ABEN 23 - Computer Application for ABE (Lecture) • The program includes drawing layout functionality, surface • HEC-HMS also

surface • HEC-HMS also includes procedures necessary for continuous

rendering, and supports third-party plugins from the Extension simulation including evapo-transpiration, snowmelt, and soil
AGRICULTURE 4.0 Warehouse. moisture accounting.
- Agriculture 4.0 refers to the use of Internet of Things (IoT), Big
Data, Artificial Intelligence and Robotics to extend, speed up, Lumion
and increase the efficiency of activities that affect the entire • Lumion is architectural rendering software that makes it easy to
production chain. convey how your projects will translate into real-life experiences Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System
and emotions. (HEC-RAS)
Text-based programming • This software allows the user to perform one-dimensional
• Text-based coding involves writing lines of code and can be Enscape steady flow, one and two-dimensional unsteady flow calculations,
introduced to kids after they get used to block-based coding. • Real-time rendering & virtual reality that brings your visual sediment transport/mobile bed computations, and water
• Text -based coding is essentially typing instructions in a exploration directly into your modeling tools so you can focus on temperature/water quality modeling.
programming language following a syntax. creating, designing, and building.
• Syntax is the grammar and spelling rules of a programming SOBEK SUITE
language. FreeCAD • SOBEK is a powerful modeling suite for flood forecasting,
• FreeCAD is an open-source parametric 3D modeler made optimization of drainage systems, control of
Graphical Programming primarily to design real-life objects of any size. irrigation systems, sewer overflow design, river morphology, salt
• The graphical approach to programming allows a computer to • Parametric modeling allows you to easily modify your design by intrusion and surface water quality.
process spatial representations in two or more dimensions. going back into your model history and changing its parameters.
AQUACROP
Spreadsheet based computation SolidWorks • AquaCrop is a crop growth model developed by FAO's Land
• A spreadsheet is a software program you use to easily perform • SOLIDWORKS is used to develop mechatronics systems from and Water Division to address food security and assess the
mathematical calculations on statistical data and totaling long beginning to end. effect of the environment and management on crop production.
columns of numbers or determining percentages and averages. • At the initial stage, the software is used for planning, visual • AquaCrop simulates the yield response of herbaceous crops to
ideation, modeling, feasibility assessment, prototyping, and water and is particularly well suited to conditions in which water
AUTODESK project management. is a key limiting factor in crop production
• This software company develops software services for the • The software is then used for design and building of
construction, manufacturing, engineering, architecture, and mechanical, electrical, and software elements. CROPWAT
entertainment industries. • CROPWAT is a computer program for the calculation of crop
• Tinkercad is a free web app for 3D design, electronics, and Hydrologic Engineering Center’s Hydrologic Modeling water requirements and irrigation requirements based on soil,
coding. System (HEC-HMS) climate and crop data.
• The Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC HMS) is designed to • In addition, the program allows the development of irrigation
SketchUp simulate the complete hydrologic processes of dendritic schedules for different management conditions and the
• SketchUp is a program used for a wide range of 3D modeling watershed systems. calculation of scheme water supply for varying crop patterns.
projects like architectural, interior design, landscape architecture, • The software includes many traditional hydrologic analysis
and video game design, to name a few of its uses. procedures such as event infiltration, unit hydrographs, and SWAT
hydrologic routing. • The Soil & Water Assessment Tool is a small watershed to river
basin scale model used to simulate the quality and quantity of

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surface and ground water and predict the environmental impact plans, lighting plans, sections, elevations, presentations, • Visual Basic (VB) is an event-driven programming language
of land use, land management practices, and climate change. maintenance plans and more. and environment from Microsoft that provides a graphical user
• SWAT is widely used in assessing soil erosion prevention and • It is an ideal tool for professional landscape architects and interface (GUI) which allows programmers to modify code by
control, non-point source pollution control and regional designers to help them produce the highest quality drawings in simply dragging and dropping objects and defining their behavior
management in watersheds. the shortest time possible and appearance.

