Design of Structures 3(2+1) Home » Gourses » Exsing Couss ® UG Courses -Agrcutual Engineering» AgrculEngiraeing ® OBS_1 » MODULE 6, LESSON 11 Design of Congresson Manbers MODULE, MODULES 1 Lesson 1 Sen PuEssow 2. Desi of Coum Besae Sib ans MopuLe 7 MODULE IA INTRODUCTION A steut is defined as a structural member subjected to compression in a direction parallel to its longitudinal axis, The term strut is commonly used for compression members in roof trusses. A steut may be used in a vertical position or in an inclined position in roof trusses. The compression members may be subjected to both ‘axial compression and bending. ‘When compression members are overloaded then their failure may take place because of| ofthe folowing 1-Direet compression 2. Excessive bending 4. Bending combined with twisting ‘The failure ofcolumn depends upon its slendemess ratio, The load required to cause above mentioned failures decreases as the length of compression member increases, the cross-sectional area of the member being constant. 11.2. COMMON SECTIONS OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS, ‘The common sections used For compression members ate shown in Fig, 11.1 with their approximate radi of ayration, A column or a compression member may be made of many different sections to support a given load, Few sections satisfy practical requirement in a given case. A tubular section is most efficient and economical fr the columa fre to buckle in aay direction. The eadius of| ™ gyration forthe tubular section in all the directions remains same. The ‘ubular section has high local buckling strength. The tubular sections are] suitable for mediue loads, However, itis dificult t have their end connections. solid round bar heving a cross-sectional ares equal to that of tubular section has radius of gyration, r much smaller than that ‘of tube, The solid round bar is lets economical than the tubular section, ‘The solid ound bar is beter shen the thin rectangulae section ofa flat strip. The radius of gyration of fat strip about its narow direction is | Ly. 3 very smal. Theoretically, the rods and bars do resist some compression.| ‘When the length of stractural member is about 3m, then the at compressive strengths of the rods and bars are very small atl i * rs Ba Single ange sections are rarely used except in light roof trusses, becausd of eccentricity at the end connections. Tee-sections are often used i roof trusses. The single rolled stect I-section and single rolled stec channel section are seldom used as column. The value of radius of gyration r, about the axis parallel to the web is small, The intermediate additional supports in the weak direction ‘make the use of these sections economical, Sometimes the use of Lsections and ehansel sections axe preferred because ofthe method of rolling at the mils, since, the out-o-out dimensions remain same fora given depth, This failure isnot there with other rolled stel sections. The costs of single rolled stel sections per unit weight are less than those of built-up seetions. Therefore the single rolled steel sections are prefered so Tong as their use is feasible 11.3 STRENGTH OF COMPRESSION MEMBERS The strength of a compression member is defined as is safe load carying capacity. The strength of «centrally loaded sight sol column depen onthe elective crose-secional ars, radius of gyration (viz, shape of the cross-section), the cffstive length the magnitude and dstibuson of residual sess, annealing, ost of ‘straightness and cold straightening. The effective cross-sectional area and the slendemess ratio of the compression bers are the mui featres, which influence if stength. In ease, the allowable ses 8 assumed to vary paraboisly with the slendemess ratio, stay’ be proved thatthe efficiency a a shape of a eompresion member is related to AP. The elfisieney ofa shape is defined as the rato ofthe allowable fad fora given slenderess rai to thet fr slenderess aio equal to zero. The safe lad canying capacity of compression member of known sectional area may be determined as flowStep 1. From the actual length of the compression member and the support conditions ofthe member, which are known, the effective length of the member is computed, Step 2. From the radius of gyration sbout various axes of the section given in section tables, the minimum ‘radius of gyration (pi) i taken. ta fr a built up section is calculated Step 3.