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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
126 views154 pagesDLDA Rajkumar Sir
Uploaded by
panigrahysagar7Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
“ay kemal_
Tmportant Questions Given By
Tain Sit
4.1 BCD Addition
2.| Harsmning code | 90 parks 7
Gray to Binary —__|
Binary +o Gray J
2.) Boolean laws lO _markS
+ commutahve lau
+ Associative lau) =
“DistibuiivG jaw -
3 K- Map 1O-markS
4.1 Quine McCluskey Method (19-12 rnarks )
5.11 Bop Adder 10 marks
6.) Conversion OF Flip inp 10 rags
FMCounter lo marks
t Synchronau
Asynchronous of Ripple counjer
2 | Muthplexer 1O_park
GI wre A shor nore on VHDL 5 marks |
Implementation OF Any Gore vu: Ac, vAiversal
Gare LnanD/ NOR) 5 morks Module
Detailed Content
Marks
Number Systems and Codes
Introduction to number system and conversions: Binary, Octal, Decimal
and Hexadecimal number Systems, Binary arithmetic: addition,
subtraction (1°s and 2’s complement), multiplication and division.
Octal and Hexadecimal arithmetic: Addition and Subtraction (7’s and 8"s
complement method for octal) and (15’s and 16’s complement method
for Hexadecimal).
Codes: Gray Code, BCD Code, Excess-3 code, ASCII Code.
Error Detection and Correction: Hamming codes.
(18-24)
Boolean Algebra and Logic Gates:
Theorems and Properties of Boolean Algebra, Boolean functions,
Boolean function reduction using Boolean laws, Canonical forms,
Standard SOP and POS form.
Basic Digital gates: NOT , AND , OR , NAND , NOR , EXOR , EX-
NOR, positive and negative logic, K-map method 2 variable, 3 variable,
4 variable, Don’t care condition, Quine-McClusky Method, NAND-
NOR Realization.
(18-24)
‘Combinational Logic Design:
Introduction, Half and Full Adder, Half subtractor Full Subtractor, Four
Bit Ripple adder, look ahead carry adder, 4 bit adder subtractor, one digit
BCD Adder, Multiplexer, Multiplexer tree, Demultiplexer,
Demultiplexer tree, Encoders Priority encoder, Decoders, One bit, Two
bit , 4-bit Magnitude Comparator, ALU IC 74181.
(20-28)
Sequential Logic Design:
Introduction: SR latch, Concepts of Flip Flops: SR, D, J-K, T, Truth
Tables and Excitation Tables of all types, Race around condition, Master
Slave J-K Flip Flops, Timing Diagram, Flip-flop conversion, State
machines, state diagrams, State table, concept of Moore and Mealy
machine.
Counters : Design of Asynchronous and Synchronous Counters,Modulus
of the Counters, UP- DOWN counter, Shift Registers: SISO, SIPO,
PIPO, PISO Bidirectional Shift Register, Universal Shift Register, Ring
and twisted ring/Johnson Counter, sequence generator.
(40-50)
Introduction to VHDL:
Introduction: Fundamental building blocks Library, Entity, Architecture,
Modeling Styles, Concurrent and sequential statements, simple design
examples for combinational circuits and sequential circuits.
(20-30)
Digital Logic Families:
Introduction: Terminologies like Propagation Delay, Power
Consumption, Fan in and Fan out , current and voltage parameters, noise
margin, with respect to TTL and CMOS Logic and their comparison
(16-20)
Scanned by CamScanner P| -
{Page We.
| 4. NUMBER SYSTEM [oa]
aa ~
4 Decimal +o Hex
|
4, | (54362 428 io = (2) 4
——y
|e | e360 10 10 A 1
| te 3397 s S
| 212 y U
| 6 13 13 —o
°
(84362 =~ Jie = COUSA)y
1
| EP x base = Ayswer
O42 xIG = ¢.8ug 6
648 xlob = 13.568 13
2-568 x\6 = 9.08 q
Sy og = 1.408 '
© .4oR = 6.288 6.
(Su 362.428). = (OUSA:. 60916 iy | ’
t [rege we]
ITT
$e
S
9. |@o1a 24) = (208 —~
r
{| :
l Tareger Part : 4213
T —~\
| Fraction Parr = 24
I ——
Tie [aaa] 13 0 _
| 16 | S75 16 —~F
| 16
35 L —
16 | 2
S
— u -
LFrachonal par
| Fe «base = ANswer
oN “IG = 2-84 3
o-gu x 16 = 13 .4Y (3. —+0
ou xl6 = 104 1
g.04xIG = 0-64 a
| [Link] x (6 = 10.24 Lo —> A
4213.24) io =(23FO. 3D70 A iH | Binary +o Oecimot _
ro wolol-lord2 = (7? )yq os
= xd + ox 2? ¢ 1x27 + Ona! 4 x2" 4
— | (not! + oxo? +1273 _
— |
jo = (21.625 )io
a [tro Wolll tot de = (7 )o
|
Faro troris. OU = tod tine’t ooo + xo ft
bxot ¢ 0x2! t 1x9" + 1x2! 41x?"
=I -2 34,
| axa! + owe? + In2 S412
= 4439. 6475)i0
HOrreoo tl: | DL ye = (7? ro
‘ y
C111 vOOt ora = Jug’ + ive! 4 1x2? 4 or2
+ o% 22+ 0x27 + 1x2! tie
steal! 4 x27? + 0x2 F419!
= (227.8125) ig ON
[
J
we
T 7 Ss
3.) Octal to Oecimas —
. —
4.1 (7203 .12)g = C?)i0 __
~
(7203.12) g = 7x3349x874 0x8! 4378" $8! y
BF
t = 3715 19625 —
1
207203. 19)g = (3718 .18625)}9
r
N
|
o.| (12056. 3219¢ = (2 ig
(1n0s6 632198 = 1 xB 42x83 +4 O78 + Sra tons
+ 3x8"! +2x%8? 414973
= S166 Yoko
IC 12056.321)8 = ($166 YOg2) id
\
a] Goss ~o12) g = (7 )i0
11 9s3)
O12) g = 7x84 + 0x8? 4548 +308! + 4x8
+ Ox8' + 1x87?
