Created by T.

Madas

ALGEBRAIC
FRACTIONS

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

SIMPLIFYING
RATIONAL
EXPRESSIONS

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
Simplify the following algebraic fractions.

x2 − 4 x
a)
x2 − 6 x + 8

y 2 + 2 y − 15
b)
y 2 − 7 y + 12

t 2 + 12t + 36
c)
t 2 + t − 30

w2 + 4w − 12
d)
w2 + 9w + 18

x y+5 t +6 w−2
, , ,
x−2 y −4 t −5 w−3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
Simplify the following algebraic fractions.

x 2 + 10 x + 24
a)
x2 + 5x − 6

y 2 − 7 y + 12
b)
y 2 − 8 y + 15

t 2 − 6t − 16
c)
t 2 − 11t + 24

w2 − 3w − 40
d)
w2 − 12w + 32

x+4 y −4 t +2 w+5
, , ,
x −1 y −5 t −3 w−4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
Simplify the following algebraic fractions:

x2 − 4 x
a)
x2 − 5x + 4

y 2 + 4 y − 12
b)
y 2 + 8 y − 20

t 2 − 6t − 16
c)
t 2 + 7t + 10

w2 − 36
d)
w2 + 10w + 24

x , y +6 , t −8 , w−6
x−1 y +10 t +5 w+4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
Simplify the following algebraic fractions:

3x 2 + 3x
a)
x2 − 2 x − 3

y 2 − 10 y + 25
b)
y 2 − 25

6z − 9
c)
4z2 − 9

10t 2 − 5t
d)
2t 2 + 7t − 4

3 x , y −5 , 3 , 5t
x−3 y +5 2 z+3 t+ 4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
Simplify the following algebraic fractions:

2 x 2 − 50
a)
8 x 2 − 39 x − 5

12 y 2 − 36 y + 15
b)
12 y 2 − 3

2 z 2 − 3z + 1
c)
z2 −1

5w2 + 14w − 3
d)
50w2 − 2

2( x+5) 2 y −5 2 z −1
, , , w+3
8 x−1 2 y +1 z +1 2(5w+1)

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
Simplify the following algebraic fractions:

3x 2 − 7 x + 4
a)
x2 − 1

y3 − 8
b)
3 y2 − 8 y + 4

20 − 5w
c)
6 w2 − 24 w

2t 3 + t 2 − 13t + 6
d)
t2 + t − 6

2
3 x−4 , y + 2 y + 4 , − 5 , 2t + 1
x+1 3 y −2 6w

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7
Simplify the following algebraic fractions:

4 x2 + 4 x − 3
a)
4 x3 − x

y3 − 8
b)
3 y2 − 8 y + 4

20 − 5w
c)
6 w2 − 24 w

( 2t + 1) ( 3t 2 − 6t )
d)
6t 3 − 19t 2 + 9t + 10

2
2 x+3 , y + 2 y + 4 , − 5 , 3t
x( 2 x+1) 3 y −2 6w 3t−5

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

ADDING
ALGEBRAIC
FRACTIONS

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
Simplify the following expressions into a single fraction.

1 2
a) +
x y

4 1
b) −
3x x

1 2 5
c) 2
+ +
t 3t 6

1 1
d) ( w + 2) + ( w − 4)
2 3

2x + y 1 5t 2 + 4t + 6 5w − 2
, , ,
xy 3x 6t 2 6

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
Simplify the following expressions into a single fraction.

1 3
a) +
x + 2 x +1

4 3
b) −
y +1 y − 2

2 1
c) −
2t + 1 t + 3

3 1
d) +
2 ( w + 1) 4 ( w − 1)

4x + 7 y − 11 5 7w − 5
, , ,
( x + 1)( x + 2 ) ( y + 1)( y − 2 ) ( 2t + 1)( t + 3) 4 ( w + 1)( w − 1)

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
Simplify the following into a single fraction.

2 3
a) +
x +1 x − 2

5 4
b) −
y −1 y + 2

4 2
c) −
2t − 1 t + 3

w 2
d) 2
+
w −1 w +1

5x − 1 y + 14 14 3w − 2
, , ,
( x + 1)( x − 2 ) ( y + 1)( y − 2 ) ( 2t − 1)( t + 3) ( w + 1)( w − 1)

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
Simplify the following algebraic expressions giving your final answer as a single
fraction in its simplest form.

