Mathematics Division, School of Advanced Sciences and Languages

VIT Bhopal University

Fall Semester 2023 - 24
MAT1001-Calculus and Laplace Transform
Practice Set-1
============================================

Domain & Range

1. Find the natural domains of the following functions:

(a) f (x, y) := x ln(y 2 − x) Ans.: {(x, y) ∈ R2 | y 2 > x}

xy
(b) f (x, y) := x2 −y 2
Ans.: {(x, y) ∈ R2 | y ̸= x, y ̸= −x}
(c) f (x, y) := xy ln(x2 + y 2 ). Ans.: R2 \ (0, 0)

2. Find the domain and range of each of the following functions:

p
(a) f (x, y) = 36 − 9x2 − 9y 2 . Ans.: Domain={(x, y) | x2 + y 2 ≤ 4} and Range = [0, 6].
(b) f (x, y) = 3x + 5y + 2 Ans.:Domain=R2 and Range = R.
p
(c) g(x, y) = 9 − x2 − y 2 Ans.: Domain={(x, y) | x2 + y 2 ≤ 9} and Range = [0, 3].
p
(d) f (x, y) = y − x2 Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | y ≥ x2 } and Range = [0, ∞).
1
(e) f (x, y) = Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= 0, y ̸= 0} and Range = (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
xy
(f) f (x, y) = sin xy Ans.: Domain=R2 and Range = [−1, 1].
√
(g) f (x, y) = y − x Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | y ≥ x} and Range = [0, ∞).
(h) f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 ) Ans.: Domain=R2 \ (0, 0) and Range = R.
1
(i) f (x, y) = p Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x2 + y 2 < 16} and Range = [ 41 , ∞).
16 − x2 − y 2
!
y π π
(j) f (x, y) = tan−1


x
Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= 0} and Range = − , .
2 2

3. Find the domain and range of the functions:

1
(a) f (x, y) = Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= −y} and Range = R \ {0}.
x+y
x2 + y 2
(b) f (x, y) = Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= 0, y ̸= 0} and Range = R \ {0}.
xy

1
 (c) f (x, y, z) = cos xyz Ans.: Domain=R3 and Range = [−1, 1].
1
(d) f (x, y) = 2 Ans.: Domain=R2 \ (0, 0) and Range = (0, ∞).
x + y2
1 + y2
(e) f (x, y) = Ans.: Domain={(x, y) ∈ R2 | x ̸= 0}) and Range = R \ {0}.
x
4. Find the domain and its boundary, range, level curves for the function. Also determine whether the
domain is closed or open with justification, bounded or unbounded.
√
(a) f (x, y) = log(x2 + y 2 ) (b) f (x, y) = y/x2 (c) f (x, y) = y−x

5. Find an equation for the level curves/surfaces passing through the point and contours for the function
p √
(a) f (x, y) = x2 − y, (1, 0) (b) f (x, y, z) = x − y − log z, (3, −1, 1).

Limit & Continuity

Compute the following Limits

x2 − 2xy 4x2 − xy − 3y 2
1. lim 7. lim
(x,y)→(2,1) x2 − 4y 2 (x,y)→(0,0) 12x2 + 17xy + 6y 2

1 Ans.: limit does not exist.

Ans.:
2 10x2 + 11xy + y 2
x − 4y 8. lim
2. lim (x,y)→(−1,10) 10x2 − 39xy − 4y 2
(x,y)→(0,0) 6y + 7x
Ans.: limit does not exist.
Ans.: does not exist.
x2 − y 6 2x2 + 7y 2
3. lim 9. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) 4y 2 + x2
(x,y)→(0,0) xy 3
Ans.: does not exist. Ans.: limit does not exist.
√
3x3 y 6 3 x − 3y 10
4. lim 10. lim
(x, y)→(0, 0) x4 + y 4 (x,y)→(0,0) 9y 30 + 2x

Ans.: does not exist. Ans.: limit does not exist.

2 2
x +y 2x4 y
5. lim p 11. lim
(x, y)→(0, 0) x2 + y 2 + 1 − 1 (x,y)→(0,0) x8 + 6y 2
Ans.: 2. Ans.: limit does not exist.
6x − y + xy
6. lim x8 y 3
(x,y)→(3,−7) 2x3 + y 3 12. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) (x4 + y 3 )3
4
Ans.: − . Ans.: limit does not exist.
289
2
 x(x2 − y 2 ) xy 2
13. lim 17. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x+y (x,y)→(0,0) x3 + 2y − 3x

Ans.: 0. Ans.: limit does not exist.

x2 x3
14. lim 18. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 − y (x,y)→(0,0) x3 + y 3 − x

Ans.: limit does not exist. Ans.: limit does not exist.
xy 3 x4
15. lim 19. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 6 (x,y)→(0,0) x4 + y 4 − x

Ans.: limit does not exist. Ans.: limit does not exist.
y + (x + y)2 x2 y 2
16. lim 20. lim
(x,y)→(0,0) y − (x + y)2 (x,y)→(0,0) x2 y 2 + (x − y)2

Ans.: limit does not exist. Ans.: limit does not exist.

21. Examine whether the following limits exist and find their values if they exist.

x3 y Ans.: 0.
(a) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x4 + y 2 xy 3
Ans.: 0. (g) lim
(x,y)→(−1,2) x + y
x3 − y 3
(b) lim Ans.: −8.
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
x−y
Ans.: 0. (h) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
x2 y 2
(c) lim Ans.: Does not exist.
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 y 2 + (x2 − y 2 )2
Ans.: Does not exist. x3 y
(i) lim
|x| −|x|/y2 (x,y)→(0,0) 2x6 + y 2
(d) lim e Ans.: Does not exists.
(x,y)→(0,0) y 2
Ans.: Does not exist. xy
(j) lim p
1 − cos(x2 + y 2 ) (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
(e) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) (x2 + y 2 )2 Ans.: 0.
Ans.: 12 . sin(x2 + y 2 )
(k) lim p
x2 + y 2
p
(x,y)→(0,0)
x2 y 2 + 1 − 1
(f) lim Ans.: 0.
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2

22. Examine the continuity of f : R2 → R at (0, 0), where for all (x, y) ∈ R2 ,
( (
xy cos(1/x) if x ̸= 0, 1 if x > 0 & 0 < y < x2 ,
(a) f (x, y) := (b) f (x, y) :=
0 if x = 0. 0 otherwiswe.