= 291024 019 53
+2 x83
\A\
= [ree
—+ — = = | >
~~ y Hex ro decimal _ a
s+ a
— — ——$—_—__— . -
—~4 (7AB2 CA)y = (Pie _
1 AB2. Of ) = 7x16 4 wWrx1e? 41x16! 49x16 +
H Ox te! + 10 «16
= 3410. 03906
7 9089 AI = Caio ©2406 ry
2 (1 [Link])y = 67)
9
| FO GE3S YEA) = 1 xles + ix hb? 41S xg + 3x16° 4
Uxlo"! + 15 x16? + 10% IGF
= $8 31096
(IBF [Link] = (USS. 211035 Jio 51 Bioay to Hexadecimal
sou >
- Decin av Binary equivalent
° _ ooo D tT -
_L a o oo | _
9 oO 1 oO
a _3 oO O11 I [ _
| oO 1 0 6 |
4 s Oo 1. 91)
— $ 9g tio
V _ — oOo ji i
_§ 1 oo 0 -
A \ oo 4
lo \ oO 1a |
\ —\ Oo 14 |
= 12 Lt o°0 |
13 \ | oOo 1 |
| iy \ to |
18 ee oe |
T
|
os
— - [ Page no.
[bate
such G@ way Hay
Tolle of. oly poids =n
[ooo ono trot = 108! joro
— 7
[ \ & 13 uw bo
= | (oy cB) cA) -
T
7 [orenore: teria = (60-68 dy
2 tuolltoti moolllei)s = (?)4
ool Dir) oil ioe 1110 1009
3 a 7 (2 i 8
Le) ce)
(Cool: Hoonlol2 = C377.CE8 )n | | Page No.
Date
=
6.) Hex +o Binar
~?
1 ([Link])= (?)a _
[Hex A OF 3 1284 ~
I ue) oo ws) Ge)
a ee ee ee
_Binasy loo O0CO NIt ool eco! O10 ~Jolo
CMOFZ12AIH = CJold0 90000 111) OOM. OC} DOO jw
2) C1B0oD. Ardy = C?)2
|
{ vex: ) BO Dp A 2
i) (13) Wo)
| 44 4 t 4 4
0001 101) COCO 110) 1010 bold
[C1 BOD, A2) 4 = (00011011 0000 J 10]. 1610 0010) 2 yr
FZ Binary to Octal _
Hore Qtoup of wits soch thar
fae inlegi—pett_ group shasb¢ foroo_fraw tight te
left
| fer fractional port group Should be form from jeft
| to fight _
+ | |
L {
a tioltonoli-otllone = (7 )2
L “
Binany O01 O11 ot) O11 uo Nt oro
octal i 3 3 3 i a |
|
| - 1
aldiomromilor- iio tiie = (78
4
}— | Binary oo) yo WO Wy tof. itl Ol! 100 |
[octal Los 6 a Ss 7 3 y
~ COM Olp1el- Urol)? =( 18675 .139)8
[ Oo”
[ Pege no] ~~
Date Le
8.| Octal to Binary —_
(734.12 )¢ = (?)o >
lt —_
| bitary tit O11 196 - O01 o19
—
tT ae
(434u12)9= Lit ot 100-00! O10)2 ~
—
——
[Link] = (2)e __
Oc tar lo 3 4. o | 3
- sob 4 4 } oy
—}binary QO} OO OV 100 Ooo ool Ot)
WL1034 913)8 = Codloao oli60 . oouculo) |
(Page na
[omT J
aT
—al Hexadecimal tO Octal —
Tne » Binary —» octa
4 _
—7cApe 1G)» = (7)8 a
J Hex Aw) O Eusy L Buy
. 4 4 4 | 4
—~T¢
Binary 1o\o 900 ANNI cool 110 Lo
~~ Joctau 5 oO L474 o 6 &
CAOF 1B), = (5017. 066)a |
2 (AABB- PF DH = (7)Q _
He x_: A A 8 @ pF
! 4 a ,oo4
Odio JO10 ol Lol! tol i111
I J _ re
—lory 1 2 5 2 7 3 4 7 6
(BABB .DF)H = (125273. 676)8
4
— _
—
|
Sa ox Page no
Date
Tr =
| _
10.| Octal tg HEX —
| tay — 7 Bwary ——> x a
—
U | (posi. audg = C7 4 _
| - ~
Octal: a oO 3 1 (3 Y .
! bob pt
| Bid. tir 000 oi oo] ~- Oo} OU 499000
Bidar — > {| 001, ; e
[ne x IM ‘ q . 2 }
ved ce) __
Cros 1348 = CEI9- 2EO 6 -
2. Lio234.093)_ = (2 )4
Octay : {| oO 2 3 4.0 73
poy og ffl
Binary 1000 | O00 O10 Ol} 100 000 I11_ ©1| 000
Hex ° | Qo 9 12. i 13
(c) (D)
g
(10234,073)8 = (109¢.1D3)i6 code
r a
weighted NON weighed A\phapumerc Error
_| code code the Message
~~ kit coed as pority bit
0 1f message contoing even na. oF one then
-patihy bit should be |
; contains odd _ of tho
——{_poriny bit shovid be @.
———
message = Htito
Odd pority cod@ = 11tiQ 1
— message Povity bit fet”
I
Hamming code :
Iris 1 bit code contarns 4 message bits °
ond 3 parity bits
Tis constuction 1s ag follows :
bis no. q & S 4 3 21
On 06 05, [Pyl Bs _|Pal (Pi)
Message bite = Da De, Ds & Da
poriny biig = P, Po, Py
‘
Here pouty bits Pi Po % are added jn such
CA_wouj that they shovid have evep parrhy
among the following groups Of bit.
