Lead — Armouring sheath Conductoree = = = > Naiblear Power is the only alternative which can meet the future power demand of the world. > Main advantage is the huge amount of energy that can be released by small amount of active material » The areas most suitable for nuclear power plants are western UP, Northern and Western Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana. » Nuclear Power is cheapest non-hydroelectric power in India. > Capital Investment of Nuclear Power Plant include cost of land, cost of nuclear reactor, heat exchanger, steam turbines and alternators ete. > The efficiency of Nuclear Plant is high at high load factors and hence it is used as Base load plant. * Fluctuation in load = low * Avg demand ~ max demand * Load factor = 1Secondary cooling system ‘Steam | turbine — —G-+ | Generator Hot water —> Reactor building> Reactor is.a part of nuclear plant where nuclear fission takes place and energy released is used to. coolant water which turns into steam and can run steam turbine. > The main function is to control the emission and absorption of neutrons > It contains a number of fuel rods made of fissile material. They may be diluted for better control of reaction. > As uranium gets oxidized easily; Uranium rods are clad with Aluminum, Stainless Steel or Zirconium. » It is desirable to use core as cubical or cylindrical than spherical.ol a all { = Moderator be t One fission produces 3 neutron -_~. A fission event usually > Niltonsapiivced by fission process are my produces more than ejected from nucleus at high speed of about ee 1.5 x 10’ m/s and are termed as fast fl oe neutrons. uo, se na fuel rods > These fast neutrons may be absorbed by U- 1 238 so chain reaction may not be sustained. : n nl > These neutron must be slowed down to speed neutron Pe 1,0 of gas molecules so that chain reaction may be sustained. This is done by means of moderation. Water as coolant and moderator flows between fuel rods.™ = The material to be used in Moderator should have following properties ™N (a) It should have light weight nucleus so it does not absorb the neutron. (b) It must not react with neutrons. (c) Should be chemically inert (d) Should not be costly (e) Should not have any physical changes when bombarded with neutrons. (f) Neutrons collide with nucleus of moderator of small molecular weight and lose their energy. (g) Materials: Hydrogen, Deuterium, He, Li, Be, B Carbon, N, Oxygen. (h) Presently, Graphite, Ordinary water and Heavy water are used.eh > Controllifig the rate of fission of U-235. These are made of Boron, Cadmium or hafnium that absorb some of the slowed neutrons. > Chain reaction can be controlled by removin fuel rods or by introducing neutron absorbin material. és Coolant a Ne ‘Coolant in Si)> tiga medium through which the heat generated in the reactor is transferred to heat exchanger for further utilization in power generation. > Sometimes it takes up heat and gets converted to steam to drive steam turbines. » It keeps the interior temperature of reactor controlled. » Air, He, H,, CO, among gases, light and heavy water among liquids. L moderator & coolant > Molten Na and Li among metals are used as coolants. > Liquid metals are used as coolants in fast reactors which have large heat release from small core.=— (Reflector)... v Pstecbhecex is placed around core which prevents leakage of neutrons from core. ¥ Reflected neutrons help in continuing the chain reaction.from ex me a reacker to contret Surrounding inlet Upper Core Piate: temp____ Neutrons produced in one generation Neutrons produced in preceding generation K < 1: chain reaction stops (Sub-critical) K > 1: Chain reaction grows (Super-critical) < uncontrolled chotn reackon K = 1: Chain reaction is steady (Critical) v com damage ‘he veactor> Fuel: cnr uranium oxide. > Ordinary water is used both as moderator and coolant. » Feed water enter vessel at the bottom and takes the heat produced by fission and converted into steam. > This steam leaves reactor at top and after passing through condenser returns to reactor.ee . Itisa reactor, using enriched uranium oxide, clad in zircalloy as fuel. * Water under pressure is used as coolant & moderator. The hot water from reactor flows to heat exchanger where its heat is transferred to feed water to generate steam. The secondary cooling operates at low pressure. The primary coolant (high pressure water) then flows from the heat exchanger to primary circulating pump which pumps it back to reactor. The steam is condensed in a condenser & condensate steam returns to heat exchanger forming a closed circuit. In case pressure of primary circuit is too high then water is sprayed into steam in pressurizer.