Ans.: Continuous. Ans.: Not Continuous.

3
 (
x3
x2 +y 2
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0), Ans.: Continuous.
(c) f (x, y) :=  !
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).  xy
sin if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
Ans.: Continuous.
( (i) f (x, y) := x2 + y 2
xy
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),

0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).

x2 +y 2
(d) f (x, y) :=
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0). Ans.: Not Continuous.
Ans.: Not(Continuous. 
x2
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),

x2 y
x4 +y 2
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0), (j) f (x, y) := x2 + y 4 − x
(e) f (x, y) :=
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).

0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
Ans.: Not(Continuous. Ans.: Not Continuous.
x3 y  2
x4 +y 2
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),  xy
(f) f (x, y) := if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0). (k) f (x, y) := x3 + y 3
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).

Ans.: Continuous.
(
sin(x+y) Ans.: Not Continuous.
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(g) f (x, y) := |x|+|y|  !
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).  1
sin x sin if y ̸= (0, 0),
Ans.: Not(Continuous. (l) f (x, y) := y

2 2
xy ln(x + y ) if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0), 0 if y = 0.

(h) f (x, y) :=
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0). Ans.: Continuous.

(a) Examine the continuity of following function at (1, 1)

(
1 if x + y ≥ 2,
f (x, y) :=
−1 if x + y < 2.

Ans.: Not Continuous.

23. For the functions f : R2 → R given below examine continuity at (0, 0) and show that exactly two
of the following limits exist and are equal:

lim f (x, y), lim lim f (x, y), lim lim f (x, y)
(x,y)→(0,0) x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0


xy
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),

(a) x2 + y2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).


Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) = 0, lim lim f (x, y) = 0, and lim f (x, y) does not exist .
x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0 (x,y)→(0,0)
(
y + x sin(1/y) if y ̸= 0,
(b)
0 if y = 0.
Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) does not exist, lim lim f (x, y) = 0, and lim f (x, y) = 0.
x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0 (x,y)→(0,0)

4
 (
x + y sin(1/x) if x ̸= 0,
(c)
0 if x = 0.
Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) = 0, lim lim f (x, y) does not exist, and lim f (x, y) = 0 .
x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0 (x,y)→(0,0)

24. For the functions f : R2 → R given below show that exactly one of the following limits exists:

lim f (x, y), lim lim f (x, y), lim lim f (x, y)
(x,y)→(0,0) x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0

(
x sin(1/y) + y sin(1/x) if xy ̸= 0,
(a)
0 if xy = 0.
Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) and lim lim f (x, y) does not exist, and lim f (x, y) = 0 .
x→0 y→0 y→0 x→0 (x,y)→(0,0)
(
xy
2 2 + x sin(1/y) if y ̸= 0,
(b) x +y
0 if y = 0.
Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) and lim f (x, y) = 0 does not exist, and lim lim f (x, y) = 0 .
x→0 y→0 (x,y)→(0,0) y→0 x→0
(
xy
2 2 + y sin(1/x) if x ̸= 0,
(c) x +y
0 if x = 0.
Ans.: lim f (x, y) and lim lim f (x, y) does not exist, and lim lim f (x, y) = 0 .
(x,y)→(0,0) y→0 x→0 x→0 y→0
(
x2 −y 2
2 x2 +y 2
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
25. Define f : R → R by f (x, y) := Show that the iterated limits lim lim f (x, y)
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0). x→0 y→0

and lim lim f (x, y) exist and are unequal.

y→0 x→0

Ans.:lim lim f (x, y) = −1 and lim lim f (x, y) = 1 .

y→0 x→0 x→0 y→0

26. Whether the following limits exist or not. Justify your Ans.. Calculate the limit, if it exists.
 2
x + y3
 xy
(a) lim cos (d) lim .
(x,y)→(0,0) |xy|
(x,y)→(0,0) x+y+1
Ans.: 1. √ Ans.: does not exist.
√
x− y+1 x3 − xy 2
(b) lim . (e) lim
(x,y)→(4,3) x−y−1 (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
1
Ans.: 4 . Ans.: 0.
4
x −y 2 2x
(c) lim . (f) lim .
(x,y)→(0,0) x4 + y 2 (x,y)→(0,0) x + x + y 2
2

Ans.: does not exist. Ans.: does not exist.

1
27. Show that lim y sin = 0.
(x,y)→(0,0) x

5
 xy(x2 −y 2 )
28. Define f (0, 0) in a way that extends f (x, y) = x2 +y 2
to be continuous at the origin.
Ans.: f (0, 0) = 0.

29. Find all the points where the functions are continuous.

(a) f (x, y) = x2 +y 2 1
x2 −3x+2 (b) f (x, y) =
x2 −y

30. Evaluate lim (x2 + 3y). Ans.: 4.

(x,y)→(1,1)

31. Evaluate the following limits, whichever exist,

xy 2 Ans.: 0. Ans.: 0.
(a) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 (d) lim cos xy
Ans.: 0. (x,y)→(0,0) (g) lim exy
(x,y)→(0,0)
Ans.: 0.
x2 + y 2 + 2xy
(b) lim xy sin(xy) Ans.: 1.
(x,y)→(1,1) x+y (e) lim
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2 p
Ans.: 2. Ans.: 0. sin x2 + y 2
(h) lim p
x2 + y 2 − 2xy 1 (x,y)→(0,0) x2 + y 2
(c) lim (f) lim (x2 + y 2 ) sin Ans.: 1.
(x,y)→(0,0) x−y (x,y)→(0,0) xy
x2 y 2
32. Let f (x, y) = for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0). Show that the iterated limits lim (lim f (x, y))
x2 y 2 + (x2 − y 2 )2 y→0 x→0
and lim (lim f (x, y)) exist, but lim f (x, y) does not exist.
x→0 y→0 (x,y)→(0,0)

33. Show that the following functions are continuous at(0, 0)

2 2  2 2
 x −y

 xy
xy 2 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0), if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(a) f (x, y) = x +y 2 (b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0). 0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
 

x2 y 4
34. If f (x, y) = , then find
(x2 + y 4 )2
√
(a) lim f (x, mx). (b) lim f (x, x)).
x→0 x→0

Does lim f (x, y) exist?