1 Py = 1.35509
|e = 2369
Py = [Link] : Given SL
| Messag@ = 110] = pi 06 ps5 D3
it we kedu. the Format of hamming code
| _
[boo = [5 | 6 | sf «f[ sj} of
| [os | oe [os | el os[ tral fie, |_|
Pat) | offoify Jit} ‘o}
To fine! povity tot (PL, Poy Puy)
lo Putt
| [es 1 3 5 7
| fo] 1 oO |
@ Pa:-
| Po = 2.3 67
fit y 1
- @ Pu i-
Py = us 67
| oe] o 1 |
|
LL a. Hamming code. i= roo ILO
: |
I
<<
i 2.\ Constuct hamrni
Given
message = 1 O 1) = Dre vs D3
We know the format of . hamming cade
bit no => a | 6 Ss 4 3} O |
| [oy | pe | ps] iPuiios | Pe lip
U 1 A -
tol tiolitia tt
To find poriny bit (A, Po, Pu)
© P.-
P= i 3 S77
Hi i
@ Pa:-
Po = 2 3 67
oJ] 1 ot
@ Pat
& Py = wos 6 7
Joli o 4
Ho 99109, cod€ = loidlo |] Page No,
odd pority
| Design Hamming code for message Ollt for
| Given
Message =
foment
Dn Dé Ds D3
we koow the format of hamming code
bit NO — a
6
S
4
Sf
Da
De
Ds
[Py]
O3
Pa
Do
(
fi]
2
Taal
[1
|
Ll
To find parity bit (Pi, Po Pu )
a
| Pi = 123 S74
i 410
.
| pe
le = 2 367
| yp vio |
e ]
Tot i
| Pu = 4 5 61 |
fa] 110
j
Hammi es oliltil j
mming cod |
alll Page to]
Date
Binaw Addition
Y,
i
oO
ol
oO0
4. Page No]
Date
Binoy sobtachon
oO 9
1
Oo
\
Q.0
2
all _
si |
'S complement & 27'S complement *
VWs camolement
Lolo +f 5101
a oe
—-; c10
o lo}
lottiq —£+ oo] oo]
Vuriid
| - 1 otro
Ordo 2's complement
Take ompiement and add |.
CLiOlds 2S, C2)o
| vpor -%. Boto tid
| + 1 -1101
oo !) Q 01 oO
|
Peunoloo)s. 2 Wa
VS Compigment
Pep pid oo1ot
-\ilojussa + t
Oo] ait O olf loo
|
Poe loo) 2 28 COOllOO05 ares 7 Sy
L Binawy_ subtraction vsing “Ss complement:
Step 1: ~
cTake_1 ¢ of sobtrand
SIP 2:
_Add_it into_minuhead
! StQPS :
Lif Ac cenerarecl answers +v@ and add.
tro EAG form the resolt
SIQP4
If Ene vs not generaled then answer 16 —ve
and _is_in its 1c form , to gor Hue answer
take 1¢ Of tne fesult, Pago No|
ate
LeroOotd2 ~-cCottoe = 7)2
Loo | ——=* Loo |
o1lo = +) 601
Flo colo
cag’ \
Oot
AS £Ac is qenefaied answer 1s 4ve and to aor
g
Hue answer add EA in the Yesolt
beioot) 2 =Cougde = Cools
2 | Conroe ~(tool)s =(?)2
Folio
mi1oo, t= o110
+otd
{ FAC 1 |oo
As EAC is Not generated) answer 1s ~ve
| 2 is jn its po form , to get tue answer
lL toke ce OF the answer .
|
| 1100 £¢, oo |
Lol Oa — Ciool)e = = (0011) + ———— ou
O ee
— ©. +100
\
oo
« —f) D \0-
t
!
pl oo
As €Ac is generascel ANS wer 1S VE Bnei ty
| get twe answer add GAc_in the [soit |
Chole —Ciiii)2 = Conugale Ee
Pago No.|
a 1.
bea
—~ | y
subtfackon_usi compleme'
_ | Binary using 2S. ot
Exton
Tane 2c of sobtyand
_ | sige 2
| Addl_is ipte minuhend
step 3:
| 16 Ene vs qenerated answey 15 +ve and discord
EAC .and wre result
i
step ys —
[tf cnc ts Mot generated answer is -ve ane! Is in
[its 2¢ form + oe! tue answer take 2c of
the result
|
1
|
|
|
| ae
||
—
—_|l
1
~~] |
S| {i Cave ie -cripiys = (7?)
troll L190 i
~oilly e+ 4+ 10001
eac—+fyJo |1loo
7
| As Ac is generared answer is +v@ andl ho
alt Noe ANswer cliscard EAC in the fesolt
(iyods = Cit je = ECON0O)2
Co Woon =p LoOOr)2 =(2)2
Oo Ollto
= 1001 ae + O11 |
cac—T |) 104
As Ele Ig not generated anewe 1s -ve_
and 10 9+ tue aPswer take 2S compioment
pro, ~*e. DOLO
es \
oO Ol}
Co1ld)e -li9gd1)a = —Coonds Octal Addihory
void octal no. are from Oo +0 3, whenever ipaveusel
Octal No. Ce: Occult SUbtiact 8 from It anel | to
[ [ese]
| — = _
|
next no.