ANSYS ImageJ
• ANSYS is a general-purpose, finite element modeling package • ImageJ is an image analysis program extensively used in the
ArcGIS for numerically solving a wide variety of mechanical problems. biological sciences and beyond.
• ArcGIS is a geographical information system (GIS) software • These problems include static/dynamic, structural analysis, • Due to its ease of use, recordable macro language, and
that allows handling and analyzing geographic information by heat transfer, and fluid problems, as well as acoustic and extensible plug-in architecture, ImageJ enjoys contributions from
visualizing geographical statistics through layer building maps electromagnetic problems. non programmers, amateur programmers, and professional
like climate data or trade flows. developers alike.
• It’s used by a whole host of academic institutions and COMSOL
departments, both in the humanities and sciences, to develop • The COMSOL Multiphysics software suite is used worldwide as STAAD
and illustrate groundbreaking research. an indispensable tool for a variety of computer simulations for • STAAD is the abbreviation for Structural Analysis and Design.
• Further, it is used by several governments and R&D as well as for learning. • STAAD.Pro is one of the popular software that is used for
private/commercial institutions worldwide. • It is a general-purpose simulation software package for analyzing & designing structures like – buildings, towers,
modeling designs, devices, and processes in all fields of bridges, industrial, transportation and utility structures.
QGIS engineering, manufacturing, and scientific research.
• QGIS (Quantum Geographic Information System) is a free, MATLAB
open source software that allows users to create, edit, visualize, PYTHON • MATLAB is a programming and numeric computing platform
analyze, and publish geospatial information. • Python is a computer programming language often used to used by millions of engineers and scientists to analyze data,
build websites and software, automate tasks, and conduct data develop algorithms, and create models.
IrriCAD analysis.
• IRRICAD™ is the global leader in irrigation design software, • Python is a general-purpose language, meaning it can be used SMath Studio
developed by irrigation engineers at Lincoln Agritech. to create a variety of different programs and isn't specialized for • It is a tiny but powerful mathematical program with 'paper'-like
• IRRICAD is used for designing all types of pressurized irrigation any specific problems. interface and numerous computing features.
systems from concept through to completion. • It has an ability to work with systems, matrices, vectors,
• The program allows for rapid analysis of complex hydraulic Arduino complex numbers, infinities and fractions.
systems, which facilitates faster design changes. • Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on
easy-to-use hardware and software. MiniTab
LANDWorksCAD • Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a • Minitab is statistical analysis software.
• LANDWorksCAD Pro is an outstanding application which finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an • It can be used for learning about statistics as well as statistical
allows you to create high-quality 2D and 3D drawings. output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing research.
• It is an all-in-one application which allows you to create sketch something online. • Statistical analysis computer applications have the advantage
plans, concept plans, presentation plans, planting plans, of being accurate, reliable, and generally faster than computing
construction details, plant schedules, contour plans, irrigation Visual Basic (VB) statistics and drawing graphs by hand.

J.B.Loyola
IBM SPSS
• SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), also known
as IBM SPSS Statistics, is a software package used for the
analysis of statistical data.

IRRI STAR
• STAR is developed using Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP)
and R language for crop scientists and has a user-friendly
graphical user interface (GUI).
• Its current version provides modules for generating
randomization and layout of experimental designs commonly
used in crop research, data management, and basic statistical
analysis, including descriptive statistics, hypothesis testing, and
ANOVA of designed experiments.
• In the future, modules for mixed models, combined analysis,
general linear models and multivariate analysis will also be
included.

MS Excel
• MS Excel is a commercial spreadsheet application that is
produced and distributed by Microsoft for Microsoft Windows and
Mac OS operating systems.
• It features the ability to perform basic calculations, use
graphing tools, create pivot tables and create macros, among
other useful features.

ARDUINO Arduino UNO

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 Parts of Arduino
1. USB Port
Arduino Nano

Arduino MEGA ADK

2. Power port

Arduino Mini 05

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 5. Digital Input Pins
3. Microcontroller