(x,y)→(0,0)

35. Show that the following functions are discontinuous at origin:

 4 4
x − y

 1
, (x, y) ̸
= (0, 0), if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(a) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 (b) f (x, y) = x4 + y 4
0, (x, y) = (0, 0) 0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
 

6
  2 2
 xy
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(c) f (x, y) = x4 + y 4
0if (x, y) = (0, 0).


36. Show that the following functions are continuous at origin:

 2 2  3 3
 xy  xy
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0), if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(a) f (x, y) = x + y
2 2 (b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0) 0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)
 

37. Show that the following functions are discontinuous at (0, 0):
( 2 ( 3
x y xy
3 3 if (x, y) ̸
= (0, 0), 2 6 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(a) f (x, y) = x +y (c) f (x, y) = x +y
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0) 0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
( 3 3
x +y
x−y
if x ̸= y,
(b) f (x, y) =
0 if x = y.

38. Discuss the following functions for continuity at (0, 0) :

( 2 (
x y 2 2
3 3 if x + y ̸
= 0 0 n o if (x, y) = (2y, y)
(a) f (x, y) = x +y (c) f (x, y) = |x −2y|
0 if x = y = 0 ̸ (2y, y).
exp (x2 −4xy +4y2 ) , if (x, y) =
( 2 −y 2
2xy xx2 +y 2 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
(b) f (x, y) =
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).

39. Show that f has a removable discontinuity at (2, 3).

(
3xy if (x, y) ̸= (2, 3),
f (x, y) =
6 if (x, y) = (2, 3).

Suitably blueefine the function f to make it continuous.

40. Show that the function f is continuous at the origin, where

 3 3
x − y
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)


41. Can the given functions be appropriately defined at (0, 0) in order to be continuous there?

7
 (a) f (x, y) = |x|y , x3 + y 3
(c) f (x, y) = ,
 
x x2 + y 2
(b) f (x, y) = sin , (d) f (x, y) = x2 log(x2 + y 2 ).
y

Partial Derivatives
1. Let f : R2 → R be given by
( 2 −y 2
xy xx2 +y 2 if(x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
f (x, y) =
0 if(x, y)(0, 0)

∂f ∂f
(a) Show that (x, 0) = x for x ∈ R and (0, y) = −y for y ∈ R.
∂y ∂x
∂ 2f ∂ 2f
(b) Show that (0, 0) ̸= (0, 0).
∂x∂y ∂y∂x

∂ 2f ∂ 2f
Ans.: (0, 0) = −1 and (0, 0) = 1
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
2. Let f : R2 → R be given by f (0, 0) = 0 and f (x, y) = x2xy
+y 2
. Show that f is not continuous at (0, 0)
2
but the partial derivatives of f exist on R . Show that the partial derivatives are not continuous at
(0, 0).

3. Let f : R2 → R be given by f (0, 0) = 0 and

1
f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 ) sin for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0).
x2 + y2

Show that f is continuous at (0, 0) and the partial derivatives of f exist.

4. Let f, g : R2 → R be given by f (0, 0) = 0 = g(0, 0) and for (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),

x2 − y 2 sin2 (x + y)
f (x, y) = xy , g(x, y) = .
x2 + y 2 |x| + |y|

Examine differentiability and the existence of partial and directional derivatives of f and g at (0, 0).

5. Let f : R2 → R. If fx (x, y) = 0 = fy (x, y) for all (x, y) ∈ R2 then show that f is a constant function.

6. Verify the mixed derivative theorem for the following functions at the given point.

8
 (a) f (x, y) = sin xy at (0, 0). x+y
(b) f (x, y) = at (1, 1).
x2 + y 2
7. For the function f defined by

x2 − y 2

xy if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),

f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).


Verify whether fxy (0, 0) = fyx (0, 0).

8. Show that f (x, y) is continuous and differentiable by definition.

(a) f (x, y) = xy (b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 3

9. Show that f (x, y) = |x| is not differentiable at (0, 0.)

10. Show that f (x, y) = |x| (1 + y) is not differentiable at (0, 0.)
p
11. Show that f (x, y) = |xy| is not differentiable at (0, 0.)
∂f
12. Use the limit definition to Find ∂x
(1, 2) of f (x, y) = 1 − x + y − 3x2 y.
∂z
13. Find (1, 1), if xy + z 3 x − 2yz = 0.
∂x
14. Find the second-order partial derivatives for each of the functions defined below:
x ( 2 2
x y
(a) f (x, y) = tan−1 x2 +y 2
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
y (d) f (x, y) =
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
(b) f (x, y) = ex (x cos y − y sin x)
xy
1
(c) f (x, y) = log(x3 + y 3 xy) 3 (e) f (x, y) = log 2 .
x + y2
∂ 2f ∂ 2u
15. Verify whether = for the following functions:
∂x∂y ∂y∂x
(a) f (x, y) = (x + y) tan xy (c) f (x, y) = (x + y) log xy x+y
(e) f (x, y) =
x2 + y 2
√
(b) f (x, y) = log xy (d) f (x, y) = xy (f) f (x, y) = x2 sin(x2 + y 2 )

16. For the function f defined by

2 2
 x −y

xy 2 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
f (x, y) = x + y2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).


Verify whether fxy (0, 0) = fyx (0, 0).