4ci2)¢ + (15)g =(?) -
+ 15
27
: 2 (4278 +1598 = (9798
a icaays + C15) = (2)e a4
+15
Boia
(9708 +15)8 = CUNYE
u
fe 1225
4536S
6513 bo
3. | ciersd¢ + (5368)
+1 -8
el -8
646 2
(1295 98 4(5365)8 = (6662) 8 i 1]
4
=|
(5323)0 + i26uva = (Me
532
3
+ 1264
65 3
1
(932305 + Cir6uyg = (46607)
41-8
660
1 Octa) subttachon
(135¢ - tor) = (7) 12
a |
52
(73)8 — (21)8 = (S2)8
(a1 )6 ~( 56 )2 = C7) a
| -56
| 3
| :
lesie - (9708 =(2) {2.3
| = a7
Oxnouy
LL a 3d2 - (5708 = QW i
|
(923) g - (364)e = C?)a S23
—~ 3 64
= ($23)8 —(364)8 =U37)8 Page No]
pmolement And 8s omplemenk
: 7 o
find 75 _compiemen{_and 8's _compiement >
for fotlowina NO
(izayg= (rie = ("8c
t a77
I —1223
| 6 s4
[123 es 6su
7217
—6 70
|
670 +e Lo7
* 1
Lo 8
— _t-s lc . . a —~
| d —
step 1
_fiod 1 ¢ of the subhahend
i]
| step 2
_Add into minuhend
| St@p 30
if €A< Is _generarec| answer ys +ve and ty
Qei HVE answer add fAc inty the
result
Step 4
if _EAc is not generoted answer i's ye aad
J Is in iis Je form tO gt HVE Goswor
doke “1c _of tho yesujt _ Page No.|
owe] |
(123 )e-lOr)a = (2) _ : -
~ ees, ia!” _ 7770,
[obs “> sag ~ 067
—t 33 ano
| +1 og
foc -TJo3z 3 _
_
o 34
po FF = (67)8 = CosuyRe
2.) (67)e— (12308 = (7)
(067) 2 ~ co 67 44
(123) ¢@ Io, +654 =) 23 |
—- 6 yt sy
+1 -8 _
les |
fc Tay 3 !
-£fc is Mot generaed answer is =Vve aad is in
Jus a¢ form, to get Hue answer take Fo of
+ resolt
743 "Ss 0 3y 3317
=2143
O34
(61)8 — (1238 = — (03U)g
—— ee (S23u)¢ -
3 (i237) =(?)8 5
= |
bisz23w, —- > 9 234 11°
t1230)8 o> + 6 SuO at237)
_ - wo4 6 Sy!
11-8 }
| enc -fiJ3 774 _ ]
Ls ai
As cnc is _generared 37715 _|
inswer is eve and
- add enc in the yesult
. - +
a0 _
z | (9234.6 - (1237) 8 = + 03779)
é ! _
|
_
- — Octal _subitaction_using 8 complement —_
step ys _ _
_| Take $< of ihe sebtrahend
Sep 2
Add it jiaty minvhend _
step 3° ~
f enc is gene jared answer 19 +
Hue answer discord Ac
1p 4
If FAC
in its & Sinan)
gc of the result no |
[oa]
—
Ciaayg ~(67)8- = (7)
(123)a > 123 Tai
“(ob1)8 2e,. 4 TIL ee
BY 10
4-8 + 1
} tac —+fi]p 3 4 711
Las enc is jeneragzed answer 1s +ve. and
| +o get tue answer discotd (otras Eac) .
(12395 —(67)a = (34)
(er)s — (1238 = (28
(0671)3 —* o 67 377
(12358 SL, 4655 -t23
6 6sy
1-3 + 1
— att 8 655 —
ee
As Enc iS not generced | angwer jg ve ——
and_is in fis 8¢ forey tp get the tue
oOswer toke 8 « of Ihe answer
ayuy 755 60 33 741
+ a1 44
O34 -— Be o33—
C6798 -CID3Be = = (034)g
ag | ne
ee =
4 (s234)8 —(ia37s = (28
34) 8 — 52 3Y 7777-4
Ci? 21)8 8c, + 6 5 ut 12 37
— 7 u 775 4 S54 ©
_ _ at -8 + J
fac —-Ji] 3 7-459 &S 4 1
As $Ac_is_gen@iated answer is +ve adc to_get
| toe answer discard EAC cary)
(8234) 8 = (1237)8 = (3715) Page No,
[oe
SS
|_ Hexadeci a
| veuid Hexade@ci tne fu mber: ate fom Oo
jo to 18 if we o@4 iovond hexadecimay
[umber subtract 16 from it Gnd —tufhe Oxy
di bit
1 (27) + (8 Oy = (24
+
27
& 0
) u to.
+
A
| (anu + (Son = CATH
a itsey + (o8)n = U2)H
ied — 512
Ho & — +6
H y GB + -aewanid
! +1 x16
H 12 a
I 4
C
(6o)y —(6B)4 = CC7)H | (Peeno] |
Lom] [
Tp taaste + (8873)u = (7)y
—T ang By lo Ain _
4.8 8 7 3 —- +8 814 3
| 18 7 13 10
I +1 =e
~1 16 A
A
(A9 BI)a + 08 893)H
(13922 AIn
oe Page No, |
low] [ T}
=
Hexadecimal _subrracton
Here the vege Of bosfow /S 16.
