 2000 years ago, and is often
called the father of geometry. Euclid's book The Elements is the most successful textbook in the
history of mathematics, and the earliest known systematic discussion of geometry. In it he laid
down the rules of geometry.
He was interested in all the things you could do with a straight edge (a ruler with no marks) and a
compass. He came up with his own set of rules that described all the things you could do with
these.
1. Given any two points, you can draw a straight line between them (making what’s called a line
segment).
2. Any line segment can be made as long as you like (that is, extended indefinitely).
3. Given a point and a line segment starting at the point, you can draw a circle centred on the
given point with the given line segment as its radius.

4. All right angles are equal to each other. (This sounds a bit strange, but was basically Euclid’s
rule of how to measure angles and compare them.)
5. The angles of a triangle always add to 180 degrees. (Euclid actually stated it by saying if you
draw a line segment across two straight lines and it creates two angles which add to less than
two right angles – 180 degrees – then those two straight lines intersect. This rule can be written
lots of different ways.)

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 Solid Mensuration – module 1

These rules describe all the possible things you can draw with a straight edge and compass on a
flat piece of paper. By breaking down these straight edge and compass constructions into these
fundamental pieces, called axioms, Euclid allowed us to investigate what was possible in this
geometry.

Geometry Properties, Postulates, Theorems

A B

ReflexiveProperty For every number a, a = a.

SymmetricProperty For all numbers a & b, if a = b, then b =

a.(ex. the segment GH = segment HG)

TransitiveProperty For all numbers a, b & c, if a = b & b = c,

then a = c. (A bit like the law of syllogism)

Add/Subtract Property For all numbers a, b, & c, if a = b, then a +

c = b + c and a - c = b - c.(ex. 1 ft = 12
inches, 1 ft + 3 inches = 12 in ches+ 3
inches)

Mult/Division Property For all numbers a, b, and c, if a = b, then

a * c = b * c, and if c not equal to zero, a ÷
c = b ÷ c.(ex. 1 m = 1000 mm, 1 m * 5 =
1000 mm * 5, 5 m = 5000 mm)

SubstitutionProperty For all numbers a & b, if a = b, then a may

be replaced by b in any equation or
expression.

DistributiveProperty For all numbers a, b, & c, a(b + c) = ab +

ac.

THEOREM 2-1 Segment Properties Congruence of segments is reflexive,

symmetric, and transitive.

Theorem 2-2 Supplement Theorem If two angles form a linear pair,then they
are supplementary angles.

Theorem 2-3 Angle Properties Congruence of angles is reflexive,

symmetric, and transitive.

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Theorem 2-4 supplementary congruent Angles supplementary to the same angle

or to congruent angles are congruent.

Theorem 2-5complementary congruent Angles complementary to the same angle

or to congruent angles are congruent.

Theorem 2-6 right congruent All right angles are congruent.

Theorem 2-7 vertical angles Vertical angles are congruent.

Theorem 2-8 perpendicular lines form Perpendicular lines intersect to form four
right angles..

Postulate 3-1 Corresponding Angles If two parallel lines are cut by a

transversal, then each pair of
corresponding angles is congruent.,

Theorem 3-1 Alternate Interior If two parallel lines are cut by a

transversal, then each pair of alternate
interior angles is congruent,

Theorem 3-2 Consecutive Interior Angle If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then each pair of consecutive
interior angles is supplementary

Theorem 3-3 Alternate Exterior Angle If two parallel lines are cut by a
transversal, then each pair of alternate
exterior angles is congruent,

Theorem 3-4 Perpendicular Transversal In a plane, if a line is perpendicular to one

of two parallel lines, then it is
perpendicular to the other.,

Postulate 3-5 Euclidean Parallel Postulate In a plane, if a line is perpendicular to one

of two parallel lines, then it is
perpendicular to the other.

Theorem 3-5 transversal alternate interior If there is a line and a point not on the
angles line, then there exists exactly one line

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though the point that is parallel to the

given line.,

Theorem 3-5 transversal alternate interior If two lines in a plane are cut by a
angles transversal so that a pair of alternate
interior angles is congruent, then the two
lines are parallel.,

Theorem 3-6 If two lines in a plane are cut by a

transversal so that a pair of consecutive
interior angles is supplementary, then the
lines are parallel.,

Theorem 3-8 In a plane, if two lines are perpendicular

to the same line, then they are parallel.,

Theorem 3-7 to be added

Postulate 3-2 Two nonvertical lines have the same

slope if and only if they are parallel.,

Postulate 3-3 Two nonvertical lines are perpendicular if

and only if the product of their slopes is -
1.,

Postulate 3-4 If two lines in a plane are cut by a

transversal so that corresponding angles
are congruent, then the lines are parallel.,

Theorem 4-2 Third Angle Theorem If two angles of one triangle are congruent
to two angles of a second triangle, then
the third angles of the triangles are
congruent.,