9
 df
17. If f (x, y) = x3 y 2 + y sin x, where x = sin 2t and y = log t, find .
df
∂z
18. If z = x log(xy) + y 3 , where y = sin(x2 + 1), find .
∂x
19. If z = f (u, v), where u = ex cos y and v = ex sin y, then show that
 2  2  2  2 !
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
+ = (u2 + v 2 ) + .
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v

∂ 2f
20. Compute for f (x, y), where x = r cos θ and y = r sin θ.
∂x2
21. If y = f (x + ct) + g(x − ct), then show that

∂ 2y 2
2∂ y
= c .
∂f 2 ∂x2
22. If u = xf (x + y) + yg(x + y), then show that

∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
− 2 + = 0.
∂x2 ∂x∂y ∂y 2

x2 + y 2
 
−1
23. If u = tan √ √ , then show that
x+ y
∂u ∂u 3
x +y = sin 2u.
∂x ∂y 4
s
1 1
−1 x3 + y 3
24. If u = sin 1 1 , then show that
x2 + y 2
2
∂ 2u 2
13 tan2 u
 
2∂u 2∂ u tan u
x 2
+ 2xy +y 2
= + .
∂x ∂x∂y ∂y 12 12 12

1
25. If f (x, y, z) = p , show that
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
+ + = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2
! !
y y
26. If u = xψ +ψ , then show that
x x

10
 ∂u ∂u y
(a) x +y = xψ( ).
∂x ∂y x
(b) x uxx + 2xyuxy + y 2 uyy = 0.
2

2
27. If f (x, y) = x3 y + exy , find fx and fy .

x2 − y 2
28. If f (x, y) = xy 2 , when x2 + y 2 ̸= 0, and f (0, 0) = 0, show that
x + y2

fx (x, 0) = 0 = fy (0, y), fx (0, y) = −y, fy (x, 0) = x

(
x2 −yx
x+y
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
29. If f (x, y) = , find fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0).
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0).
 3 3
x + y
if x ̸= y,
30. If f (x, y) = x−y , show that the function is discontinuous at the origin but possesses
0 if x =y

partial derivatives fx and fy at every point, including the origin.
 !
xy tan x

if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
31. If f (x, y) = y , show that xfx + yfy = 2f .

0 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),


32. Calculate fx , fy , fx (0, 0), fy (0, 0) for the following:

 3 3

x − y  p xy
if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)

if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
(a) f (x, y) = x + y 2 2
(b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2
0 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),
 
 0 if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0),

33. Show that the function  2

 xy
if x2 + y 2 ̸= 0,
f (x, y) = x4 + y 2
0 if (x, y) = (0, 0),


possesses first partial derivatives everywhere, including the origin, but the function is discontinuous
at the origin.
p
34. If f (x, y) = |xy|, find fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0).

35. Verify that fxy = fyx for the following functions:

2x − y (b) x tan xy, (c) cosh(y + cos x), (d) xy .

(a) ,
x+y

11
 indicating possible exceptional points and investigate these points.
∂ 2Z ∂ 2Z
36. Show that z = log{(x − a)2 + (y − b)2 }, satisfies + = 0, except at (a, b).
∂x2 ∂y 2
! !
y y
37. Show that z = x cos + tan , satisfies x2 zxx + 2xyzxy + y 2 zyy = 0, except at points for which
x x
x = 0.

38. Prove that fxy ̸= fyx at the origin for the function:
 ! !
x2 tan−1 y x
− y 2 tan−1

if (x, y) ̸= (0, 0)
f (x, y) = x y

0, if (x, y) = (0, 0)


1
39. If f (x, y, z) = p , show that
(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )

∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2f
+ + = 0.
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2

40. Examine for the change in the order of derivation at the origin for the functions:

(a) f (x, y) = ex (cos y + x sin y).

y
(b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 sin 2ψ, where f (0, 0) = 0 and ψ = tan−1 .
p
x
2 2
(c) f (x, y) = |x − y |.

41. Examine the equality of fxy (0, 0) and fyx (0, 0) for the function:

y πy 2
f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 ) tan−1 , x ̸= 0, f (0, y) = .
x 2
42. Given u = ex cos y + ey sin z, find all first partial derivatives and verify that

∂ 2U ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= , = , = .
∂x∂y ∂y∂x ∂x∂z ∂z∂x ∂y∂z ∂z∂y

12
Chain Rule
dz
1. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt
z = cos y x2 x = t4 − 2t, y = 1 − t6

dz 
2

2

2

Ans.: = −2 (t4 − 2t) (1 − t6 ) (4t3 − 2) sin (1 − t6 ) (t4 − 2t) + 6t5 (t4 − 2t) sin (1 − t6 ) (t4 − 2t)
dt
dw
2. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt
x2 − z
w= x = t3 + 7, y = cos (2t) , z = 4t
y4
 
2
2 3
dz 6t (t + 7) 8 sin (2t) (t3 + 7) − 4t 4
Ans.: = + −
dt cos4 (2t) cos5 (2t) cos4 (2t)
∂z ∂z
3. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂u ∂v
z = x−2 y 6 − 4x x = u2 v, y = v − 3u

∂z
= 2uv −2u−6 v −3 (v − 3u)6 − 4 − 18u−4 v −2 (v − 3u)5 , and


Ans.:
∂u
∂z
= u2 −2u−6 v −3 (v − 3u)6 − 4 + 6u−4 v −2 (v − 3u)5


∂v
4. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine zt and zp .

z = 4y sin (2x) x = 3u − p, y = p2 u, u = t2 + 1

Ans.: zt = 48ty cos (2x) + 8tp2 sin (2x), zp = −8y cos (2x) + 8pu sin (2x)
∂w ∂w
5. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂t ∂s
p 6z t3
w = x2 + y 2 + x = sin (p) , y = p + 3t − 4s, z = 2 , p = 1 − 2t
y s

∂w −2x cos (p) y 6z 18t2 ∂w −4y 24z 12t3

Ans.: = p +p − 2 + 2 , and =p + 2 − 3
∂t x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 y ys ∂s x2 + y 2 y ys

13
 ∂w ∂w
6. Determine formulas for and for the following situation.
∂t ∂v
w = w (x, y) x = x (p, q, s) , y = y (p, u, v) , s = s (u, v) , p = p (t)

∂w ∂w ∂x dp ∂w ∂y dp ∂w ∂w ∂x ∂s ∂w ∂y
Ans.: = + = +
∂t ∂x ∂p dt ∂y ∂p dt ∂v ∂x ∂s ∂v ∂y ∂v
dy
7. Compute for the following equation.
dx
x2 y 4 − 3 = sin (xy)

dy y cos (xy) − 2xy 4

Ans.: dx
= 2 3
4x y − x cos (xy)
∂z ∂z
8. Compute and for the following equation.
∂x ∂y

ez y + xz 2 = 6xy 4 z 3

∂z
6y 4 z 3 − z 2 ∂z 24xy 3 z 3 − zez y
Ans.: ∂x
= , =
yez y + 2xz − 18xy 4 z 2 ∂y yez y + 2xz − 18xy 4 z 2
9. Determine fu u for the following situation.