Pe Dali Bn = 2
22 2 72
L- 18 ~~. - 1 ul
_ o 12 y
i 1
_ c
| com -UBn = Corn
: |
| C1 GF ew — LOFF)n = (2)u
|
\ BF — \ ou is
TOFF — + - Oo 18 315 |
O12 OQ
ct
CIBF)n — CorF)n = (Cy _4
| _4
(20734 — UT AA) (2) a =|
(2an3) —— + 2 14 8
—_|- 17 AA —_- ~-1A 4
12 494
4
ec
(2 A23)H- (ITAA) = (1 2¢69)4n SJ -
16'S complement
|
pe (27a = C7 ise
TT
15 15
[- 2 7
| 13 8
+
D
(on SS. COB In
(i1BF)y = (?)ise
is 1S 18
| = 1 us
iy 40
| t
E
fo, (Ceyoru
(1 GF nw
3 tanr3)n = (7)ise
if is 1S is 1S
a
13, S- _ g_ 12
’ t
D <
(am gy S58 Ou 16'S _compement
Tak ISG of the giv 00 er ancl add
1 to it
1
Cam)n = ( )ige
15 1S
= 2 0
13 B_
+ Il
13g
t
D
Gann Oe, (pan
2.) (1 BE)H = (7)16c
1S 1S 15
-_\ ns
m4 8
t
E
Cigryn “8. EuUd
*~ |
— ut —16¢ I Hexadecimal subtrachon usidg 15's complement
step |
Find IS c of the svbtahend
| step 2
| Add inty minuhend
|_step 3
{ Jf _ EAC Is gener asec! answer i's tv and + set
Hue answer add EAG into the Fesuilt.
|
geo 4
if iS Not er 4S 20
in ite 15¢ form, to Ged Hue answer take
I5 « of +e result. Date
Cas AH —U1B7)4 = (2) Tnormat sebtact op
|| 4seA —— 4 8 10
| -167 — - 1 uo
i 2 3 3
I - |
ll D
Lo. (4g AIH — C1 BDH = (2 bD3)H
|
SubracHon Ysing 15 omplemeAt
| 48A —~ U 19 1s 1s 15
l 1 87 + 14 4 & -1 ud
| (a) 1a Gi iwend iv 4 8
l 41-16 +1 -16
EAq —- 2 4 2
1
2 Dp 2
Las gnc is goneroied answer is +ve_
add Ac in tre Yeguls.
| cug Aya — (1 BI)y = (2 o3)n |
a.) 1B 7) Hy =(4BA)n = (7)
1 67 —— is 15 1S
=u 84 ——-4l a5 © ~4 8 10
T
28 7 5
|! +1 ~l6
eac —-] | 13 2 ia
1 4 +
D €
1
tt
Ag €AC "Ss nor generated answer 16 -ve and js in it,
LS ¢ form to get true answer take IS ¢ of tho
result
| Coac) -§& (203)u
T
gan - (YsA)H = > (203)n
tr
{
tH —___| Hexax
| Step
|_sitp 2
Find 16¢ of the sobtrabend
Add 1+ into mvinuhend
LILIES
TT rac ie genbraied
+9
Answer iS +ve and to
_ | get toe answer discard fac
| Step 4.
| $ {
_ is in its 16c foi jt get tue answer jake
116 of the result fe
pd (98 6 uli Baw = C2)
|
| 48 A —- 4 8 10 is 1S 1S
| ea ee HIM MF a ee
| wee G2 12 (tens oy
| 4h -16 +1 16 + i
| fac —Ji] 9 12 3 Wy o4 g
D.
| As €Ac is genyatred , answer is +ve
1 discaid GAG in +he result
]
| C48A)H —(1BDH = + (203)H 1
1
al ciB Wy ~ (48 Adu = 07) 4
| 184 - Lon 7 is 15 15 }
| a 8A eo gy 7G - 4 8 10 /
| 1218 13, 7S 4
+1 -16
+ i
FAC je obset——P lig 2 13 St) 7
6 air wer 4 =ve
el js in i Cc
loc of the result
15 15 15
-_ 13 2 13 :
q_ 13 2° n
+ | ‘
2_ 13 i
b
2 UB7)n=(48A)n =1203)4
i Page No,
ee
f
LL
UU | Bed Addition
auie |: || verd Bcp Numbers are from 9900 +o |o0)
ie 0 to q
Tf we get 1ovedid BCD po. then add Slog}
Rule 2:| IF cary Is qeneored from 1 BcD
Next Beco No, then Add 6 in that No. from
which cary is generated
dl) (44) geo + U2) wo = (2?) aco
ay —- Ol100 o100
2 —+ + 0001 0010
56 O19! O1jo
1 I
S 6
(44)eco + U2)eco = (010) 0110 Jaco Page No.
9. (48)aco + (34uye0 = (7) wo
W8oo—~ o100 19000
34 o 100
C1 oy
, becav To ‘
a) ote core
Looao oolg
T —T
& 2
(48)eco 4 (34) 8D = C1000 0010)8¢0
|
|
| 3 co Q)eco + (234) acm = (7) Bo
| ]
t 48qQ = o19060 1o9o0 100t !
I 2.34 +o010 oO! O109 |
t | +23 OLie (om C1 4
L oe a }
I = |
L | +ol1l0 +O1lO }
t i ol oLl
[= = —— |
a 2 3
CUBA) «ceo +23 4ace sO 723)Re9 (49) eco + (28) aco = (7?) ap
. cory,
+=
4q — Oo1090 lo ol
28 4+ O010 !000
27 oj} } | ooo}
+ o1lo
Ojlt oily
_| I
a 1
C49)eco + (28)eco = ( Ol) OLI\ )ao
C49 8 7)ep 4 (2931) ecD = (2)eco
\ cory,
4987 —~ 0100-190] 1000 OIL
42.9 3) + O010 1001 oO! | OOO!
79:18 O11} Coto tpliione
30110 +0410
HO tN 0 O10
Oil 100) gool soo
7 q 1 8
(4987) eco + (2931 pep = (7-918 Jaco Page No,
2. BASIC GATES =
Logic Gare
|
et]
Basic Gare universal Gate dorived Gare
Ex. AND, OR, NOT Ex. NAND , NOR Ex. Ex-oR , Ex-NOR
NOT Gaye
A —Do—— + =A
Truth table
zoPUt ootput
A V=A
Oo \
| \ 9 =
; |
| 2] oR Gore
| A — z y= A+B |
& b : |
Troth table
[
shane [_oorpur - !
A B we A+B 10 i :
=|. o Oo | |
oO \ \ |
i[o !
fit 1 |
HN
AND Gate
A
B
dL
Truth table
| Tneor [ Sotpotr
|B | Y=AB
A
O10 8
8
|
|
| \ }
[lis ol Vo
| !
