Lesson 4

VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

Presented By
Dr. ANANDA KUMAR BEHERA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
DEPT. OF ELECTRONICS AND TELE-COMMUNICATION ENGG.
VSSUT BURLA
 Lesson-4

TRANSIENT RESPONSE OF PASSIVE CIRCUITS

Transient response of series R-L circuit with DC excitation.

Transient response of series R-C circuit with DC excitation.

Transient response of series R-L-C circuit with DC excitation.

AC VOLTAGE APPLIED ACROSS A RESISTOR:-
𝑉
Let the supply voltage 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 ⟹ 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐼 = = 𝑣𝑚 sin
𝑅
𝜔𝑡
= 𝑖𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)
𝑅
𝑖𝑚
RMS value of current 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 =
2
1 2𝜋 𝑣𝑚 𝑖𝑚
The average power P = ‫׬‬0 𝑉 𝐼 𝑑(𝜔𝑡) ⟹ 𝑃 = = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠
2𝜋 2 2

AC VOLTAGE APPLIED ACROSS AN INDUCTOR:-

𝑑𝑖
The induced emf in the coil V = 𝑒 = 𝐿 ⟹ 𝐿 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑚 𝑣𝑚 𝑣𝑚 𝜋
⟹ 𝑑𝑖 = sin 𝜔𝑡 ⟹ 𝑖 = ‫ ׬‬sin 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑖 = sin(𝜔𝑡 − )
𝐿 𝐿 𝜔𝐿 2
𝜋 0
⟹ 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − ), The current lags voltage by 90 .
2
1 2𝜋 𝜋
The average power P = ‫ 𝑚𝑣 ׬‬sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 − )𝑑(𝜔𝑡) ⟹𝑃=0
2𝜋 0 2
Average power in a purely inductive circuit P = 0
Or the average power absorbed by a pure inductor is zero
AC VOLTAGE APPLIED ACROSS A CAPACITOR:-
Charge of the capacitor in terms of capacitance C and supply voltage v is expressed as 𝑞 = 𝑐𝑉
𝑑𝑞 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡)
The current 𝑖 = =𝑐 =𝑐 = 𝑐𝜔𝑣𝑚 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
⟹ 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + ), The current leads voltage by 900 .
2
the power factor of the purely capacitive circuit is ‘0’.
1 2𝜋 𝜋
The average power P = ‫ 𝑚𝑣 ׬‬sin 𝜔𝑡 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + )𝑑(𝜔𝑡) ⟹ 𝑃 = 0
2𝜋 0 2
Average power in a purely capacitive circuit P = 0 ⟹ the average power absorbed by a pure
capacitor is zero.
Question:- An inductor of 0.5 H is connected across a 230 V, 50 Hz supply. Write the equations
for instantaneous values of voltage and current.
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 230𝑉 ⟹ 𝑣𝑚 = 2𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 324𝑉, 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 157Ω,
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠
𝐼= = 1.46𝐴, 𝐼𝑚 = 2𝐼 = 2.06𝐴
𝑋𝐿
𝜋 𝜋
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 = 324 sin 314𝑡 , 𝑖 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + = 2.06 sin(314𝑡 − ).
2 2
Problem :-An alternating voltage of rms value 100 V, and frequency 50 Hz is applied
separately across a resistor of 10 Ω, an inductor of 100 mH and a capacitor of 100 µF. Calculate
the current flow in each case.
1 1
R= 10 Ω, 𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 = 31.4Ω, 𝑋𝑐 = = = 31.8Ω,
𝜔𝐶 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
100 100 100
Current through R=𝑖𝑅 = = 10𝐴, Current through L=𝑖𝐿 = = = 3.18𝐴
10 𝑋𝐿 31.4
100 100
Current through L=𝑖𝐶 = = = 3.1𝐴
𝑋𝐶 31.8