f = f (x, y) x = u2 + 3v, y = uv

∂f ∂ 2f ∂2f ∂ 2f
Ans.: fuu = 2 + 4u2 2 + 4uv ∂x∂y + v2 2
∂x ∂x ∂y
dz
10. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt
2 −y
z = ex x = sin (4t) , y = t3 − 9

dw
11. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt
√ 1
w = x4 − 4xy 2 + z 3 x= t, y = e2t , z =
t

dw
12. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dt
4x
w= x = 7t − 1, y = 1 − 2t, z = t4
y z3

14
 dz
13. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dx
z = 2x3 e4y y = cos (6x)

dz
14. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine .
dx
 
x 2
z = tan y = ex
y

∂z ∂z
15. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂u ∂v
z = x sin y 2 − x x = 3u − v 2 , y = u6

16. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine wu and wv .

w = x4 y −3 z 2 x = u2 v, y = 3 − uv, z = 7u2 − 10v

∂z ∂z
17. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂t ∂s
z = 6x + y 2 tan (x) x = p2 − 3t, y = s2 − t2 , p = e3s

18. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine wp and wt .

w = x2 y 4 z 6 − 2xy x = 2p, y = 3tq, z = 3tp2 , q = 2t

∂w ∂w
19. Given the following information use the Chain Rule to determine and .
∂u ∂v
√
y
w= x = uv, y = u2 − p3 , z = 4qp, p = 2u − 3v, q = v2
x2 z 3
20. Determine formulas for wu and wt for the following situation.

w = w (x, y) x = x (y, z) , y = y (u, v) , z = z (u, t) , v = v (t)

∂w ∂w
21. Determine formulas for and for the following situation.
∂s ∂t
w = w (x, y, z) x = x (u, v, t) , y = y (p) , z = z (u, t) , v = v (p, t) , p = p (s, t)

∂z ∂z
22. Compute and for the following equation.
∂x ∂y
z 3 y 4 − x2 cos (2y − 4z) = 4z

15
 ∂z ∂z
23. Compute and for the following equation.
∂x ∂y

sin (x) e4x z + 2z 2 y = cos (z)

24. Determine fu u and fv v for the following situation.

f = f (x, y) x = eu sin (v) , y = eu cos (v)

25. Determine fu u and fv v for the following situation.

u
f = f (x, y) x = u2 − v 2 , y=
v
2
26. Let w = 4x + y 2 + z 3 and x = ers , y = log r+s
t
, z = rst2 . Find ∂w
∂s
.
2
Ans.: ∂w
∂s
= 8rsers + 2
r+s
log r+s
t
+ 3r3 st6

27. Let f : R2 → R be twice continuously differentiable function and x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ. Show that

∂ 2f ∂ 2f ∂ 2 f 1 ∂f 1 ∂ 2f
+ = + +
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂r2 r ∂r r2 ∂θ2

Directional Derivatives
1. Determine D⃗u f (3, −1, 0) for f (x, y, z) = 4x − y 2 e3x z in the direction of ⃗u = (−1, 4, 2).
Ans.: D⃗u f (3, −1, 0) = − √1421 .
p
2. Find the maximum rate of change of the function f (x, y) = x2 + y 4 at (−2, 3) and the direction
in which this maximum rate of change occurs.
Ans.: Direction in which the maximum rate of change of the function occurs: − √285 î + √54
85
ĵ and
q
584
maximum rate of change of the function is: 17

3. Find the maximum rate of change of the function f (x, y, z) = e2x cos (y − 2z) at (4, −2, 0) and the
direction in which this maximum rate of change occurs.
Ans.: Direction in which the maximum rate of change of the function occurs: −2481.03 î+2710.58 ĵ−
5421.15 k̂ and maximum rate of change of the function is: 6549.17
2
4. Determine D⃗u f (−1, 4, 6) for f (x, y, z) = ex y + 4zy 3 in the direction of ⃗u = (2, −3, 6).
1920 8
Ans.: D⃗u f (−1, 4, 6) = − + 16
7 e

16
 x  
z
5. Determine D⃗u f (8, 1, 2) for f (x, y, z) = ln + ln + y 2 x in the direction of ⃗u = (1, 5, 2).
z y
√
203 30
Ans.: D⃗u f (−1, 4, 6) =
80
6. Find the maximum rate of change of the function f (x, y) = e4x y at (6, −2) and the direction in
which this maximum rate of change occurs.
√
640 8 24
Ans.: Maximum rate of change= 48 Direction = − 48 î + 48 ĵ
e e e
7. Find the maximum rate of change of the function f (x, y, z) = x2 y 4 − 3z 2 x at (1, −6, 3) and the
direction in which this maximum rate of change occurs.
√
Ans.: Maximum rate of change= 7849045, Direction = 2565î − 864ĵ − 18k̂
 
2x + 3y
8. Find the maximum rate of change of the function f (x, y, z) = ln at (2, 7, 4) and the
z
direction in which this maximum rate of change occurs.
√ !
7 17 2 3 1
Ans.: Maximum rate of change= Direction = î + ĵ − k̂
100 25 25 4

9. Find the directional derivative of the function (f (x, y) = 2xy−3y 2 at (5, 5) in the direction of 4 î+3 ĵ.
Ans.: −4.

10. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y, z) = x2 − y 2 + 2z 2 at the point P (1, 2, 3) in the
direction of the line P Q where Q has coordinates (5, 0, 4). In what direction , it will be maximum
and what is its value?
28 2 î − 4ĵ + 12 k̂
Ans.: Directional derivative = √ , Direction of maximum directional derivative= √ ,
√ 21 164
Maximum value= 164.

11. Find the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = ln(xy) + ln(yz) + ln(zx) in the direction of 2 î + ĵ − 2k̂
at the point (1, 1, 1). Also, find the direction in which f

(a) increases most rapidly

(b) decreases most rapidly
(c) No change in f

Also find the directional derivatives in these directions.