NAND % NOR are universal gases since
CNY _gae Can be design u LOg _NANand NOR gale.
NOR gare
= = bes
8s y ATS aS 8
Toth tab)
Input Output
pA | Y= Ate
olo !
o| | o
tl o ©
uj 9 : Page No,
NAND Gate
a TS
gf /
Trot Table
Lopvr |
Ouiput
LA BS
Y=A.B
Lo
°°
Dit
°
l
°
Derived Gates —
xOR Gate
Trot Table
|
Ine vt curput - i
a-|s Y= Am B }
oO om Oo | J
° I 1
1/0 1
1] & \ XNOR Gore
es
} y= AOG = AGB
= ABTA
Tevth table
Input Output
A _l[s Y= AB ‘
o]o 1 1 i
old oO
[ i] 0 5
| ij ! oa
Page No.|
Boolean laws |
NOT lous
OR tow
A+ GI)
A+OQ =A
A+A = |
AtA = A
where B= I
AND law
A
A.Q =O
A.A =O
A.A
commutative 1auw —_
A.8= B.A
AJ6.c) = (AB). ¢
A+ (gece) = (AtBre
Distibuhve lau
A.(B+c) = A.B+ AC
A+6.c = (a+G). (Aare) Page No,
A+B.c = ¢a+B) LAte)
= AA +ACLABY BC
= A+AC+AG+ BC
= ALi+c+G)+Be
= A+ Be
De- Maigan’s Theorem)
A¥Q = A.B
Li slates that complement of suno of Vaosrobie,
Ig equal _in_procuct of campiement of
intlividuay varalble
| ALB = A+B
| ie states thor complement of product of
Oriable is equal to som OF complement of
| tadivicwal varable.
cl ial 4, A-A.A. Bc = ?
Hy
| AAA BC = pBe lawa law)
_—
a | AA B+AABYRAC = ?
=AGBc + AB +
= ABC + ABE
= AC (B+) + ABE
= AcC+ ABS
[opie _clingiem
A
=
I LT Pape Ne
[pate
| Ct
4.) ABc+ AGE EAB =?
Ls Age + ABE + AB AB = a+
Le aact+ ABE + A+B
[= pace + ALwser+i1+B8 l+As |
= Ac + A+B
[Logic diagfan?
| A B c
| }
| ~~
L } |
i ‘5
\
zl, a i
TI qT SS
J
l | Y)
i
H ‘
|
[Pave
[oss 7
SOP form & POS form
| soP_ CSum of product )
f
This I's the sum of Procdvci #imS has been tapen
| so been callecl| SOP form
\A\\N
Y= ABC +AR +t ABS
_———
Product +@rms.
standard §$oP Form :
\A\AA\AA
Ina soP form , iF each and ever, product tera
ontaiNS cul the vorialoies, then it u's cased
standarcl sae form
Each product 4m in standard sof form is
called mins€irmy Gnd the yalu€ of minierng
should be |
[|
To nave the vdiue tof minster 1 onbarced +2ra's
shovid be taken 8! 1 and barred 42ers shouidl
be fakeN ARO.
fxample :
FiA,B.c)= ARG + AB G + MAT
~~ —
Produce} oF minterm
= tit + OOF ILO
= My ey =a MG
= 2m (16,77)
Ltt |
=
tt
T
tandard
in
OA
+
Each and every
|_ Pos duct of sur
Tan this form product of suf? germs Nes heer &
___|_ fewer so caued Pos form
( Prod
—
‘
a Pos form, if ail the sum term. contains
1 the _youabes , then ils q@uiled ag
addard Poe form
am erm _in stapdord fos form
Lys coed os Maxieirn_and jis indicated by
|
om"
| the yewe of Hexterm should be o
+to
hove the vodue of Moxieim +o Le 0.
| opbarted yerm shovel be tanen oS logic © &
Tl boned +2im shovid be taken as logic 1
—|—
—t
| £0A, Be )= Y= A+B+e CArGee) .( PB te)
—{ SZ
+—
—~
= ti +1+0) “(o+oti) (0 +0+0) —
= Me. My. Mo ~ P Page No]
r pawl | J
{|| Convert soP form jnta standard soP form and
wie its toth tapje.
|
| ecnec) = pee FBC
I [ec Gc) + AB CZ+ce) + A
| = ABc+ ABE + FEC
I
= sit tij1a +oo0)
mn = Mo 4M
L = Ma +
= sm C1 6.1)
b
I anmMt_o,7,3 4 6)
SR
No. | A Be fc Ai Bie)
° ojo.
B \ oo | 4 [
2 olijo oO
3 o}iii O
{4 tlolo oO
fs Ltolr 5
6 | lo |
1 viii |
ee. |
= | fea Bo) = A+As + AB
>|
}
| €cawe) = AlCe+B(cHe) + AEC e18) 1c}
(ec + Ba +Bc+ BE) +: ABT +
Bo + ABcC+ ABE
AGe + ABE + ABC + ABE +
Age + ABE + ABC + ABE
ri
1 = O1b 4010 + Co! +COO+ NOt
1OO+ (Or +190
htc
= MS + M2 tM) + Me + Me +My +Mpemy
= £M(6.1,2,3,4,5 6 ) roene] |
Convert foo 1D. Forno into
standard POS form
frA@e y= CA+B). (aye)
t
[| | [Link]) = (f454e 5). (A+e+e.B)
ke = ———= =
‘3 | = (A+Bte). (A+G+E) - (at+Gie)
E | (A+Bre )
L SU sito) Ligier). Cott) Logs)
F
} = M6 . [Link]. Ms
w&|
b | TM(13,6,7)
| = Em.o0,.2,4,5)
PT Lagic.__diagiarn :
A B
Ya
et 4 Variable k= Hap
Ca uw \
co [neheo] na eolne ho 2 oO
© joowe| So oil 28 ete
[aajco] se ee lravcolnarco
oi feriselor orl er irferie
ne g0[ne 5° [AB cola® 8.10 12.13 7
2 Fl $16.80 12,13 iy) + d(o, 7,15)
Reduce the function Using * Map ~
pore Neth tabie
—
_—+_Imgiement the cirevitusiog tags gate
“ 7 00 ot st Lo
oof X nn
a A is ed x
1 mi
| u 2 1 wh ty
[ to] ty 4 los
=
Ys x+F
2 Tneut Quiput
nso wixlylaz £ Ow X.V2)
OQ Q |0 Oo x
QO|o1aO L Oo
Oolaly Q |
olo ll L _D
ol) {ojo !