‘The maximum slenderness ratio (ira) is determined forthe compression member. Step 4. The allowable working stress (9,2) in the direction of compression is found corresponding to the ‘maximum slenderness rato ofthe columa fom 1S:800-1984, Step 5. The effective sectional area (A) of the member is noted from structural steel section tables. For the ‘built up members it ean be ealetated. Step 6. The safe load cary capacity ofthe member is determined 3s P>(0yeA), where P>safe load L14ANGLE STRUTS The compression members consisting of single sections are of two types: 4. Discontinuous members [Link] members 11.4.1 Continuous members ‘The compression members (consisting of single or double angles) which are continuous over a number of Joins are known as continuous members. The top chord members of trus girders and principal rafters of root ‘russes are continuous members. The effective length of such compression members is adopted between 0.7 and 1.0 times the distance between the centres of intersections, depending upon degree of restraint provided, When the members of trusses buckle in the plane perpendicular to the plane of the truss, the effective length shall be taken as 1.0 times the distance between the points of restrain. The working stresses for such ‘compression members is adopted from IS:80U-1984 corresponding to the slendemess ratio of the member and yield stress for stel, 11.4.2 Discontinuous members ‘The compression members which are not continuous over a number of joins, ie., which extend between two adjacent joints only are known as discontinuous members. Tae discontinuous members may consist of single angle strut or double angle strut. When an angle strut is connected to a gusset plate orto any structural member by one leg, the load tansmited through the strut, is eccentric on the section ofthe strut. As a result of this, ‘bending stess is developed along with direct stress. While designing or determining strength of an engle strut, the bending stress developed because of eccentricity of loading is accounted for as follows: {i Single angle strut +. When single angle discontinuous strut is connected toa gusset plate with one rivet as shown in Fig, 11.2.A, its effective length is adopted as centre fo centre of intersection at each end and the allowable working stress corresponding tothe slondemess rato ofthe member is reduced to 80 per cent. However, the slendemess rato of such single angle strut should not exceed 180. 2 When a single angle discontinuous strut is connected with two or more number of rivets or Welding os shown in Fig. 11.2, is effective length is adopted as 0.85 times the length of strut centre to centre of intersection af each end and allowable working stress corresponding to the slendemess ratio ofthe member is not reduced.Double angle strut 1. Adouble angle discontinuous strut with angles placed back to back and connected to both sides of @ ‘gusset or any rolled steel section by not less than two rivets oF bolts or in line along the angles at cach end or by equivalent in welding as shown in Fig 11.3.A, can be regarded as an axially loaded strut Is effective length is adopted as 0.85 times the distance between intersections, depending on the degree of restraint provided and in the plane perpendicular to that of the gussc, the effective length ‘shall be taken as equal to the distance between centres of the intersections. The tacking rivets should be provided at appropriate pte 2, The double angles, back to hack connected to one side ofa gusset plate or a section by one or more rivets or bolts or welds as show in Fg, 11.3.B, these are designed as single angle discontinuous strut connected by single rivet or bol [the strus cary in addition to axial loads, loads which cause transverse bending, the combined bending and axial stress shall be checked as described for the columns subjected to eccentric loading. The tacking rivets should be provided at appropriate pitch, The tacking rivets are also termed as stitching rivets. In case of compression memiers, when the maximum distance between centres of two adjacent rivets exceeds 12 t fo 200 mm whichever is les, then tacking rivets are used. The tacking rivets are not subjected to calculated stress, The tacking rivets are provided throughout the length of a compression member composed of two components back to back. The two components of a member act together as one piece by providing tacking rivets at a pitch in line not exceeding 600 mm and such that minimum slendemess ratio of each member between the connections is not greater than 40 or 0.6 times the ‘maximum slenderness ratio of the strut asa whole, whichever is less Incase where plates ae used, the tacking rivets are provided ata pitch inline not exceeding 32 times the thickness of outside plate or 300 sam whichever is less. Where the plates are exposed to weather the pitch inline shall not exceed 16 times the thickness of the outside plate or 200 mm whichever is less. In both cass, the lines of rivets shall ot be apart ata distance greater than these pitches. The single angle sections are used for the compression members for small russes and bracing. The equal angle sections are mote desirable usually. The unequal angle sections are also used, The minimum radius of gyration about one of the principal axis is adopted for calculating the slendemes ratios, The minimum radius of gyration of the single angle section is much less than the other sections of same cross-sectional area. Therefore, the