2 6
a) −
x − 1 ( x − 1)( 2 x + 1)

2y + 5 1
b) −
y + 3 ( y + 3)( y + 2 )

t +3 t +1
c) −
( t + 1)( t + 2 ) ( t + 2 )( t + 3)

2 3w 5
d) + 2 −
w−2 w −4 w+2

4 2y + 3 4 14 14
, , , = 2
2x +1 y+2 ( t + 1)( t + 3) ( w − 2 )( w + 2 ) w − 4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
Simplify the following algebraic expressions giving your final answer as a single
fraction in its simplest form.

4x 2
a) 2
−
x −9 x+3

y − 10 y −8
b) −
( y − 3)( y + 4 ) ( y − 3)( 2 y − 1)

4t 15
c) 1 + − 2
2t − 5 2t − 7t + 5

2 w2 3w 4
d) 3
+ 2
−
( w + 1) ( w + 1) w +1

2 y − 14 3t + 2 w2 − 5w − 4
, , ,
x−3 ( y + 4 )( 2 y − 1) t − 1 ( w + 1)3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
Simplify the following algebraic expressions giving your final answer as a single
fraction in its simplest form.

1 2 ( x − 1)
a) − 2
x + 4 3 x + 14 x + 8

y 1
b) 2
− 2
y −9 y − 4y + 3

3t + 2
c) 1 + 2
3t − t − 2

2w + 2 w +1
d) −
w2 − 2 w − 3 w−3

1 y +1 t
, , , −1
3x + 2 ( y − 1)( y + 3) t − 1

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7
Prove that

3x − 4 2 x 2 − 12 x x + 4
a) − ≡
x +1 x2 − 1 x −1

5 x 2 − 11x + 9 2 x − 3 3( x − 4)
b) 2
− ≡
x + 3x − 10 x−2 x+5

5 x 2 − 10 x − 15 3x + 3 2 ( x + 1)
c) − ≡
x 2 − 9 x − 36 x − 12 x+3

x x + 12 2 ( x + 2)
d) + ≡
( x + 1)( x + 3) x2 − 9 ( x + 1)( x − 3)

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8
Prove that

2x + 3 2x + 9 2 ( 2 x − 3)
a) − 2 ≡
x + 2 2 x + 3x − 2 2x −1

2 x 2 + 3x 6 x+3
b) 2
− 2
≡
2x − x − 6 x −x−2 x +1

x −8 2 x −3
c) 1 + − ≡
x2 + 2 x − 8 x+4 x−2

1 5 x 2 + 3x − 1
d) x − + ≡
x − 2 x2 + x − 6 x+3

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9
Prove that

2 x − 11 3
a) + 2 ≡
x − 1 x + 3x − 4 x + 4

3x 2 − x − 2 1 3x − 1
b) − ≡
x2 − 1 x2 + x x

4x −1 3 3
c) − −2 ≡
2 ( x − 1) 2 ( x − 1)( 2 x − 1) 2x −1

1 3 x
d) 1 − + 2 ≡
x − 2 x − x − 2 x +1

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10
Prove that

x 2 x +1
a) − 2 ≡
x − 2 x − 3x + 2 x − 1

x 2 1 x−2
b) − 2 − ≡
x + 2 x + 3x + 2 x + 1 x + 1

4x −1 2 ( x + 1) 5
c) 2
− 2
≡
2x − x − 6 x + 2x − 8 ( 2 x + 3)( x + 4 )

12 3 x 2 + 3x + 3
d) x − 2 + ≡
x + 2x − 3 x −1 x+3

proof

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

ALGEBRAIC
DIVISIONS

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
Find the values of the constants in the each of the following identities.

x3 − 2 x 2 + 7 x − 1 d
a) ≡ ax 2 + bx + c +
x +1 x +1

2 x3 − 3x 2 − x + 2 D
b) ≡ Ax 2 + Bx + C +
x−2 x−2

6 x3 − 4 x + 8 S
c) ≡ Px 2 + Qx + R +
x+2 x+2

( a, b, c, d ) = (1, −3,10, −11) , ( A, B, C , D ) = ( 2,1,1, 4 ) , ( P, Q, R, S ) = ( 6,12, 20, −32 )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
Find the values of the constants in the each of the following identities.