2
Ans.: Directional Derivative = 3

2 î + 2 ĵ + 2 k̂ √
(a) Direction = √ , Value= 2 3.
2 3

17
 − 2 î − 2 ĵ − 2 k̂ √
(b) Direction = √ , Value= −2 3.
2 3
î + ĵ − 2 k̂
(c) Direction = √ , Value= 0.
6

12. Find the directional derivative of the function f (x, y, z) = 4xz 3 − 3x2 yz 2 at (2, −1, 2) along z-axis.
Ans.: 144

13. The temperature at a point (x, y, z) in the space given by T (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 − z. A mosquito
located at (1, 1, 2) desires to fly in such a direction that it will get warm as soon as possible. In what
direction should it fly?
2 î + 2 ĵ − k̂
Ans.: Direction= , Value= 3
3
14. Consider the surface given by f (x, y) = 20 − x2 − 2y 2 . Water is poured on the surface at (1, 1/4).
What path does it take as it flows downhill?
x2
Ans.: y =
4
15. Let f (x, y) = −x2 + 2x − y 2 + 2y + 1. Find the directional derivative of f in any direction at (1, 1).
Ans.: 0

16. Let f (x, y) = sin x cos y and let P = π3 , π3 . Find the directions of maximal/minimal increase, and

find a direction where the instantaneous rate of f change is 0.

1
Ans.: Direction of maximal increase = 4
î − 34 ĵ, direction of minimal increase= − 14 î + 34 ĵ, direction
of no change = 3î + ĵ

17. Let f (x, y) = 14−x2 −y 2 and let P = (1, 2). Find the directional derivative of f at P in the following
directions:

(a) toward the point Q = (3, 4). (c) toward the origin.
(b) in the direction of (2, −1).

Ans.:
√ √
(a) −3 2 (b) 0 (c) 2 5

18. Find Du f (2, 2, 1), where f (x, y, z) = 3x − 5y + 2z and u is the unit vector in the direction of outward
normal to the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9 at (2, 2, 1).
2
Ans.: Du f (2, 2, 1) = −
3

18
19. Find the√ directional derivative of f (x, y) = y 3 − 2x2 + 3 at the point (1, 2) in the direction of
u := ( 12 , 22 ). Also, find the directional derivative of g(x, y) = log(x2 + y 2 ) at (1, −3) in the direction
of v := (2, −3).
√ 11
Ans.: Du f (1, 2) = −2 + 6 3, Dv g(1, −3) = √
5 3
y
p
20. Let f : R2 → R be given by f (x, y) = 0 if y = 0 and f (x, y) = |y| x2 + y 2 , if y ̸= 0. Show that f is
continuous at (0, 0), Du f (0, 0) exists for all unit vector u but f is not differentiable at (0, 0).
 
21. Let f : R2 → R be differentiable at (0, 0). Suppose that for u = 53 , 54 and v = √12 , √12 , we have


√
Du f (0, 0) = 12 and Dv f (0, 0) = −4 2. Then determine fx (0, 0) and fy (0, 0).
Ans.: fx (0, 0) = −92 and fy (0, 0) = 84

22. What is the derivative of a function f (x, y) at a point P0 in the direction of a unit vector u ? What
rate does it describe? What geometric interpretation does it have? Give examples.

23. What is the gradient vector of a differentiable function f (x, y)? How is it related to the functions
directional derivatives? State the analogous results for functions of three independent variables.

24. Find the derivative of the function at P0 in the direction of A.

(a) f (x, y) = 2xy − 3y 2 , P0 (5, 5), A = 4i + 3i
√
(b) h(x, y) = tan−1 (y/x) + 3 sin−1 (xy/2), P0 (1, 1), A = 3i − 2i
(c) g(x, y, z) = 3ex cos yz, P0 (0, 0, 0), A = 2i + i − 2k
(d) f (x, y, z) = xy + yz + zx, P0 (1, −1, 2), A = 3i + 6i − 2k

25. Find the directions in which the functions increase and decrease most rapidly at P0 . Then Find the
derivatives of the functions in these directions.
(a) f (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 , P0 (−1, 1)
(b) f (x, y, z) = ln xy + ln yz + ln xz, P0 (1, 1, 1)

26. Find the directions in which the functions increase and decrease most rapidly at P0 . Then Find the
derivatives of the functions in these directions. Also find the dertivative of f at P0 in the direction
of the vector v.
(a) f (x, y) = x2 e−2y , P0 (1, 0), v = i + i
(b) f (x, y, z) = ln(2x + 3y + 6z), P0 (−1, −1, 1), v = 2i + 3i + 6k

27. In what direction is the derivative of f (x, y) = xy + y 2 at P (3, 2) equal to zero?

28. Is there a direction u in which the rate of change of f (x, y) = x2 − 3xy + 4y 2 at P (1, 2) equals 14?
Give reasons for your answer.

19
29. Is there a direction u in which the rate of change of the temperature function T (x, y, z) = 2xy− yz
(temperature in degrees Celsius, distance in feet) at P (1, −1, 1) is −3 deg Cel/ft ? Give reasons for
your answer.

a point P is greatest in the direction of v = i + i − k. In this direction,

30. The derivative of f (x, y, z) at √
the value of the derivative is 2 3.
(a) What is ∇f at P ? Give reasons for your answer.
(b) What is the derivative of f at P in the direction of i + i ?

31. What is the largest value that the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = xyz can have at the point
(1, 1, 1)?