of 0. L !
oli ttto 1
Oo. | | 1 x
1toloajo L
tloalol 0. +
rlo}lijoa. !
i O 1 1 oO
r}i1totlo '
ae
1 1 toy 1 x and every Gate can be iMpIEMEnted
LOG
~~ __whilp and NOR gale So NAND, No gure ore
| eolle@d Universal gaye
7Y= A Laa=A)
AND Gate
Q 1 = : Y= 4.6 (A=A)
!
fi —_\v \\\ Md) 344 rp ist | tir i Z Wy
5 |
Y | died
ie > ‘
le| S| Bs q
L] | &
" 7 rl > > 4
(hth g
[ Pave mo]
[om |
a
(
5)
Ys ASA
>
= Pe
=p
et) ee
t ul
9 il al q
D a ¢
iq “| r
| \I| I
4/4 A 3 |
5 C
T) | |] le
s| |x kk |
) ‘
=
Lome LJ
| Impiementahon OF jog, SxprOsSi0N) VsiNg NAND
| core only
\\\\ VAN
a—\) NX
—z - X= AOB 7
‘= ARB +A
Hep |
~ Write Boolean expression as 4 is.
_ Y=: AG+AG _
4
_-S1@p 2
——_} Doobie complement O09 bol? sides.
Y: gas al
|
Step 3
Soe complement Co) vsndg DEMerqge0s Theorern
Y= A.B. AB — 1
NAND cere OM
“y= (4.6) (Ae) Implement _x=NOR Gaye _vsiNg— Nand Gate
jy) _
| 8 y= AOL _ _
| ‘= AG +AB
Sowwhon : —
Step |
IWte boolean. oression as Ht} —
+ Y= AG +B .
_ Step 2) ”
Double mplement on both side@o
| —— 2
| y= a8 +g | _
TL st _ :
Sowe complement Co.) yang memor ,an's Thenrers
; = — -
| y= Aa. As -
step 4
zmpiement uation) | using MAND Gos. of
A
=
e
_—+
|
; ae —
— |
_ O Implement Logical expressyon USino NAND Got?
aa eo): ABot Be + ABE
I
| Sowwtian
top 1
Wite boolean expression) As it 19
E(A,Bc Dp) = ABD + Ge + AGE
—_—
__—_| step 2
_ Dovbie complement on ooth sicd&S
) = pepe Ba + ABS
| step 3
Solv€ complement (c.) using DemoiganS Theasem
| = tte ,
f
a) x-OR {
| Step 1: |
| wie beaiean expression Os it 1 |
joy > ag+ pe
Sowe Comelementr Lei) usic Gg De = Moran. orn |
{ ——————— 2
{| * = AB Ag 1
[Step 4 - —
owe SU 1 = Morgan) SONEL.
oo
XY =(@4G) .( A+R) |
| stop s : 4 1
Sowe 2 (ca) Mo ape?
aanee — 0) step
Y= tase) (Ava)
| soye seb cempiement using De-Morats
1€p
Soe Ot (ea) ay 08. Pexgani Page No]
Date
Quine Meclusky
F(aB¢.0) = sm(1.2,48,9 10/12) +dllo, 3
Reduce Using Quine Me =clusiey " 1
Minter Binary Equivaient+
ae A plc D
[mol oO Oo 10
my Oo QO1O 1)
Ma _O. oO 1 LO | |
imai oO oO | L i
mu Q L O19 |
m 1 O O10 |
ma Ly [olo | \
mio Ly a \ O |
mia [| 9 Q |
ims. pia yy
| |
au 4 Step 2°
Form groups depending upon no. of 1's )
Group Minierm Bioory Squivalet
ae | yore A B ox Dd
L Mo ololo 1o
| 2 smirk ololoti
m3. olo LI1O
my oO; 1} o!lo
m t {| 6 O10
dienes _ =
| m QO oO | |
| mq cto} all
| mo | viol yit
mia pi olmme)
| 1
uy rm Poy Ltt to
| | |
THT IT ae eo
Step 3°
4st ReduchHon
Compare each aNd every element af gtCup Lith
each ond even, e1ement of _group2. so thot >
mere should be differeAc® of | bit
These minitem wilt cove +o nex+ table gry
those mintkrm wilt not move tm Next tabie
are coiled prime impticant—
"Grove Mioterm |__s Binary €guinaleat
no At pic | D
L mam Po Ta tot
rng gioitxto
mo. M4 | Ot x O10
Mo. Mm ix Oo | olo
|
2 mm Lo o_| I
Mm, ma. + 1 a a )
mam | o1o |
M2 M10 | x c \ 0
| mu mia | 1 alo
ma ona ! a 0
Tz M10 1 0 x | o |
Mg 1 Oo | To Step a:
2” reduction :
Match the cross aod then omeare S bits so Haat
there should be differen ein. bit except cross.
Group Midkernn Binary FyuvaJone
No. A B cj O
i Moe My mama a oO BY
Mo My me me x 9 O
Mo m2. mm } o |x x
Mo M2 memo oO |x S
| Ph my mms Lo
meme mma | otol x
mo, ME Mu Mia x | x Oo oma!