Problem :-A 230 V, 50 Hz sinusoidal supply is connected across a capacitance of 100 µF. Write
the expressions for instantaneous current in it.
𝑟𝑎𝑑 1
𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 230𝑉 ⟹ 𝑣𝑚 = 2𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 = 324𝑉, 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 314 , 𝑋𝑐 = = 32.2Ω
𝑠 2𝜋𝑓𝐶
The current through the capacitor is given as :-
𝜋 𝑣𝑚 𝜋 324 𝜋
𝐼𝐶 = 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡 + = sin 𝜔𝑡 + = sin(314𝑡 + )
2 𝑋𝑐 2 32.2 2
Transient response of series R-L circuit with DC excitation
𝑑𝐼
In the R-L series circuit, applying KVL 𝑅𝐼 + 𝐿 =𝑉
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐼 𝑅 𝑉
⟹ + 𝐼 =
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
this equation is a non-homogeneous differential equation, Whose solution has two
−( 𝑅ൗ 𝑡)
parts. Complementary function 𝐼𝑐 = 𝐾𝑒 𝐿 and
− 𝑅ൗ 𝑡 − 𝑅ൗ 𝑡 𝑉 𝑉
particular solution 𝐼𝑝 = 𝑒 𝐿 ‫𝑒׬‬ 𝐿 Τ𝐿 𝑑𝑡 =
𝑅
− 𝑅ൗ 𝑡 𝑉
The final current 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑐 + 𝐼𝑃 = 𝐾𝑒 𝐿 +
𝑅
Inductor has the property which doesn’t allow sudden
change in current, i.e. 𝑖(0− ) = 𝑖(0+ )
− 𝑅ൗ𝐿 𝑡 𝑉 𝑉
Using initial condition 0 = 𝐾𝑒 + ⟹𝐾= − ,
𝑅 𝑅
𝑉 − 𝑅ൗ 𝑡 − 𝑅ൗ 𝑡
hence 𝐼 = 1− 𝑒 𝐿 ⟹ 𝐼 = 𝐼0 1 − 𝑒 𝐿
𝑅
 𝑉 𝑅 𝑅
𝐼 = 1 − 𝑒 − ൗ𝐿 𝑡 ⟹ 𝐼 = 𝐼0 1 − 𝑒 − ൗ𝐿 𝑡
𝑅
𝐿 𝑉
putting 𝑡 = ⟹ 𝐼 = 1 − 𝑒 −1 = 0.632𝐼0
𝑅 𝑅
𝐿
At 𝑡 = the current through the R-L circuit rises 63.2% of the final value. This time is known as
𝑅
𝑅
‘Time Constant’. The inverse is called ‘damping ratio’.
𝐿
2 𝑅ൗ 𝑅ൗ
Power through ‘R’ is 𝑃𝑅 = 𝑉𝑟 𝐼 = 𝑉 ൗ𝑅 (1 − 2𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡
+ 𝑒 −2 𝐿 𝑡
)
2 𝑅ൗ 𝑅ൗ
Power through ‘L’ is 𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉𝐿 𝐼 = 𝑉 ൗ𝑅 (𝑒 − 𝐿 𝑡 − 𝑒 −2 𝐿 𝑡)
2 𝑅
Total power 𝑃 = 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑃𝐿 = 𝑉 ൗ𝑅 (1 − 𝑒 − ൗ𝐿 𝑡
Similarly the expression of current decay in the circuit can be written as
𝑉 − 𝑅ൗ 𝑡 − 𝑅ൗ𝐿 𝑡
𝐼= 𝑒 𝐿 ⟹ 𝐼 = 𝐼0 𝑒
𝑅
𝐿
In this case at 𝑡 = the current through the R-L circuit
𝑅
decays 36.8% of the Initial value.
Problem :- The values of R and L in a series R–L circuit are 10Ω and 40 H, respectively. At
the instant of closing the switch, the current rises at the rate of 5 A/s. Calculate
i. The value of applied voltage
ii. Rate of growth of current when 6A flows in the circuit
iii. Find the energy stored in the inductor.
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
Sol :- Current rises at the rate of 5A/s, that is, = 5 𝐴/𝑠, Applying KVL 𝑉 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Inductor has the property 𝑖(0− ) = 𝑖(0+ ), 𝑉 = 0 + 40 × 5 ⟹ 𝑉 = 200𝑉 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑎𝑡 𝑖 = 6𝐴, 200 = 10 × 6 + 40 × ⟹ = 3.5 𝐴/𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
1 1 𝑉
Energy stored in inductor= 𝐿𝑖 2 = × 40 × ( )2 = 8000𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
2 2 𝑅