Tangent Planes and Normal Lines

1. Find the tangent plane and normal line to x2 y = 4zex+y − 35 at (3, −3, 2).
x−3 y+3 z−2
Ans.: Tangent Plane: −26x + y − 4z = −89 and Normal Line: = = .
−26 1 −4
 
x
2. Find the tangent plane and normal line to ln = z 2 (x − 2y) + 3z + 3 at (4, 2, −1).
2y
x−4 y−2 z+1
Ans.: Tangent Plane: − 43 x + 32 y − 3z = 3 and Normal Line: = 3 = .
− 34 2
−3
√
3. Find the tangent plane and normal line to z y + 4x z − x3 y 2 = 221 at (−2, 5, 9).
x+2 y−5 z−9
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 864x − 267y − 11z = −3162 and Normal Line: = = .
864 −267 −11
2 z2
4. Find the tangent plane and normal line to ex y + zy 4 = 61 + at (0, −2, 6).
x+1
x y+2 z−6
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 10x − 48y + z = 102 and Normal Line: = = .
10 −48 1
√
5. Find the tangent plane and normal line to 9yz − x2 − 8z = xy 2 − 26 at (3, 1, −2).
x−3 y−1 z+2
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 8x + 120y − 49z = 242 and Normal Line: = = .
8 120 −49
6. Find the point(s) on 6x2 + y 2 − 3z 2 = 4 where the tangent plane to the surface is parallel to the
plane given by 2x + 7y − z = 6.
r r r ! r r r !
1 3 3 1 3 1 3 3 1 3
Ans.: ,7 , , − , −7 ,−
3 37 37 3 37 3 37 37 3 37

20
 7. Find the point(s) on x2 − 8y 2 − 2z 2 = −3 where the tangent plane to the surface is parallel to the
plane given by −4x − y + 8z = 1.
r r r ! r r r !
8 1 8 8 8 1 8 8
Ans.: −4 , , −4 , 4 ,− ,4
43 8 43 43 43 8 43 43

6
8. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = x2 cos (πy) − at (2, −1).
xy 2
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 5x + 12y + 2z = −16.
p
9. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = x x2 + y 2 + y 3 at (−4, 3).
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 41x + 123y − 5z = 170.

10. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = 4x2 − ye2x+y at (−2, 4).
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 24x + 5y + z = −16.
12x
11. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = x2 y 4 − at (−1, 6).
y
2591
Ans.: Tangent Plane: z = −2594x + y − 6478.
3
√
12. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = ln (x2 y) − x y at (− 12 , 4).
3 7
Ans.: Tangent Plane: z = −6x + y − .
8 2
13. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = ex y + y 2 e1−y at (0, 1).
Ans.: Tangent Plane: z = x + y + 1.

14. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = cos (sin (y) − x) at (−2, 0)
Ans.: Tangent Plane: 5z = 48x + 32y.
10x2
15. Find the equation of the tangent plane to z = at (4, −1)
x−y
16. Let f (x, y, z) = x2 + 2xy − y 2 + z 2 . Find the gradient of f at (1, −1, 3) and the equations of the
tangent plane and the normal line to the surface f (x, y, z) = 7 at (1, −1, 3).
x−1 y+1 z−3
Ans.: grad(f ) = (0, 4, 6), tangent plane 2y + 3z = 7, Normal line = =
0 4 6
17. Find the tangent plane to the graphs of the following functions at given point:
√
(b) f (x, y) = tan−1 xy at 1, 3, π3 .



(a) f (x, y) = x2 − y 4 + exy at (1, 0, 2)

Ans.:

21
 √
(a) z = 2x + y (b) 3 3x − 3y + 12z − 4π = 0

18. Find the equation of tangent plane.

(a) 2(x − 2)2 + (y − 1)2 + (z − 3)2 = 1 at (3, 3, 5). Ans.: 4x + 8y + 24z = 48

Ans.: 4x + 4y + 4z = 44 (c) x + y + z = exyz at (0, 0, 1).
(b) xy 2 z 3 = 8 at (2, 2, 1). Ans.: x + y + z = 1
√ √ √
19. Show
√ that sum of the x−, y−, and z−intercepts of any tangent plane to the surface x+ y + z =
c is constant.

x2 y 2 z 2
20. Show that the equation of the tangent plane to the ellipsoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1 at the point (x0 , y0 , z0 )
a b c
can be written as
xx0 yy0 zz0
+ 2 + 2 = 1.
a2 b c
21. How do you find the tangent line at a point on a level curve of a differentiable function f (x, y) ?
How do you find the tangent plane and normal line at a point on a level surface of a differentiable
function f (x, y, z)? Give examples.

22. Find an equation for the plane tangent to the level surface f (x, y, z) = c at the point P0 . Also, find
parametric equations for the line that is normal to the surface at P0 .
(a) x2 − y − 5z = 0, P0 (2, −1, 1)
(b) x2 + y 2 + z = 4, P0 (1, 1, 2)

23. Find an equation for the plane tangent to the surface z = f (x, y) at the given point.
(a) z = ln(x2 + y 2 ), (0, 1, 0)
(b) z = 1/(x2 + y 2 ), (1, 1, 1/2)

24. Find parametric equations for the line that is tangent to the curve of intersection of the surfaces at
the given point.
(a) Surfaces: x2 + 2y + 2z = 4, y = 1, Point: (1, 1, 1/2)
(b) Surfaces: x + y 2 + z = 2, y = 1, Point: (1/2, 1, 1/2)

Relative Minimums and Maximums

Find and classify all the critical points of the following functions.

1. f (x, y) = (y − 2) x2 − y 2
Ans.: Relative Maximum at (0, 0) and Saddle points at t (−2, 2), (2, 2)

22
 2. f (x, y) = 7x − 8y + 2xy − x2 + y 3 .
5 23 1



Ans.: Relative Maximum at 2
, −1 and Saddle points at t ,
6 3

3. f (x, y) = (3x + 4x3 ) (y 2 + 2y).

Ans.: Saddle points at t (0, −2), (0, 0)

4. f (x, y) = 3y 3 − x2 y 2 + 8y 2 + 4x2 − 20y

√
√
 √
−16− 976

Ans.: Saddle points at (−2, −2) , (2, −2) , −2 3, 2 , 2 3, 2 and Relative maxima at 0, 18
,
 √ 
0, −16+18 976 .

5. f (x, y) = 2y − 9x − xy + 5x2 + y 2 .
!
16 11
Ans.: Relative minima at ,− .
19 19

6. f (x, y) = x3 − y 3 + 8xy.
!
8 8
Ans.: Relative minima at , − , Saddle point at (0, 0).
3 3

7. f (x, y) = (y − x) (1 − 2x − 3y).
!
1 1
Ans.: , Saddle point at , .
5 5

1
8. f (x, y) = x4 − 4xy 2 − 2x2 + 8y 2 .
2
√ √ √ √
Ans.: Relative minima at ( 2, 0), (− 2, 0), Saddle point at (0, 0), (2, 2), (2, − 2).

