PROGRAM - 1

Write a C program to implement Quick Sort

#include<stdio.h>
void quicksort(int number[25],int first,int last){
int i, j, pivot, temp;
if(first<last){
pivot=first;
i=first;
j=last;
while(i<j){
while(number[i]<=number[pivot]&&i<last)
i++;
while(number[j]>number[pivot])
j--;
if(i<j){
temp=number[i];
number[i]=number[j];
number[j]=temp;
}
}
temp=number[pivot];
number[pivot]=number[j];
number[j]=temp;
quicksort(number,first,j-1);
quicksort(number,j+1,last);
}
}
int main(){
int i, count, number[25];
printf("How many elements are u going to enter?: ");
scanf("%d",&count);
printf("Enter %d elements: ", count);
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
scanf("%d",&number[i]);
quicksort(number,0,count-1);
printf("Order of Sorted elements: ");
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
printf(" %d",number[i]);
 return 0;
}

Output:
How many elements are u going to enter?: 5
Enter 5 elements: 6 10 3 2 1
Order of Sorted elements: 1 2 3 6 10
 PROGRAM – 2

Write a C program to implement Merge Sort

/*

* C Program to Perform Merge Sort using Recursion and Functions

*/

#include <stdio.h>

#include <stdlib.h>

// merge function

void Merge(int arr[], int left, int mid, int right)

int i, j, k;

int size1 = mid - left + 1;

int size2 = right - mid;

// created temporary array

int Left[size1], Right[size2];

// copying the data from arr to temporary array

for (i = 0; i < size1; i++)

Left[i] = arr[left + i];

for (j = 0; j < size2; j++)

Right[j] = arr[mid + 1 + j];

// merging of the array

i = 0; // intital index of first subarray

j = 0; // inital index of second subarray

k = left; // initial index of parent array

while (i < size1 && j < size2)

if (Left[i] <= Right[j])

arr[k] = Left[i];

i++;

else

arr[k] = Right[j];

j++;

k++;

// copying the elements from Left[], if any

 while (i < size1)

arr[k] = Left[i];

i++;

k++;

// copying the elements from Right[], if any

while (j < size2)

arr[k] = Right[j];

j++;

k++;

//merge sort function

void Merge_Sort(int arr[], int left, int right)

if (left < right)

int mid = left + (right - left) / 2;

 // recursive calling of merge_sort

Merge_Sort(arr, left, mid);

Merge_Sort(arr, mid + 1, right);

Merge(arr, left, mid, right);

// driver code

int main()

int size;

printf("Enter the size: ");

scanf("%d", &size);

int arr[size];

printf("Enter the elements of array: ");

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

scanf("%d", &arr[i]);

}
 Merge_Sort(arr, 0, size - 1);

printf("The sorted array is: ");

for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)

printf("%d ", arr[i]);

printf("\n");

return 0;

Output:
Enter the size: 5
Enter the elements of array: 28 3 67 14 8
The sorted array is: 3 8 14 28 67
 PROGRAM – 3

Write a C program to Find Minimum Cost Spanning Tree of a given undirected graph using
Kruskal’s algorithm.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
int i,j,k,a,b,u,v,n,ne=1;
int min,mincost=0,cost[9][9],parent[9];
int find(int);
int uni(int,int);

void main() {
printf("\n Implementation of Kruskal's algorithm\n\n");
printf("\nEnter the no. of vertices\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\nEnter the cost adjacency matrix\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
for(j=1;j<=n;j++) {
scanf("%d",&cost[i][j]);
if(cost[i][j]==0)
cost[i][j]=999;
}
}
printf("\nThe edges of Minimum Cost Spanning Tree are\n\n");
while(ne<n){
for(i=1,min=999;i<=n;i++) {
for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
if(cost[i][j]<min){
min=cost[i][j];
a=u=i;
b=v=j;
}
}
}
u=find(u);
v=find(v);
if(uni(u,v)){
printf("\n%d edge (%d,%d) =%d\n",ne++,a,b,min);
mincost +=min;
}
cost[a][b]=cost[b][a]=999;
}
printf("\n\tMinimum cost = %d\n",mincost);
}
int find(int i){
while(parent[i])
i=parent[i];
return i;
}

int uni(int i,int j){

if(i!=j) {
parent[j]=i;
return 1;
}
return 0;
}

Output:
 PROGRAM – 4

Write a C program to find shortest paths to other vertices using Dijkstra’s algorithm, From
a given vertex in a weighted connected graph.