single angle sections are not suitable for the compression member of long lengths. The single angle sections are commonly used in te single plane trusses (ie, the trusses having gusset plates in one plane). The angle sections simplify the end connections, ‘The tee-seotions are suitable forthe compression members for small trusses. The tee-sections ere more suitable for welding Example 11.1 A single angle discontinuous stut ISA 150 ma x 150 mm x 12 mm (SA 150 150,@0.272 Kin) with single riveted connection is 3.5 m long. Calculate safe load carrying capacity ofthe section. Solution: Step 1: Properties of angle section ISA 150 mm x 150 mm x 12mm (ISA 150 1S0,@0.272 kN) is used as discontinuous strut. From the steel tables, the geometrical properties ofthe section ae as flows Sectional area A= 3459 mam? Radius of gyration fyq™ fyy"149.3 mm Radius of gyration ray 58.3 mm, fy=29.3 mm Step 2: Slenderess ratio, Minimum radius of gyration tg 29.3 mm ectve length of strut = 3.5 m Slendemess ratio ofthe strut Step 3: Safe load From 1S:800-1984 for l-119.5 and the steel having yield stress, -260 Ninn, allowable working stress in compression tye “64.45 Nima? (MPa) For single angle discontinuous stut with single riveted connection, allowable working stress0.80 oy, (0.80 x 64.45) = 51.56 Nim? Fa lautd=l 2) = rreaseu The safe load carying capacity Example 11.2 In case in Example 11.1, a discontinuous strt 150 x 150 x 15 angle section is used, caleulate the safe Toad carrying capacity of the section. Solution: Step 1: Properties of angle section Angle section 150 mm x 150 mm x 15 mm is used as discontinsous strut, From the ste! tables, the geometrical properties ofthe section are a flows: Sectional area A= 4300 mm? Radius ofgyration 5, Gyo. mam Radius of gyration tyy $7.6 mm, 29.3 mm ‘Step 2: Slenderness ratio, Minimum radius of gyration tg 29.3 mm ectve length of strut = 3.5 m =1195 Slendemess ratio of the strut ‘Step 3: Safe load From 1S:800-1984 for le=119.$ and the steel having yield stress, compression aye "64.45 Nimes? (MPa) allowable working stress in For single angle discontinuous strut with single riveted connection, allowable working stress 0.80 age = (0.80 x 64.45) = 51,56 Nimm? P= (68) = (“282) = 221.7008 The safe load carrying capacity ‘Example 11.3 In Example 11.1, isingle angle discontinuous strut is connected with more than two rivets in Hine along the angle at each end, calculate the safe load carrying capacity of the section. Solution: ‘Step 1: Properties of angle section Discontinuous strut ISA 150 mm x 150 mm x 12 mm (ISA 150 150,@0.272 kNim) is used with double riveted connections, Fom the stel tables, the geometrical propertics ofthe section are as fallows: Sectional area A= 3459 mam? Radius of gyration t= fy=149.3 mm Radius of gyration fyy $8.3 mm, fyy°29.3 mm Length of strut between centre to centre of intersection L=3.50 m ‘Step 2: Slenderness rat Minimum radius of gyration ryjg=29.3 mm Effective length of discontinuous strut double riveted O.8S XL=O.8SX3.5=2.975 m Slendemess ratio of the strut" safe load Step From 1S:800-1984 for =101.5 and the ste! having yield stress, §j=260 Nia compression oy: ~71.65 Nin? (MPs) Allowable working stress fr discontinuous strut double riveted isnot reduced,uargakn ‘The safe load carying capacity Example 11.4 A double angle discontinuous strut ISA 125 mm x 95 mm x 10 mm (ISA 125 95,@0.165 kNim) long legs back to back is connected fo both the sides of gusset plate 10 mam thick with 2 rivets. The length of strut between cente to centre of intersections is 4m, Determine the safe lod carrying eapacity ofthe section, Solution: ‘Step 1: Properties of angle section ‘The double angle discontinuous strut 2 ISA. 125 mim x 95 mm x 10 mm (ISA 125 95,@0.165 kNim) is shown in Fig. 1.4. Assume the tacking rivets are used along the length, From the steel tables, the geometrical properties of (awo angle back to back) the sections ae as follows: Sectional area A= 4204 mm? Radius of gyration fyy=39.4 mm “Angles are 10 mm apart Radius of gyration fyy~ 40.1 mm Length of sirut between centre to centre of intersection L=4 m ‘Step 2: Slenderness ratio, Minimum radius of gyration rpg” 39.4 mm Effective length of discontinuous strut O85 x L= 0.85 x40= 3.40.m Slendemess ratio of he strut ‘Step 3: Safe load From IS:800-1984 for lf=86.3 and the stool having yield stress, 96 Nimm? (MPa) 160 Nimm?, slloweble working stess in compression oy @utv=( = 402416 The safe load carrying capacity Example 11.5 In Example 11.4, if double discontinuous strut is connected to one side ofa gusset, determine se load carrying capacity ofthe strut Soluti Step 1: Properties of angle section The double angle discontinuous strut 2ISA 125 mm x 95 mm x 10 mm (ISA 125 95,@0.165 kN/m) connected to one side of a gusset is shown in Fig. 11.5. Assume the tacking rivets are used along the length. From the stel tables, the geometrical properties of (wo angle back to back) the sections