9. f (x, y) = xy e−8(x ).
2 +y 2

! ! ! !
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Ans.: Relative maxima at − , − , − , − , Relative minima at , − , − , ,
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Saddle point at (0, 0).
p 1
10. f (x, y) = 8x − x y − 1 + x3 + y − 12x2 .
2
!
1 10
Ans.: Relative minima at (8, 65), Saddle point at , .
3 9

11. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle point(s) of the function.

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 (a) f (x, y) = x2 + y 4 + 2xy
! !
1 1 1 1
Ans.: Saddle points at (0, 0) and Relative minima at √ , −√ , −√ , √ .
2 2 2 2
(b) f (x, y) = xy + e−xy .
Ans.: All the points of the form (x0 , 0) and (0, y0 ) are critical points and they corresponds to
Local minima.

12. Find all the local maxima, local minima, and saddle points of the following functions.
1
(a) f (x, y) = 2 (c) f (x, y) = y sin x
x + y2 − 1
1 1
(b) f (x, y) = + xy + (d) f (x, y) = e2x cos y
x y
13. Find the absolute maxima and minima of the following functions on the given domain.
(a) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 on the closed triangular plate bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, y + 2x = 2 in
the first quadrant.
(b) T (x, y) = x2 + xy + y 2 − 6x on the rectangular plate 0 ≤ x ≤ 5, −3 ≤ y ≤ 3.
14. If fx (a, b) = fy (a, b) = 0, must f have a local maximum or minimum value at (a, b)? Give reasons
for your answer.
15. The temperature at a point (x, y) on a metal plate is T (x, y) = 4x2 − 4xy + y 2 . An ant on the
plate walks around the circle of radius 5 centered at the origin. What are the highest and lowest
temperatures encountered by the ant.
16. Find all the critical and saddle points of the function f (x, y) = x2 + xy + 3x + 2y + 5.

The method of Lagrange multiplier

1. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y) = 81x2 +y 2 subject to the constraint 4x2 +y 2 = 9.
Ans.: Maximum at − 23 , 0 , 32 , 0 and minimum at (0, −3), (0, 3).

2. Find the maximum and

 minimum values of f (x, y) = 8x2 − 2y subject to the constraint x2 + y 2 = 1.
√   √
Ans.: Maximum at − 3 8 7 , − 18 , 3 8 7 , − 18 and minimum at (0, 1).

3. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y, z) = y 2 −10z subject to the constraint x2 +y 2 +z 2 =
36. √
√

Ans.: Maximum at 0, − 11, −5 , 0, 11, −5 and minimum at (0, 0, 6).
4. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y, z) = xyz subject to the constraint x+9y 2 +z 2 = 4.
Assume that x ≥ 0 for this problem. Why is this assumption needed?
Ans.: Maximum at 2, − 13 , −1 , 2, 31 , 1 and minimum at 2, − 31 , 1 , 2, 13 , −1 .

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 5. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y) = 10y 2 −4x2 subject to the constraint x4 +y 4 = 1.
Ans.: Maximum at (0, −1), (0, 1) and minimum at (−1, 0), (1, 0).

6. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y) = 3x−6y subject to the constraint 4x2 +2y 2 = 25.
! !
5 10 5 10
Ans.: Maximum at , − and minimum at − , .
6 3 6 3

7. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y) = xy subject to the constraint x2 − y = 12.
Assume that y ≤ 0 for this problem. Why is this assumption needed?
Ans.: Maximum at (−2, −8) and minimum at (2, −8).

8. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y, z) = x2 + 3y 2 subject to the constraint x2 + 4y 2 +
z 2 = 36.
Ans.: Maximum at (−6, 0, 0) , (6, 0, 0) and minimum at (0, 0, −6) , (0, 0, 6).

9. Find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y, z) = xyz subject to the constraint x2 +2y 2 +4z 2 =
24.
√ √
√ √
√ √
√ √

Ans.: Maximum at −2 2, −2, 2 , 2 2, 2, 2 , −2 2, 2, − 2 , 2 2, −2, − 2 and mini-
√ √
√ √
√ √
√ √

mum at −2 2, 2, 2 , 2 2, −2, 2 , −2 2, −2, − 2 , 2 2, 2, − 2 .

x2 y 2 z 2
10. Find a point on the ellipsoid + + = 1 that is closest to the point.
a2 b 2 c 2
11. Find the extreme values of the function f (x, y) = 2x+y +2z subject to the constraint x2 +y 2 +z 2 = 1.
! !
2 1 2 2 1 2
Ans.: Maximum at , , , minimum at − , − , −
3 3 3 3 3 3

12. Find the closest point(s) on the parabola y = x2 to the point (0, 1).
! !
1 1 1 1
Ans.: Points √ , , −√ , .
2 2 2 2

13. You have 24 square inches of cardboard and want to build a box (in the shape of rectangular prism).
Show that a 2 × 2 × 2 encloses cube encloses largest volume.

14. Find the largest volume of a rectangular prism with edges parallel to the coordinate axes and all
vertices lying on the ellipsoid
x2 y 2 z 2
+ + =1
a2 b 2 c 2
(where a, b, c > 0.)
8
Ans.: Largest Volume = √ abc
3 3

25
15. Find the closest point(s) to the origin on the hyperbola xy = 1.
Ans.: Closest points (1, 1), (1, −1).

16. Find three real numbers whose sum is 9 and the sum of whose squares is as small as possible.

17. Suppose a box with no top is to hold a certain volume V . Find the dimensions for the box that
results in the minimum surface area.

18. Determine the maxima and minima of f (x, y, z) = x2 − y 2 on the surface x2 + 2y 2 + 3z 2 = 1.

19. Find the isosceles triangle of maximum area with fixed perimeter length C.

20. Use the method of Lagrange Multipliers to find the maximum and minimum values of the function
f (x, y) = 3x + 4y on the circle x2 + y 2 = 1.

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