#include<stdio.h>
#define infinity 999

void dij(int n, int v,int cost[20][20], int dist[])

{
int i,u,count,w,flag[20],min;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
flag[i]=0, dist[i]=cost[v][i];
count=2;
while(count<=n){
min=99;
for(w=1;w<=n;w++)
if(dist[w]<min && !flag[w]) {
min=dist[w];
u=w;
}
flag[u]=1;
count++;
for(w=1;w<=n;w++)
if((dist[u]+cost[u][w]<dist[w]) && !flag[w])
dist[w]=dist[u]+cost[u][w];
}
}
int main(){
int n,v,i,j,cost[20][20],dist[20];
printf("enter the number of nodes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n enter the cost matrix:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
scanf("%d",&cost[i][j]);
if(cost[i][j] == 0)
cost[i][j]=infinity;
}
printf("\n enter the source matrix:");
scanf("%d",&v);
dij(n,v,cost,dist);
printf("\n shortest path : \n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(i!=v)
printf("%d->%d,cost=%d\n",v,i,dist[i]);
}

Output:
 PROGRAM – 5

Write a C program to perform various tree traversal algorithms for a given tree.

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
typedef struct treeNode{
int data;
struct treeNode *left;
struct treeNode *right;
}treeNode;
treeNode* FindMin(treeNode *node){
if(node==NULL){/* There is no element in the tree */
return NULL;
}
if(node->left) /* Go to the left sub tree to find the min element */
return FindMin(node->left);
else
return node;
}
treeNode * insert(treeNode *node,int data){
if(node==NULL){
treeNode *temp;
temp = (treeNode *)malloc(sizeof(treeNode));
temp -> data = data;
temp -> left = temp -> right = NULL;
return temp;
}
if(data >(node->data)) {
node->right = insert(node->right,data);
}
else if(data < (node->data)){
node->left = insert(node->left,data);
}
/* Else there is nothing to do as the data is already in the tree. */
return node;
}
treeNode * deletion(treeNode *node, int data){
treeNode *temp;
if(node==NULL){
printf("Element Not Found");
}
else if(data < node->data){
node->left = deletion(node->left, data);
}
else if(data > node->data){
node->right = deletion(node->right, data);
}
else{
/* Now We can delete this node and replace with either minimum elementin the right sub tree
or maximum element in the left subtree */
if(node->right && node->left){
/* Here we will replace with minimum element in the right sub tree */
temp = FindMin(node->right);
node -> data = temp->data;
/* As we replaced it with some other node, we have to delete that node */
node -> right = deletion(node->right,temp->data);
}
else{
/* If there is only one or zero children then we can directlyremove it
from the tree and connect its parent to its child */
temp = node;
if(node->left == NULL)
node = node->right;
else if(node->right == NULL)
node = node->left;
free(temp); /* temp is longer required */
}
}
return node;
}
treeNode * search(treeNode *node, int data){
if(node==NULL){/* Element is not found */
return NULL;
}
if(data > node->data){ /* Search in the right sub tree. */
return search(node->right,data);
}
else if(data < node->data){ /* Search in the left sub tree. */
return search(node->left,data);
}
else{ /* Element Found */
return node;
}
}
void inorder(treeNode *node){
if(node!=NULL) {
inorder(node->left);
printf("%d ",node->data);
inorder(node->right);
}
else return;
}
void preorder(treeNode *node){
if(node!=NULL){
printf("%d ",node->data);
preorder(node->left);
preorder(node->right);
}
else return;
}