4. Analog Input Pins

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6. Reset Switch

8. USB Interface Chip

9. TX-RX LEDs
7. Crystal Oscillator

10. Power Pins

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J.B.Loyola
ALGORITHM • These are great units for making temporary circuits and
• a process or set of rules to be followed in calculations or other prototyping, and they require absolutely no soldering
problem-solving operations, especially by a computer. LED
• A Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a semiconductor device, which
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE can emit light when an electric current passes through it. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSOR
• Arduino code is written in C++ with an addition of special • LEDs are diodes only allow current to go through them in one • These sensors have been designed for various applications to
methods and functions direction. measure the humidity as well as the temperature of the
• C++ is a human-readable programming language. When you • This means that LEDs (and other diodes) have positive (+) and environment.
create a 'sketch' (the name given to Arduino code files), it is negative (-) sides to them. • The DHT-11 Digital Temperature And Humidity Sensor is a
processed and compiled to machine language. • For an LED to work it needs to be connected to a voltage basic, ultra low-cost digital temperature and humidity sensor.
• Arduino programming language can be divided in three main source with the correct side • DHT-11 uses a capacitive humidity sensor and a thermistor to
parts: functions, values (variables and constants), and structure measure the surrounding air and spits out a digital signal on the
ARDUINO VARIABLES data pin (no analog input pins needed).
PROGRAM STRUCTURE • The variables are defined as the place to store the data and • The DHT22 is the more expensive version which obviously has
Sketch values. better specifications.
• the name that Arduino uses for a program • It consists of a name, value, and type. • Its temperature measuring range is from -40 to +125 degrees
• It's the unit of code that is uploaded to and run on an Arduino • The variables can belong to any data type such as int, float, Celsius with +-0.5 degrees accuracy, while the DHT11
board. char, etc temperature range is from 0 to 50 degrees Celsius with +-2
Structure degrees accuracy.
• Software structure consist of two main functions: POTENTIOMETER • Also the DHT22 sensor has better humidity measuring range,
✓ Setup( ) function • A potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable resistor with from 0 to 100% with 2-5% accuracy, while the DHT11 humidity
✓ Loop( ) function 3 terminals range is from 20 to 80% with 5% accuracy
• It provides a variable amount of resistance that changes as you
PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARDS manipulate it. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY (LCD)
• One of the key concepts in electronics is the printed circuit RGB LED • The LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) is a type of display that uses
board or PCB. • RGB LED means red, blue and green LEDs. RGB LED the liquid crystals for its operation.
• Printed circuit board is the most common name but may also products combine these three colors to produce over 16 million • A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
be called "printed wiring boards" or "printed wiring cards". hues of light. Note that not all colors are possible. used in various devices and circuits. A 16x2 LCD means it can
• A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support display 16 characters per line and
and electrically connect electronic components using conductive PHOTORESISTOR there are 2 such lines.
pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets • A photoresistor is a type of resistor whose resistance • Usually, Arduino LCD display projects will run out of pin
laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. decreases when the intensity of light increases. resources easily, especially with Arduino Uno.
• In other words, the flow of electric current through the • A 16x2 LCD display with an I2C interface is very useful in this
BREADBOARD photoresistor increases when the intensity of light increases. situation.
• Breadboards are one of the most fundamental pieces when • As light intensity increases, resistance decreases. • Inter-Integrated Circuit – that's what I2C stands for.
learning how to build circuits • Photoresistors are most often used as light sensors. • The I2C protocol is used to establish communication between
• An electronics breadboard is referring to a solderless • They are often utilized when it is required to detect the two or more ICs (Integrated Circuits), hence why it's known as
breadboard. presence and absence of light or measure the light intensity. Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) Communication.