Moi me | mr x I! o |x o_|
| | Page No]
] Date
Step 5?
git reduction :
For_reduction, withiQ the arauO cfoss and all
elements Should match. There shavuid not
any cifferenc® then only within the giaup
Teduction 1s Passible
4
Group Mrorerna | Bidar equivalent
No Alte te lp
1 Mo iM ma, M | oO o | xX
“| moyen mg ma | x ole lx le
Moai M2.28 Mo | o_ xilo Ia
Magu ime me | x {2 O |e
| |
Step 6°
Prime Implicont Table
Phim & Sap m mi ™m Im i my | m, ms | Myo
lonpucont ‘2
Pi
Pa x x
<<. Pa x_[x
Pu x | xi
Ps | x [x | x
Tiel —j | = -l-[-l<
Fca,B,c.0) = Ps + Py + Pg Page No,
7]
. ey
Olt (exo)
Ff (A.B .c.0)
= Be F(a,B.c.0) 2 sm(2,3,4,7. 8.9, 1S 1S) dia oje) ”
I step 1:
Miner Binary equivalent
A Bl ic D
- a | 0 to |~
oa of} o 1 i
Ima] of tj) a=
ms o. 1 0
a o | 4 | |
mp \ o 4 O
ma 1 0 © :
mal Ly Lto ! 9.
[mal t \ 0 o |.
mm. Li \ 9) it
mis” ) ! ! 1 | Page No,
Date
Step 2:
Form the groups depending upon no. of J
ef
coup Mign¢ernn Binary Fovivdlent
A B S D
l m2 o 1 a 2
mut ol ao lo <
me L oO <
2 ms | Oo oO |
me oe | 1 om
ma 1 | 0 QO | —
[mic \ | 0 Oo <=
rm 1, | 4 olo =
3 ms oO \ | | =
| | ms L\ | Qo I —
|
4 ms | | | |
[— | Step
1% Reduction
/ ES ad
ASREEEREREELLE ah \
Ax qaqa ag 4 x | x -|-4
g 1 —
a _| x
lu 4 -+4xadxq +4Iqq
4 F tj )4-
aa} 9 x) oO | 4 se xl
q | : QAO
qdqdd al jj ddt- xe
q 4 9 | Je] 3 a ol
g fa ge ee ce dqae 34
gq ql oz] a] ed of od 4 1
4 lFaatelaa leaga | 44
3
g +
J of wee Page No]
Date
Ze
SHEP 4 - 1
| 1°¢_ereduction
f
Group | Min+eing Binary Eguivaieot | ___
ate Ilo lol
L M2.™M3, My M7 oO 1
| ma, moms.m7_| oO L
ms yma, ma, m3, L x 0 x1
mg .ma,ma mia | fat
| Page Na,|
Step 5 -
ww? ReductioN within Ihe group )
Grour Micuermn Binaty Equivalent [>
A @ cj D
M2, M3 MOM oO | p
Ms Mq 12 My | O | Pp
|
a | Step 6
| Pime im pricant Tobie
|
GG J
ne
implicont ma| ms | jmal| mo! ml mel maifmolma |malms
ia x
P2 x
x
Py | | I x | L
| “Ps | |
e bd |
Po X 1X x x
~ PB |
lack wo) |e LX = Combinatioal Logic Desigh=o-
Adder
“There. are 2 4ypea of Adder
Wolf adder
2. Ful adder
i.|Half Adder
his used tp add 2 no. of single pit ond wll)
not consider cory yenerated from _prewous
dditioN
Symbol:
—Ja net 5
TP
Truth | Table 1
c Input oukput
NO A 8 S$ Ce
fo eo} 0 boo
| oO 1 1 Or
7 1 [oO } | (oma
S jit 9 ce For ¢arajout = ¢
A.
© 1
o| .
ml
AB Coz AG
| tea jementahon UsiNg Lagi. gat
A B
) 5s= AaB
FI som
=
TITITTTIT Tic
ne Full Adder
Th dds 2 bit
osider carr from _previou AdcUitioN 18 ced
Fu adder
Symbol °
Ia sp
tie} ——[o nader |
Ta ae
Ceary in)
Truth Table:
| Se Ineur | Output |
wo lal etecin | 5 i co |
olotlolo |olo |
O 0 \ \ QoQ
2 oO Ll ° | Q
3 lo lil i Q i
Tey O| oO 1 Oo
5 | ott QO \
6 titilo oO 1
1 \ | \ \ \
J
aes
it
r 7 Page No.
= ABSm + ARcin + AGBCin + HB Cin
A Bdig +Cn@_) + B( BG_ + Ban )
= A( BOco) + ACB@ciNn) ah
i |
“S$ = A@BOcin
soem Page We
Date]
\\
Design Ful Adder using two hale Adders
1
Hof Adder
j
——
| ——tA s =A@@ |
1P C ole
i —{8 Co co = AB J
| Asq Fun Adder 1S
(_——]4 Ss s= AabWeB@cin
fe | —16 ie
Uda Co = Co= AG 4+Bcin 4 Pein]
]
Logic Diagram
|
;A——In 5 sae ya 6 [== satin
HAL HAD.
6 8 oo He cof
Gia ~~ a) a
ey 2 ray =
@ we of 1% polf adder Cnal)
A=A B=B8
Ovtpot of fh HA
sum=Si = A@LB
Cony out = cor = AB
@ tip of u HA cunad
A A@B_ | —B=cin
op net nA CHAZ)
Sum = Sa = ADB = 5 @cin
som = AGE Cin
Corus out = Coz = AB = [Link] = (A@B). cin = Wo4nB )éin=
ABCin +ABGn
OfP oF DR gate be "co."
Co = Cor + Cor
eo = AG + Akcin + ABCia
= BC AtACin T+ ABCin Tmepe 2 wg. le