void postorder(treeNode *node){

if(node!=NULL){
postorder(node->left);
postorder(node->right);
printf("%d ",node->data);
}
else return;
}
void main(){
treeNode *t,*root = NULL;
int ch, elt;
do {
printf("\n ### Binary Search Tree Operations ###");
printf("\n Press 1-Creation of BST");
printf("\n 2-deleting ");
printf("\n 3-searching ");
printf("\n 4-Traverse in Inorder");
printf("\n 5-Traverse in Preorder");
printf("\n 6-Traverse in Postorder");
printf("\n 7-Exit\n");
printf("\n enter yor choice ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch (ch) {
case 1:
printf("enter element to be inserted");
scanf("%d", &elt);
root = insert(root, elt);
break;
case 2:
printf("enter element to be deleted");
scanf("%d",&elt);
deletion(root,elt);
break;
case 3:
printf("enter element to be search");
scanf("%d",&elt);
t=search(root,elt);
if(t==NULL)
printf("element NOT found");
break;
case 4:
printf("\n BST Traversal in INORDER \n");
inorder(root);
break;
case 5:
printf("\n BST Traversal in PREORDER \n");
preorder(root);
break;
case 6:
printf("\n BST Traversal in POSTORDER \n");
postorder(root);
break;
case 7:
printf("\n\n Terminating \n\n");
break;
default:
printf("\n\nInvalid Option !!! Try Again !! \n\n");
break;
}
} while (ch!= 7);
}

Output:
 PROGRAM – 6

Write a C program to Implement 0/1 Knapsack problem using Dynamic Programming.

#include<stdio.h>
int w[10],p[10],v[10][10],n,i,j,cap,x[10]={0};

int max(int i, int j){

return ((i>j)?i:j);
}
int knap(int i,int j){
int value;
if(v[i][j]<0){
if(j<w[i])
value=knap(i-1,j);
else
value=max(knap(i-1,j),p[i]+knap(i-1,j-w[i]));
v[i][j]=value;
}
return(v[i][j]);
}
int main(){
int profit,count=0;
printf("\nEnter the number of objects ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the profit and weights of the elements \n ");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
printf("\nEnter profit and weight For object no %d :",i);
scanf("%d%d",&p[i],&w[i]);
}
printf("\nEnter the capacity ");
scanf("%d",&cap);
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
for(j=0;j<=cap;j++)
if((i==0)||(j==0))
v[i][j]=0;
else
v[i][j]=-1;
profit=knap(n,cap);
i=n;
j=cap;
while(j!=0&&i!=0){
if(v[i][j]!=v[i-1][j]){
x[i]=1;
j=j-w[i];
i--;
}
else
i--;
}
printf("object included are \n ");
printf("[Link]\tweight\tprofit\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(x[i])
printf("%d\t%d\t%d\n",++count,w[i],p[i]);
printf("Total profit = %d\n",profit);
}

Output:
 PROGRAM – 7

Write a C program to Print all the nodes reachable from a given starting node in a digraph
using BFS method.

//Breadth first traversal

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int a[20][20],q[20],visited[20],n,i,j,f=-1,r=0;
void bfs(int v){
q[++r]=v;
visited[v]=1;
while(f<=r) {
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(a[v][i] && !visited[i]){
visited[i]=1;
q[++r]=i;
}
f++;
v=q[f];
}
}

void main(){
int v;
printf("\n Enter the number of vertices:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
q[i]=0;
visited[i]=0;
}
printf("\n Enter graph data in matrix form:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
printf("\n Enter the starting vertex:");
scanf("%d",&v);
bfs(v);
printf("\n The node which are reachable are:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(visited[i])
printf("%d\t",q[i]);
else
printf("\n Bfs is not possible");
}

Output:
 PROGRAM – 8

Write a C program to Check whether a given graph is connected or not using DFS method.