© Pressurized Water Reactor D Boiling water Reactor O usrY This reactor employs gas as coolant instead of water and graphite as moderator. Y Gas is circulated through heat exchanger by means of blower or gas compressor.. CANDU'stands for Canadian Deuterium Uranium s These reactors make use of heavy water composed of heavy hydrogen isotope as moderator to have maximum neutron economy & coolant also. Control rods are not required as reaction is controlled by controlling the level of moderation Heavy water has very low absorption cross-section and it can be used as moderator in natural uranium thermal reactor so fuel need not be enriched.1LFuel bundle 6.Light-water pump —_steam turbine 2.Calandria (reactor _7.Heavy-water pump —_12.Cold water returning core) 8.Fueling machines from turbine 3.Adjuster rods ‘9.Heavy-water 13.Containment 4.Heavy-water pressure moderator building made of reservoir 10.Pressure tube reinforced concrete 5.Steam generator _‘11.Steam going toMetals in liquid state have good thermal conductivity and high temperature can be attained easily. * Sodium is circulated through the reactor core & an intermediate heat exchanger where the heat from Sodium + (Na) is transferred to Nak which gives up heat in heat exchanger to generate steam, * Because of violent reaction of Sodium with air the reactor should be leak tight.—— ~ + ; Sodium-cooled liquid-metal reactor @)which required quantity of enriched uranium or plutonium is kept without a moderator. The reactor is cooled by liquid metal (Na or k). In fast breeder reactor, neutron shielding is provided by using Boron, light water, out or graphite. Gamma shielding is accomplished by lead, concrete The efficiency obtained by liquid sodium is about 42% whereas with other coolant it is 28%.= Eula Metal he Reactors (LMFBR) s “Pool” Design a =Nuclear Fuels ilar] uranium Plutoniumbility of water supply Distance from populated areas Transpiration facilities Nearness to load center Availability of space for disposal of waste Accessibility Type of landa ie . va ‘MPountt feel required is quite small, therefore there is no problem of transportation, storage ete These plants need less area as compared to any other plant of same size. ¥ Because of negligible cost of transportation, these plants can be constructed near load centers. Y Most economical for large MVA rating. v Large deposits of nuclear fuels available across the world. Y Operating cost is very low.al cost of plants is very high. > Fission materials produce radioactive waste which causes radioactive pollution. > Not suitable for varying loads. » Fuel used is expensive and difficult to recover. > Maintenance charges are high. > Cooling water requirement of a nuclear power plant are very heavy so cooling towers are larger and costlier.Overview ‘ > 108 powaplant where a gas turbine is used as prime mover for electrical energy generation — > In thermal power plants, products of combustion are used to generate steam which is expanded in prime > mover but in Gas Turbine Power Plant Gas is directly expanded in Prime Mover. > In turbine blading, working gas expands & heat energy is first converted to kinetic energy & then to work of turbine shaft rotation. > Gas Turbines in simple mode have an efficiency of 32% to 38%.Alternator -—1} exhaust to Air intake from atmosphere atmosphereal al ag Working © ¥ Compressor used in Gas Turbine Power Plant is of rotary type. ¥ Filter relives the dust from air intake from atmosphere. ¥ Combustion chamber has a chamber in which air is injected at high pressure, fuel is injected & burnt in stream of air supplied. Y Gases of combustion pass over turbine blades & expand & result in rotation. ¥ Alternator coupled to turbine converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. ¥ Electric motor for starting the compressor & it is mounted on some shaft as that of turbine.Fuels Used * — — > Products of combustion should have minimum matter which can be disposed easily. > Coal of Peat can be used but they have ash handing problems. > Kerosene, Diesel Oil, Residual Oil can be used but they have higher costs, > Natural Gas (Methane) is generally used which has high calorific value.oe "> The plant site should be selected based on following criteria, 1. Availability of water supply 2. Distance from populated areas. 3. Transpiration facilities 4. Nearness to load center 5. Availability of space for disposal of waste 6. Accessibility 7. Type of land“> Sipliciyof design 2 installation High reliabilit Simple lil system » > > Clean exhaust requiring no stack. > Compactness > Low initial cost > No stand by losses. > Low net output > Lown > Noisy operation> Sun radiates energy of about 3.5 x 10? kW into space and 2 = 10'* kW energy reaches, > Even if 90% of energy is lost in refection, refraction & absorption in outer layers of atmosphere then energy that can be harnessed is 2 x 10'3 kW. This is equivalent to burning 17 million tons of coal.ic collectors are employed as solar collector. > Solar energy collected is used to heat a fluid. This heat is transferred to feed water which is converted to steam. > The steam is used to run a turbine which is coupled to a generator which generates electric power Generator STEAM Coupling SOLAR |_,[ STORAGE ]_,(aonren lcouecror| TANK. | Trew WATER STEAM o/p [CONDENSOR nec F