Problem :-A 100 V DC source is applied across the coil of R = 10 Ω and L = 10 H. Find the
energy supplied to the coil in the first 5s. If the coil is disconnected and immediately short
circuited, then find the energy dissipated.
Transient response of series R-C circuit with DC excitation
1
applying KVL in the circuit 𝑉 = 𝑅𝑖 + ‫𝑡𝑑𝑖 ׬‬, integrating and rearranging
𝐶
𝑡
𝑑𝑖 1 −( )
the equation + 𝑖 = 0, solving the differential equation 𝑖 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑅𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶
𝑉
Now to find ‘K’ the initial condition is at 𝑡 = 0, 𝑖 = , as capacitor doesn’t allow the sudden
𝑅
𝑉 𝑉 −( 𝑡 ) 𝑡
−(𝑅𝐶)
change in voltage in the circuit. So 𝐾 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 ⟹ 𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑒
𝑅 𝑅
When 𝑡 = 𝑅𝐶, 𝑖 = 0.368𝑖0 = 36.8% 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
The time constant of R–C series circuit is that time at which the current
flowing in the circuit reaches 36.8% of initial value.
1 1 𝑉 −( 𝑡 )
Voltage across the capacitor 𝑉𝑐 = ‫𝑡𝑑𝑖 ׬‬ = ‫׬‬{ 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 }𝑑𝑡 Charging current in series R-C circuit
𝐶 𝐶 𝑅
𝑡
−
⟹ 𝑉𝐶 = −𝑉𝑒 𝑅𝐶 + 𝐾1 , 𝐾1 can be calculated from initial condition.
At 𝑡 = 0, 𝑉𝐶 = 0 as capacitor behave as short circuit
𝑡
−
and 𝐾1 = 𝑉, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉(1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 )
Problem :-A circuit has resistance of 1000 Ω and a series capacitance of 0.1 µF. At t = 0, it is
connected to a 12 V battery. Find (i) The current at t = 0, (ii) Rate of change of current at t = 0,
(iii) Rate of change of capacitor voltage at t = 0, (iv) Current at t = 0.1 ms, (v) Voltage across
capacitor at 0.1 ms
𝑉 12
Sol :- Current at t=0 is 𝑖0 = = = 12𝑚𝐴.
𝑅 1000
𝑡
−(𝑅𝐶 ) 𝑑𝑖 𝑉 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑖
𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑒 ⟹ = − 2 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 ⟹ = −120 𝐴/𝑠
𝑑𝑡 𝑅 𝐶 𝑑𝑡𝑡=0
𝑡
− 𝑑𝑉𝐶 𝑉 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑉𝐶 −(
𝑡
)
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉 1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 ⟹ = 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 ⟹ = 120𝐾𝑉, 𝑖 = 𝑖0 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 ⟹ 𝑖𝑡=0.1𝑚𝑠 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝑑𝑡 𝑡=0
0.1×10−3 𝑡
− −
12𝑚𝐴 × 𝑒 1000×0.1×10−6 = 4.4𝑚𝐴, 𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉 1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 ⟹ 𝑉𝑐 𝑎𝑡 𝑡 = 0.1𝑚𝑠 = 7.584𝑉
Problem :- A 5 µF condenser is connected through a 1000 kΩ resistance to a DC source of 10
V. After being charged for half a minute, the condenser is disconnected and discharged through a
resistor R. Determine the energy dissipated in R.
𝑡 30
− −
𝑉𝐶 = 𝑉 1 − 𝑒 𝑅𝐶 after 30sec, 𝑉𝐶 = 10 1 − 𝑒 10×105 ×5×10−6 = 9.3𝑉
1
energy dissipated= 𝐶𝑉 2 = 246.64 × 10−6 𝐽𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
2
Transient response of series R-L-C circuit with DC excitation:-
𝑑𝑖 1
By applying KVL, 𝑉 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 + ‫𝑡𝑑𝑖 ׬‬, Differentiating the
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
𝑑2 𝑖 𝑅 𝑑𝑖 1
above equation + + 𝑖 = 0,
𝑑𝑡 2 𝐿 𝑑𝑡 𝐿𝐶
𝑅 𝑅 2 1 𝑅 𝑅 2 1
The roots of this equation 𝑎 &𝑏 = − ± − ,𝛼 = − ,𝛽 = −
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶 2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
𝑅 2 1
Case 1 :- When > the solution 𝑖 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑏𝑡 ⟹ 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑡 (𝐶1 𝑒 𝛽𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝛽𝑡 ),
2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
The response is overdamped.
𝑅 2 1
Case 2 :- When < the solution 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑡 (𝐶1 𝑒 𝑗𝛽𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑗𝛽𝑡 )
2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
⟹ 𝑖 = 𝑒 𝛼𝑡 (𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑡)
The response is underdamped.
𝑅 2 1
Case 3 :- When = the solution
2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
𝑖 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝛼𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑡𝑒 𝛼𝑡 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑡)𝑒 𝛼𝑡 ,
The solution is critically damped.
Problem :- In a series R-L-C circuit R=5Ω, L=1π, C=1F. A d.c voltage of 20V is applied at
t=0. Obtain i(t).
𝑑𝑖 1
𝑉 = 𝑅𝑖 + 𝐿 + න 𝑖𝑑𝑡 −− −(1)
𝑑𝑖 𝐶
2
𝑅 𝑅 1
the roots 𝑎 &𝑏 = − ± − = −0.21 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 4.79
2𝐿 2𝐿 𝐿𝐶
Hence the solution 𝑖 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑏𝑡 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −0.21𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4.79𝑡 −−− −(2)
1
At t=0, i=0, 𝑉𝑜𝑙.𝐶𝑎𝑝. = 𝑉𝐶 = 0 ⟹ ‫ = 𝑡𝑑𝑖 ׬‬0,
𝐶
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 20
from equ. (1) 𝐿 = 𝑉 ⟹ = = 20𝐴/𝑠
𝑑𝑖 𝑡=0 𝑑𝑡 1
From equ. (2) 0 = 𝐶1 𝑒 0 + 𝐶2 𝑒 0 ⟹ 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 = 0 −− −(3),
𝑑𝑖
Now differentiating equ. (2) = −0.21𝐶1 𝑒 −0.21𝑡 − 4.79𝐶2 𝑒 −4.79𝑡
𝑑𝑡
⟹ −0.21𝐶1 − 4.79𝐶2 = 20 −− −(4)
From equ. (3) and (4) 𝐶1 = 4.37 &𝐶2 = −4.37
𝑖 = 4.37𝑒 −0.21𝑡 − 4.37𝑒 −4.79𝑡