//Checking whether a given graph is connected or not using DFS method

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int a[20][20],reach[20],n;
void dfs(int v){
int i; reach[v]=1;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(a[v][i] && !reach[i]) {
printf("\n %d->%d",v,i);
dfs(i);
}
}

void main(){
int i,j,count=0;
printf("\n Enter number of vertices:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
reach[i]=0;
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
a[i][j]=0;
}
printf("\n Enter the adjacency matrix:\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
dfs(1);
printf("\n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
if(reach[i])
count++;
}
if(count==n)
printf("\n Graph is connected");
else
printf("\n Graph is not connected");
}

Output:
 PROGRAM – 9

Write a C program to Find a subset of a given set S = {sl, s2.....sn} of n positive integers whose
sum is equal to a given positive integer d. For example, if S= {1, 2, 5, 6, 8} and d = 9 there are
two solutions {1, 2, 6} and {1, 8}.A suitable message is to be displayed if the given problem
instance doesn't have a solution.

#include<stdio.h>
#define TRUE 1
#define FALSE 0
int inc[50],w[50],sum,n;
void sumset(int ,int ,int);
int promising(int i,int wt,int total) {
return (((wt+total)>=sum)&&((wt==sum)||(wt+w[i+1]<=sum)));
}
void main() {
int i,j,n,temp,total=0;
printf("\n Enter how many numbers: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("\n Enter %d numbers : ",n);
for (i=0;i<n;i++) {
scanf("%d",&w[i]);
total+=w[i];
}
printf("\n Input the sum value to create sub set: ");
scanf("%d",&sum);
for (i=0;i<=n;i++)
for (j=0;j<n-1;j++)
if(w[j]>w[j+1]) {
temp=w[j];
w[j]=w[j+1];
w[j+1]=temp;
}
printf("\n The given %d numbers in ascending order: ",n);
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("%3d",w[i]);
if((total<sum))
printf("\n Subset construction is not possible");
else{
for (i=0;i<n;i++)
inc[i]=0;
printf("\n The solution using backtracking is:\n");
sumset(-1,0,total);
}
}
void sumset(int i,int wt,int total){
int j;
if(promising(i,wt,total)) {
if(wt==sum){
printf("\n{");
for (j=0;j<=i;j++)
if(inc[j])
printf("%3d",w[j]);
printf(" }\n");
} else {
inc[i+1]=TRUE;
sumset(i+1,wt+w[i+1],total-w[i+1]);
inc[i+1]=FALSE;
sumset(i+1,wt,total-w[i+1]);
}
}
}

Output:

Enter how many numbers: 5

Enter 5 numbers : 1 2 5 6 8

Input the sum value to create sub set: 9

The given 5 numbers in ascending order: 1 2 5 6 8

The solution using backtracking is:

{ 1 2 6}

{ 1 8}
 PROGRAM – 10

Write a C program to Implement N Queen's problem using Back Tracking.

#include<stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include<math.h>

int a[30],count=0;
int place(int pos){
int i;
for(i=1;i<pos;i++)
{
if((a[i]==a[pos])||((abs(a[i]-a[pos])==abs(i-pos))))
return 0;
}
return 1;
}

void print_sol(int n){

int i,j; count++;
printf("\n\nSolution #%d:\n",count);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++){
for(j=1;j<=n;j++){
if(a[i]==j)
printf("Q\t");
else
printf("*\t");
}
printf("\n");
}
}

void queen(int n){

int k=1;
a[k]=0;
while(k!=0){
a[k]=a[k]+1;
while((a[k]<=n)&&!place(k))
a[k]++;
if(a[k]<=n){
if(k==n)
print_sol(n);
else{
k++;
a[k]=0;
}
}
else
k--;
}
}

void main(){
int i,n;
printf("Enter the number of Queens\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
queen(n);
printf("\nTotal solutions=%d",count);
}

Output:
Enter the number of Queens
4

Solution #1:
* Q * *
* * * Q
Q * * *
* * Q *

Solution #2:
* * Q *
Q * * *
* * * Q
* Q * *

Total solutions=2