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 • The flame detection response can depend on its fitting. It by simply counting how may steps have been performed, with no
WATER LEVEL SENSOR includes an alarm system, a natural gas line, propane & a fire need for a sensor.
• Level sensors are used to detect the level of substances that suppression system. This sensor is used in industrial boilers. • This feature also makes it fit for a wide range of applications
can flow. Such substances include liquids, slurries, granular The main function of this is to give authentication whether the such as 3D printers and CNC machines.
material and powders. boiler is properly working or not. • The maximum speed you are likely to get from a 5V 28BYJ-48
• Level measurements can be done inside containers, or it can is 15 RPM using a delay of 900μs between steps.
be the level of a river or lake.
• Water sensor brick is designed for water detection, which can BUZZER
be widely used in sensing rainfall, water level, and even liquid • A buzzer or beeper is an audio signaling device, which may be
leakage. mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short).
• Connecting a water sensor to an Arduino is a great way to • Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, ULTRASONIC SENSOR
detect a leak, spill, flood, rain, etc. timers, train and confirmation of user input such as a mouse click • An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the
• Hydrostatic pressure level sensors are submersible sensors or keystroke. distance of a target object by emitting ultrasonic sound waves
used for measuring the level of liquids (including corrosive • An active buzzer generates the sound itself. You basically just and converts the reflected sound into an electrical signal.
liquids) in deep tanks or water in reservoirs. turn it on or off. Easier to use. • Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound
• A passive buzzer needs a signal source that provides the (i.e. the sound that humans can hear).
PUSHBUTTON SWITCH sound signal. • Ultrasonic sensors have two main components: the transmitter
• A Push Button is a type of switch which shorts or completes the (which emits the sound using piezoelectric crystals) and the
circuit when it is pressed. SERVO MOTOR receiver (which encounters the sound after it has travelled to and
• It is used in many circuits to trigger the systems. • Servo motors or “servos”, as they are known, are electronic from the target).
• A spring is placed inside it to take it back in initial or off position devices and rotary or linear actuators that rotate and push parts
as soon as the button is released. of a machine with precision. How the HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Distance Sensor Works?
• It is usually made up of hard material like plastic or metal. • Servos are mainly used on angular or linear position and for
specific velocity, and acceleration. • It emits an ultrasound at 40 000 Hz which travels through the
SOUND/NOISE SENSOR air and if there is an object or obstacle on its path It will bounce
• The noise sensor module on the principle of capacitance • Types of Servo back to the module.
measure noise by sensing the variation in the sound pressure. 1. Positional rotation • Considering the travel time and the speed of the sound you can
• The sound pressure change is detected by the capacitor plate • the output of the shaft in motor rotates with 180 degrees. calculate the distance.
of the sensor module. 2. Continuous rotation • In order to generate the ultrasound, we need to set the Trig pin
• The change in the capacitance of the sensor generates an ▪ the output of the shaft in motor rotates with 360 degrees. on a High State for 10 μs.
output signal that is proportional to the sound pressure • That will send out an 8-cycle ultrasonic burst which will travel at
STEPPER MOTOR the speed of sound.
KEYPAD MATRIX • A stepper motor is an electric motor whose main feature is that • The Echo pins goes high right away after that 8-cycle ultrasonic
• A keypad module is a set of buttons arranged in a block or its shaft rotates by performing steps, that is, by moving by a fixed burst is sent, and it starts listening or waiting for that wave to be
“pad” which bear digits, symbols or alphabetical letters. amount of degrees. reflected from an object.
• Pads mostly containing numbers are called a numeric keypad. • This feature is obtained thanks to the internal structure of the • If there is no object or reflected pulse, the Echo pin will time-out
• The 4 x 4 matrix keypad usually is used as input in a project. It motor, and allows to know the exact angular position of the shaft after 38ms and get back to low state.
has 16 keys in total, which means the same input values.

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• If we receive a reflected pulse, the Echo pin will go down • There are hydraulic load cells, pneumatic load cells, and strain
sooner than those 38ms. gauge load cells.
• According to the amount of time the Echo pin was HIGH, we
can determine the distance the sound wave traveled, thus the HX711
distance from the sensor to the object. • It allows you to easily read load cells to measure weight.
• For that purpose, we are using the following basic formula for • The HX711 is a precision 24-bit analog-to-digital converter
calculating distance: (ADC) that is designed for weighing scales and industrial control
applications to interface directly with a bridge sensor.
Distance = Speed x Time • It is specially made for amplifying signals from cells and
reporting them to another microcontroller.
• We actually know both the speed and the time values.
• The time is the amount of time the Echo pin was HIGH, and the
speed is the speed of sound which is approximately 340m/s.
• There’s one additional step we need to do, and that’s divide the
end result by 2 and that’s because we are measuring the
duration the sound wave needs to travel to the object and
bounce back.
• Let’s say the Echo pin was HIGH for 400 μs. If we want the get
the distance result in cm, we can convert the speed of sound
value from 340m/s to 0.034cm/ μs.

Distance = (Speed x Time) / 2 = (0.0343cm/ μs x 400 μs ) / 2 =

6.86 cm.

• So, if the Echo pin was HIGH for 400 μs. (which we measure
using the pulseIn() function), the
distance from the sensor to the object is 6.86 cm.

LOAD CELL
• A load cell is a transducer which converts force into a
measurable electrical output. Although there are many varieties
of load cells, strain gage based load cells are the most
commonly used type.
• A load cell works by converting mechanical force into digital
values that the user can read and record.
• The inner working of a load cell differs based on the load cell
that you choose.

J.B.Loyola