areas follows: bse fea] Sectional arca A= 4204 mm? Rais of gyration —1y°39.4mm Distance back to hack of angles is er0 Radivs of gyration ry 36.7 mm Effective length of strut whether single riveted or double riveted L=4 m ‘Step 2: Slendernes ato,radius of gyration fyi 36:7 man Slendomess ratio ofthe strut ‘Step 3: Safe load From 1S:800-1984 for Ui-109 and the steel having yield stress, f,-260 Nimm?, allowable working stress in compression oye =73.9 Nimm? (MPa) For above strut, allowable working stress 0.80 63. =(0.80.x 73.9) = $9.12 Nim? wast The safe load carrying capacity Example 11.6 In Example 11.4, double angle strut is continuous and connected with a gusset plate with single rivet; {determine safe load eserying capacity ofthe st. Solution: ‘Step 1: Properties of angle section ‘The double angle discontinuous strut 2 ISA 125 mm x 95 mm x 10 mm (ISA 125 95,@0.165 kNim) is singly riveted as shown in Fig. 11.4. Assume the tacking rivets are used along the length, From the steel tables, the geometrical properties of (two angle back to back) the sections areas follows Sectional area Radius of gyration tyy=394 mm Angles are 10 mm apart Radius ofgyration yy 40.1 mm Length of strut between centre to centre of intersection L=# m ‘Step 2: Slenderness ratio, Minimum radius of gyration tyjg= 39.4 mm Elective length = L= 4m Slendemess ratio of he strut" ‘Step 3: Safe load From 1S:800-1986 for Ur-101.5 and the stel having yield stress, fy-260 Nimm’, allowable working stress in compression dye =71.65 Nim? (MPa) D124 ‘The safe load carrying capacity Example 11.7 Design a single angle discontinaous strut to carry 110 KN load. The length ofthe strut between centre to centee of intersections is 3.25 Design:Step 1: Selection of trial section Assuming that she angle strut is connected tothe gusset plate with fo or more than Wo rivets Bective length of strut 1-0:851=(0.85 x3.25 x 1000) 1762.5 mm ‘The slendemess ratio for the single angle discontinuous strut and value of yield stess forthe steal may be sssumed as 130 and 260 Nimm2, respectively Therefore, allowable stress in compression for strut ogc “57 Nit? (MPa) fective sectional area required = ‘The equal angle section is suitable for single angle strut. Ithas maximum value for minimum radius of gyration, ‘step rom steel section tables, ry ISA 110 mm x 110 mm x 10 mm (ISA 110 [email protected] kNim) roperties of trial section Sectional area A=2106 ma, 33.6 mm, fyyo42.5 im, ry214 mm Therefore fin 21.4 mam ‘Step 3: Slenderness ratio Slendemess ratio ‘Step 4: Safe load From IS:800-1984, allowable working stress in compression forthe steel having yield stress as 260 Nimm? 4¢757-56 Nim? (MPa) se) az P= (eet) = (2 The safe load carying capacity ‘The angle section lighter in weight than this isnot suitable. Hence the design is satisfactory ‘Step §: Cheek for width of outstanding leg Paton) Width of outsandng leg to thickness ratio Hence, satisfactory, Provide ISA 110 mm x 110 mm x 10 mm (ISA 110 [email protected] kNim) for discontinuous strut. Alternatively: Step 2: Properties of trial section From IS:08-1984, ry angle section 120 x 120.x 10 (@ 182 kp'm) Sectional area, A=2320 mm, 96.7 mm, fyy-46.3 mm, 723.6 mm ‘Step3: Slenderness ratio Effective length of strut is 2762.5 mm Minimum radius of gyration y=23.6 mm Slenderness ratio ‘Step 4: Safe lond carrying capacity rom IS:H00-1984 for r=117,055 and the steel having yield stress, §,=260 Nimm?, allowable working stress in compression du =(19-2x758) = ¢6205Nam? 0H) 53.506 a Safe load carying capacity “The ungle section lighter in weight than this isnot suitable. Hence the design is satisfactoryExample 11.8 Design a double angle discontinuous strut to eaery 150 KN Toad. The length of stut between centre to centre of intersections is 4 m Design Step 1: Selection of trial section Assuming that he strut is connected to oth sides of gusset 10 mm hick by tWo or more than two Fives Length of sat L400 Bifecve length of stat ORSL=(.8S x4) 40m ‘The slendemess ratio ofa double angle discontinuous strut and the value of yield stress forthe steel may be assumed as 120 and 260 Nim, respectively ‘Therefor, allowable stress in compression 4,64 Nimm? (MPa) Effective sectional area required ‘Step 2: Properties of trial section From steel section tables (properties of two angles back to back), try 2 ISA 100 mm x 65 mm x 8 mm (2 ISA 100 65,@0.099 KNim) Sectional area A-2514mm2, ——ny-31.6mm, For angles having 10 mm distance back to back and long legs vertical Therefore fin 27-S mm Step 3: Slenderness ratio )=1236 Slendemess ratio Step 4: Safe load From I8:800-1984, allowable working stress in compression forthe steel having yield stress as 260 Nimm? ye~61.48 Nim? (MPa) The eed caryng asc sere ‘The angle section lighter in weight than this isnot suitable. Hence the design is satisfactory, Provide 2 ISA 100 ram x 65 mm x § mm forthe stu Provide tacking rivets 18 mm in diameter at $00 mm spacing, ‘ous covet uera gin cena) bas