x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x + 1 d
a) ≡ ax 2 + bx + c +
x−2 x−2

2 x3 − x 2 + 3x − 2 D
b) ≡ Ax 2 + Bx + C +
x +1 x +1

2 x3 − 3x2 + x − 4 S
c) ≡ Px 2 + Qx + R +
x −1 x −1

( a, b, c, d ) = (1, 4,5,11) , ( A, B, C , D ) = ( 2, −3, 6, −8 ) , ( P, Q, R, S ) = ( 2, −1,0, −4 )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
Find the values of the constants in the each of the following identities.

3 x3 − x 2 − 20 x + 31 d
a) ≡ ax 2 + bx + c +
x+3 x+3

4 x 3 − 7 x 2 − 30 x − 21 D
b) ≡ Ax 2 + Bx + C +
x−4 x−4

2 x3 − 7 x + 2 S
c) ≡ Px 2 + Qx + R +
x +1 x +1

( a, b, c, d ) = ( 3, −10,10,1) , ( A, B, C , D ) = ( 4,9, 6,3) , ( P, Q, R, S ) = ( 2, −2, −5,7 )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
Find the values of the constants in the each of the following identities.

x3 − 2 x 2 + 2 x − 1 cx + d
a) 2
≡ ax + b +
x +1 x2 + 1

3x3 − x 2 − 4 x + 2 Cx + D
b) 2
≡ Ax + B +
x −2 x2 − 2

5 x3 − 4 x + 5 Rx + S
c) ≡ Px + Q +
x2 − 1 x2 − 1

( a, b, c, d ) = (1, −2,1,1) , ( A, B, C , D ) = ( 3, −1, 2, 0 ) , ( P, Q, R, S ) = ( 5,0,1,5 )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
Find the values of the constants in the each of the following identities.

3x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 cx + d
a) 2
≡ ax + b + 2
x + x −1 x + x −1

2 x3 + x − 2 Cx + D
b) 2
≡ Ax + B +
x +1 x2 + 1

4 x3 + x − 4 Rx + S
c) ≡ Px + Q +
2 x2 − x 2 x2 − x

( a, b, c, d ) = ( 3, −4,5, −3) , ( A, B, C , D ) = ( 2, 0, −1, −2 ) , ( P, Q, R, S ) = ( 2,1, 2, −4 )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
Find the values of the constants in the each of the following identities.

2 x3 + x 2 − 4 x + 1 c
a) 2
≡ ax + b +
x + x−2 x+d

2 x3 + 3x 2 − 10 x − 3 C
b) 2
≡ Ax + B +
x + x−6 x+D

− x3 − 5 x 2 − 4 x + 4 R
c) ≡ Px + Q +
x 2 + 3x + 2 x+S

( a, b, c, d ) = ( 2, −1,1, 2 ) , ( A, B, C , D ) = ( 2,1,1, −2 ) , ( P, Q, R, S ) = ( −1, −2, 4,1)

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

MULTIPLICATION
AND
DIVISION
OF
ALGEBRAIC
FRACTIONS

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
Simplify the following algebraic expressions giving your final answer as a single
fraction in its simplest form:

2 x3 + x 2 x−2
a) 2
× 2
x − 4 2 x − 5x − 3

18 y 2 − 8 3 y2 + 9 y
b) ×
12 y 2 3 y 2 + 11y + 6

t3 +1 4t 2 − 25
c) ×
2t 2 + 7t + 5 4t 2 − t + 1

x2 3 y −2
, 2t − 5
( x+2)( x+3) 2 y

Question 2
Simplify the following algebraic expressions giving your final answer as a single
fraction in its simplest form:

2x x3
a) ÷
2 x 2 + 3x − 5 x 2 − x

y 2 − 8 y + 15 y2 − 9
b) 2
÷
( y − 5) 2 y2 + 6 y

2 2y
, y−5
x( 2 x+5)