Theorem 4-1 Angle Sum Theorem The sum of the measures of the angles of
a triangle is 180.,

Theorem 4-3 Exterior Angle Theorem The measure of an exterior angle of a

trianlge is equal to,

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Corollary 4-1 The acute angles of a right triangle are

complementary.,

Postulate 4-1 SSS (Side - Side - Side) - If the sides of one

triangle are congruent to the sides of a
second triangle, then the triangles are
congruent.,

Postulate 4-2 SAS Side - Included Angle - Side) - If two sides

and the INCLUDED angle of one triangle
are congruent to two sides and the
INCLUDED angle of another triangle, then
the triangles are congruent.,

Postulate 4-3 ASA (Angle - Included Side - Angle) - If two

angles and the INCLUDED side of one
triangle are congruent to two angles and
the INCLUDED side of another triangle,
then the triangles are congruent.

Postulate 4-3 AAS (Angle - Angle - Side) - If two angles and

a NON-INCLUDED side of one triangle
are congruent to the corresponding two
angles and side of a second triangle, the
two triangles are congruent.

Theorem 4-6 Isosceles Triangle Theorem If two sides of a triangle are congruent,
(ITT) then the angles opposite those sides are
congruent.,

Theorem 4-7 Converse of the ITT If two angles of a triangle are congruent,
then the sides opposite those angles are
congruent.

Corollary 4-3 A triangle is equilateral if and only if it is

equiangular.

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 Solid Mensuration – module 1

Corollary 4-4 Each angle of an equilateral triangle

measures 60 degrees.

Theorem 5-5 LL (Leg - Leg) If the legs of one right triangle are
congruent to the corresponding legs of
another right triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.,

Theorem 5-6 HA (Hypotenuse - Angle) If the hypotenuse and an acute angle of

one right triangle are congruent to the
hypotenuse and corresponding acute
angle of another right triangle, then the
two triangles are congruent.,

Theorem 5-7 LA (Leg - Angle) If the leg and an acute angle of one right
triangle are congruent to the
corresponding leg and acute angle of
another right triangle, then the triangles
are congruent.,

Postulate 5-1 HL (Hypotenuse -Leg) If the hypotenuse and a leg of one right
triangle are congruent to the hypotenuse
and corresponding leg of another right
triangle, then the triangles are congruent.

Theorem 5-8 Exterior Angle Inequality If an angle is an exterior angle of a

Theorem triangle, then its measure is greater than
the measure of either of its corresponding
remote interior angles.,

Theorem 5-9 If one side of a triangle is longer than

another side, then the angle opposite the
longer side has a greater measure than
the angle opposite

Theorem 5-10 If one angle of a triangle has a greater

measure than another angle, then the

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 Solid Mensuration – module 1

side opposite the greater angle is longer

than the side opposite the lesser angle,

Theorem 5-11 The perpendicular segment from a point

to a line is the shortest segment from the
point to the line.,

Theorem 5-12 The perpendicular segment from a point

to a plane is the shortest segment from
the point to the plane.

Theorem 5-12 Triangle Inequality The sum of the lengths of any two sides
Theorem of a triangle is greater than the length of
the third side.

Theorem 6-5 If both pairs of opposite sides of a

quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram

Theorem 6-6 If both pairs of opposite angles of a

quadrilateral are congruent, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram

Theorem 6-7 If the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect

each other, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

Theorem 6-8 If one pair of opposite sides of a

quadrilateral is both parallel and
congruent, then the quadrilateral is a
parallelogram.

Parallelogram Property Summary 1. Both pairs of opposite sides are

parallel.2. Both pairs of opposite sides are
congruent. 3. Both pairs of opposite
angles are congruent. [Link] bisect
each other. 5.A pair of opposite sides is
both parallel and congruent.

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 Solid Mensuration – module 1

Theorem 6-9 If a parallelogram is a rectangle, then its

diagonals are congruent

Theorem 6-10 (Converse of Thm 6-9) If the diagonals of a parallelogram are

congruent, then the parallelogram is a
rectangle.

Rectangle Property Summary 1. Opposite sides are congruent and

parallel. (All parallelograms) 2. Opposite
angles are congruent. (All parallelograms)
3. Consecutive angles are supplementary.
(All parallelograms) 4. Diagonals bisect
each other. (All parallelograms)
[Link] are congruent. (Rectangle)
[Link] four angles are right angles.
(Rectangle)

Theorem 6-11 The diagonals of a rhombs are

perpendicular

Theorem 6-12 (Converse of Thm 6-11) If the diagonals of a parallelogram are

perpendicular,

Theorem 6-13 Each diagonal of a rhombus bisects a pair

of opposite angles.

Trapezoids Definition #1: A trapezoid is a

quadrilateral with exactly one pair of
parallel [Link] #2:A trapezoid is
a quadrilateral with at least one pair of
parallel sides.

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