mnocesswet Yo> Asolarcollector absorbs the incident solar radiation & converts it into useful heat energy which is used to heat fluid such as water, oil or air. » Surface of solar collector is designed for high absorption & low emission.a Flat plate collectors > Used where temperature below 100°C are required. > They liquid heating type which are used for heating water. > The structure is placed at proper inclination to absorb solar radiations. > It is mainly used for water heating, space heating & space cooling. > The collection efficiency varies from 40-60%.Bas > TWiachiowe temperatures higher than achievable by flat plate collectors , focusing collector are used > It can give temperature in range of 100-200° C > It can be used for steam engines & turbines. Solar ray > These collectors have to be rotated with motion of sun. Ly Fluid out > High operating temperatures such as 1000° C can be achieved with point focus collectors Receiver tube" Fluid in> density per unit area is very low » Available only for parts of a day > Cloudy atmospheric conditions largely reduce the energy received. > A means to store energy is required.baal — & ‘Question -o1 “The dieseliplants are mainly used (a) As pe: plants. (b) As base load plants (c) As stand by power plants ef Both peak and stand by plants.What does heating and cooling of the atmosphere generates (a) Thermo line circulation (b) Radiation currents YF Convection currents < vesponsible for wind flow (d) Conduction currents(c) Gas oil (Natural gas and liquid petroleum fuel* 2 = \ * Question-0¢ "Match List—I with List — II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List — I(Type of fuel) A. Fertile Codes: B. Fissile A B List — I1(Nuclear fuel) (a) 12 34 1, U-238 fesctle OF 23° «14 2 P29 / ©) 34 12 3. U-235 @ 14 23 4. Th-232nomic prospects of nuclear power generation in India to a great extent depends on successful We slopment of (a) Fast ree using enriched uranium as the fuel thus avoiding import of heavy water (b) Thermal reactors using saturation uranium as the fuel and avoiding import of enriched uranium (c) Breeder reactors using thorium as a blanket material and U~53 as the fuel. (gfReactor using plutonium as the fuel, natural uranium as blanket and liquid sodium as the coolant= Toapberatigg of nuclear reactor is controlled by controlling the multiplication factor (K) defined as * number of neutrons of any one generation number of neutrons of immediately preceeding generation The power-level of the reactor can be increased by (a) Raising the value of K above | and, keeping it at that raised value @FRaising the value of K above 1, but later bringing it back to K = 1 (c) Lowering the value of K below | and, keeping it at that lowered value (d) Lowering the value of K below 1, but later bringing it back to K = 1jatch List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists. (Material A. Deuterium — 3 B. Heavy water — 4 C. Uranium - 235+ 2 D. Thorium — 232 >/ List-II (Use) 1.A fissile fuel of nuclear reactor 2. A fertile fuel of nuclear reactor 3. Used as a fuel in fusion reactor 4. Used as a moderator in nuclear reactor Codes: (a) (b) oF (d) > 1 8) 3) 4 HAND NN BWA weneg1. Hard drawn copper 2. Cadm: pper 3. Aluminium 4. Galvanised steel The correct sequence of the descending order of their electrical conductivities is (a) 1,243 (b) 2,143 P2134 (d) 1,2,3,4 “Consider a materials for line conductors:‘onsider the following statements regarding the nuclear power plants: 1. A thermal reactors needs a moderator material ~ 2. Ina nuclear reactor multiplication factor is kept almost equal to one Csustarn) 3. Nuclear power plants are used as peak load plants only x Which of the statements given above are correct? (a) 1,2 and 3 1 and2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) | and 34 (Question-t0) Cog rods used in nuclear reactors are made of (a) nium: GFBoron (c) Beryllium (d) leadc “Cons r the following moderators used in nuclear reactors: 1. Graphite 2. Beryllium 3. Heavy water Their correct sequence in increasing order of their neutron absorption cross-section is (a) 1, 3,2 (b) 2, 1,3 (c) 3, 1,2 pahh clear r station using Boiling water reactor (BWR), water is used as (a) A mod r but not as a coolant (b)A coolant but not as a moderator (Both moderator and coolant (d) Neither moderator not coolantee P & = Match List-1 (Components) with List-II(Materials) and select the correct answer using the codes Sigee below the lists: List — (Components) List — 1l(Materials) A. Moderator — 3 1. Boron B. Control Rod 7! 2. Concrete C. Coolant — 4 3. Graphite D. Shield ~ 2 4. Sodium Codes: A B Cc D CG 3 1 4 2. (b) 1 5 2 4 (c) 3 1 2 4 (@) 1 3 4 38a Question -14 “Thellnd area required for installation of nuclear power plant is A.more thafrmal power plant less than thermal power plant C. equal to thermal power plant D. depends on type of constructionA.2010 25% B, 25 to 30% 30 to 40 % D.50 to 70 %CEN AIPENE De NNBBOBIEO 10.B 11,D) 12.B 13.A 14.B HonIntelligent } — nodes Medium Voltage Network