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
Simplify the following algebraic expressions giving your final answer as a single
fraction in its simplest form:

x2 + x − 6
a) x2 − 9
x−2
4

3 2
+
b) x + 4 x − 1
x +1
x −1

c)
( 2 x + 1)( 2 x − 5) + 4 ( 2 x − 1)
2x + 3
2x +1

4 5 2
x−3 , x+4 , 4 x − 4 x − 3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

PARTIAL
FRACTIONS

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 1
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

6x
a)
( x − 1)( x + 2 )

7 y − 11
b)
( y + 2 )( y − 3)

19 − 4t
c)
( t + 4 )( t − 3)

w − 22
d)
( w + 2 )( w − 6 )

8z + 7
e)
( z + 2 )( z − 7 )

2 4 2 5 1 5 3 2 1 7
x−1 + x+2 , y −3 + y +2 , t −3 − t +4 , w+2 − w−6 , z +2 + z −7

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 2
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

5x + 1
a)
( x + 1)( x − 3)

5y + 3
b)
( y + 2 )( y − 5)

t+4
c)
( t + 1)( t − 2 )

13 − 2w
d)
( w + 4 )( 2w + 1)

1 4
x+1 + x−3 , y4−5 + y1+2 , t −22 − t +11 , 2 w4+1 − w3+4

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 3
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

8 x − 31
a)
( x − 5 )( x + 4 )

5
b)
( 2 y + 1)( y − 2 )

2t − 3
c)
( 2t − 1)( 2t + 1)

w − 35
d)
( w + 1)( w − 5 )

7 1 , 2 y2+1 − y1−2 , 2t2+1 − 2t1−1 , w6+1 − w5−5

x+4 + x−5

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 4
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

5− x
a) 2
x − 5x + 6

7y + 2
b) 2
y − 3y − 4

t + 16
c)
2t 2 + t − 6

18 − 20 w
d)
8w2 − 18w + 9

2 3 , y6−4 + y1+1 , 2t5−3 − t +22 , 3−24 w + 3−42 w

x−3 − x−2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 5
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

x+7
a)
( x + 1)( x + 2 )

3 y − 17
b)
( y − 3)( y + 5 )

2t 2 − 5t + 12
c)
t 3 + t 2 − 6t

6 w2 − 12 w + 9
d)
( w + 1)( 2w − 1)( w − 2 )

6 5 , y4+5 − y1−3 , t −12 − 2t + t +33 , w1−2 − 2 w2−1 + w3+1

x+1 − x+2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 6
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

x2 − 4 x + 1
a)
x ( x + 1)(1 − 2 x )

10
b)
( y + 1)( y + 3)( 2 y + 1)

4t 2 − 5t + 3
c)
( t + 1)( t − 1)( t − 2 )

12 w2 − 4 w + 3
d)
( 2w + 1)( 2w − 1)( 2w − 3)

1
x + 2 x1−1 − x2+1 , y1+3 − y5+1 + 2 y8+1 , t +21 − t −11 + t −32 , 2 w1+1 − 2 w1−1 + 2 w3−3

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 7
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

2 x2 − x − 3
a) 2
( x − 2 )( x − 1)

y2 − 2 y + 8
b) 2
( y + 2 )( y − 2 )

−3t 2 + 12t + 7
c) 2
( t − 3)( t + 1)

−3w2 + 10 w − 11
d) 2
( w − 2 )( w − 1)

3 1 2 2 + y1+2 , t −13 − t +41 + 2 2 , 4 − 3

x−2 − x−1 + x−1 2 , 2
(t +1) ( w−1) w−2
2
( ) ( y −2 )

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 8
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

2 x2 − 3
a) 2
( 3 − 2 x )(1 − x )

3 y 2 + 17 y + 4
b)
y2 ( y + 4)

t2
c) 2
( t − 2 )( t − 1)

9 w2
d) 2
( 2w + 1)( w − 1)

6 − 1−2x − 1 , y12 + 4y − y1+4 , t −42 − 1 2 − t −31 , w4−1 + 3 2 + 2 w1+1

3−2 x 2
(1− x ) (t −1) ( w−1)

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 9
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

8x2 + x − 5
a) 2
( x + 2 )( 2 x − 1)

4 y2 + 5 y −1
b) 2
( 2 y + 1) ( y − 2 )

3t 2 + 2t + 1
c)
t 2 ( t − 1)

w2 + 8w − 1
d) 2
( w − 3)( w − 1)

1 2 1
x+2 + 2 x−1 − 2 x−1 2 ,
1
2 + y1−2 , t −61 − t12 − 3t , w8−3 − 4 2 − w7−1
( ) (2 y+1) ( w−1)

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 10
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

25 x + 1
a) 2
( 2 x − 1)( x + 1)

5 y 2 − 19 y + 13
b) 2
( y − 2) ( y − 7 )

15 − 13t + 4t 2
c) 2
(1 − t ) ( 4 − t )

2 w2 − 3
d) 2
( 3 − 2w )(1 − w )

6 3 8 , 1 + y5−7 , 43−t + 1−1t + 2 2 , 3−62 w − 1 2 − 1−2w

2 x−1 − x+1 + x+1 2 2
( ) ( 2)
y − (1−t ) (1−w)

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 11
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

2 x2 − 8x + 5
a)
( x − 1)( x − 2 )

4 x 2 − 5 x − 15
b)
( x + 1)( x − 2 )

2 x3 − 7 x 2 + 6 x − 3
c)
( x − 1)( x − 2 )

x3 − 2 x 2 − 4 x + 7
d)
x2 − 1

2 + x1−1 − x−3 2 , 4 + x2+1 − x−3 2 , 2 x − 1 + x2−1 − x−3 2 , x − 2 + x1−1 − x4+1

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 12
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

10 x 2 + 8
a)
( x + 1)( 5 x + 1)

2 y2
b)
y 2 − 16

2t 2 − t + 11
c)
( t + 2 )( 2t − 3)

3w2 − 31w + 45
d)
( w − 2 )( w − 7 )

2+ 21 − 9 , 2 + y4−4 − y+4 4 , 1 + 2t4−3 − t +32 , 3 + w1−2 − w5−7

2(5 x+1) 2( x+1)

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 13
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

1− x
a)
( x2 + 1) ( x + 1)
5
b)
( y + 1) ( y − 2)
2

2t 2 + t + 27
c)
(t 2 + 9) ( t − 1)
2 w2 − w + 1
d)
( w2 + 1)( w2 + 2)
1 x 1 y+2 3 t w+3 w +1
− 2 , − 2 , − 2 , 2 − 2
x +1 x + 1 y − 2 y + 1 t −1 t + 9 w + 2 w +1

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 14
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

4
a)
( x2 + 1) ( x − 1)
y 2 + 3 y + 36
b)
( y 2 + 9) ( y + 9)
12t 2 + t + 3
c)
( 2t 2 + 1) ( 6t + 1)
4w
d)
1 − w4

2 2x + 2 1 3 3 t 1 1 2w
− 2 , + 2 , + 2 , − +
x −1 x +1 y + 9 y + 9 6t + 1 2t + 1 1 − w 1 + w 1 + w2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 15
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

1 − 4x
a)
( x 2 + 3) ( x − 2 )2
y 2 + 3 y + 36
b)
(y 2
)
+ 9 ( y + 9)

12t 2 + t + 3
c)
( 2t + 1) ( 6t + 1)
2

4w
d)
1 − w4

1 1 1 1 3 t 1 1 2w
− , + 2 , + 2 , − +
x +3 2
( x − 2) 2 y + 9 y + 9 6t + 1 2t + 1 1 − w 1 + w 1 + w2

Created by T. Madas
 Created by T. Madas

Question 16
Express each of the following into partial fractions.

4 x3 − 3 x 2 + 4
a)
( 2 x − 1) ( x 2 + 1)

y 2 + 3 y + 36
b)
(y 2
)
+ 9 ( y + 9)

12t 2 + t + 3
c)
( 2t + 1) ( 6t + 1)
2

4w
d)
1 − w4

3 2x + 3 1 1 3 t 1 1 2w
2+ − 2 , + 2 , + 2 , − +
2x −1 x +1 y + 9 y + 9 6t + 1 2t + 1 1 − w 1 + w 1 + w2

Created by T. Madas