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Titre Optimization of the Drinking Water Supply System From the Supply
Pipes of Lac De Guiers to Thies (Senegal)
Auteurs Famara Seydi Ba , Alioune Ly , Diadioly Gassama
Revue International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology
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Optimization of the Drinking Water Supply System From

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Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
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Vol. 11 Issue 07, July-2022

Optimization of the Drinking Water Supply

System From the Supply Pipes of Lac De Guiers
to Thies (Senegal)
Famara Seydi Ba1, *, Alioune Ly2 , Diadioly Gassama1
1
Department Physics Chemistry, UFR Science and Technology Iba Der Thiam University, Thies, Senegal
2
Laboratory of Sciences and Technologies of Water and Environment, Polytechnic School, Thies, Senegal

Abstract:- In an era of unprecedented urbanization, population pressure and industrial growth are now serious threats to water
management in Senegal. Human health faces serious problems due to the deterioration of the quality of drinking water. The diagnostic
mission, the subject of this article, consists in conducting a documentary study of the various recent reports on the subject, as well as a
complete examination of the Lake Guiers Feeding System (ALG), to identify the hotspots of fragility and the investments necessary to
ensure the continuity of Dakar's drinking water supply. This mission is complemented by a hydraulic modeling of the ALG system and
the study of different operating scenarios, to identify the hydraulic and operating constraints that do not currently allow to make the
most of the installations. The results of the simulation showed high pressures in the pipes that are higher than the standards set by the
factory, and this will cause leaks and water shortages.

Keywords:- Optimization, diagnosis, drinking water, water, Lake Guiers, Senegal

1. INTRODUCTION
Water not only serves as a means of hydration, whether for humans, animals, or vegetables, it also serves to clean and maintain
good hygiene, to provide energy, to regulate the climate or to welcome life, that is, it performs key and essential functions for our
planet to remain as it is [1-5].
In Senegal, the potential in water resources (surface water and groundwater) is important, the availability of renewable water
resources is now estimated equal to 4747 m3 / inhabitant / year, well above the reference value of water scarcity equal to 1000
m3 / inhabitant / year. [6-10].
Despite this significant water potential, the water sector in Senegal is threatened by several natural and anthropogenic constraints
[11-15].
The availability of water remains uncertain for areas facing problems of quality, quantity, but also access because of the high
costs of mobilizing the resource. Climate change is likely to impose additional constraints on water availability (drought) and
accessibility (salinization and water pollution) [16-20].
Improving the quality of life of the population through accessible basic social services is undoubtedly one of the major objectives
of the Government of Senegal. Thanks to the many efforts noted in the water sector and attributable to the efforts made in terms
of resource mobilization for the development of access to water, the rate of access to drinking water in Senegal is increasing
drastically [21].
While various programmers implemented within the framework of the Drinking Water and Sanitation Programmed for the
Millennium (PEPAM) have enabled Senegal to achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in the drinking water sector,
the fact remains that significant efforts to improve water quality and reduce deficits in major urban centers are needed, particularly
in the Dakar region [22].
Despite the constant efforts of the National Water Company of Senegal (SONES) in improving the public water service, the water
deficit in Dakar continues to increase with a galloping increase in the population [23].
Thus, the establishment of water purification plants namely Ngnith, Keur Momar Sarr and the reinforcement projects for the water
supply of certain localities have really relieved a large part of the population.
In this study, we plan to make a diagnosis to provide technical solutions to propose a new mechanism of water transfer much
more optimal by making a documentary study of the various recent reports on the subject, as well as a complete examination of
the ALG system in situ, to identify the nerve points of fragility and the investments necessary to ensure the continuity of the
drinking water supply of Dakar in the ideal conditions.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Description of the study area
Lake Guiers is the only major freshwater reserve in Senegal. It is located at latitude 14°09' N and longitude 16°08' W. It supplies
drinking water to the population of Dakar and its surroundings from the supply pipes of Lake Guiers (ALG) [24,25].
The ALG 1 is the pipe that leaves the Ngnith station towards Thiès and the ALG 2 the one that leaves the Keur Momar SARR
factory towards Thiès.

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Figure 1 below shows the route of the network from the source to the Thiès reservoirs.

Figure 1: Route of the ALG network to Thiès

After describing the mode of operation of the water transfer system, we made the diagnosis of the network with the Epanet
software. This diagnosis aims to make improvements for a better optimization of the flow management.
A flow measurement campaign at the level of the boreholes that inject into the network was made to have visibility on the flow
inputs.
Table 1 contains the drill flow measurement results that support ALG 1 and 2.
Table 1. Production Meter Flow Rates
Sites Throughput output drilling
(m3/h)
FLN 1 137
FLN 2 0
FLN 4 121
FLN 5 113
FLN 7 124
FLN 8 164
FLN 9 44,8
FLN 10 242
FLN 11 Blocked
Kelle 1 175
Kelle 2 391
Kelle 3 264
Kelle 4 251
Kelle 5 112
Kelle 6 308
Kelle 7 81
Kelle Village F2 301
F1 Gueoul 80

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Table 2 shows the characteristics of the discharge pumps at the Nginth and Keur Momar SARR drinking water treatment plants.
The Nginth drinking water treatment plant which operates with 3 diesel pump units in parallel and 2 in backup with an outlet
pressure of 25 bar.
As for the Keur Momar SARR drinking water treatment plant, it operates with 4 electric pumps in parallel and 1 in backup
operating at fixed speed with an outlet pressure that varies between 19 and 25 bars.
The nominal flow rate of the treated water pumping station is 2,700 m3/h, which corresponds to 64,000 m3/j.
Table 2. Characteristic of the Ngnith and Keur Momar SARR (KMS) plant discharge pumps
Power Debit HMT
Identity
(kW) (m3/h) (m)
Ngnith KMS Ngnith KMS Ngnith KMS Ngnith KMS
GMP1 A 1 340 1 300 970 1 440 250 190
GMP2 B 1 340 1 300 900 1 440 250 239
GMP3 C 1 200 1 300 970 1 440 250 239
GMP4 D 1 320 1 300 900 1 440 250 239
GMP5 E 1 340 1 300 900 1 440 250 239

The Keur Momar SARR plant was commissioned in 2004 (KMS1) + and in 2006 (KMS2). The nominal production capacity is
approximately 65,000 and 65,000 m3/j respectively for the two stations, for a total of approximately 130,000 m 3/j. However, the
average actual capacity is 121,000 m3/j.
2.2. Presentation of the EPANET and PICCOLO software
EPANET is a simulation software for the hydraulic and qualitative behavior of water over long periods of time in pressurized
networks. [26].
EPANET calculates the flow rate in each pipe, the pressure of each node, the water level in the tanks, and the concentration of
chemical substances in the different parts of the network, during a simulation time divided into several steps. The software is
also able to calculate residence times and track its evolution. [27,28].
The PICCOLO software is a general tool for simulating loaded flow problems in mesh networks. Hydraulic simulation makes it
possible to reproduce the flow of liquid subjected to obstacles [29].
Figure 2 shows the backbone of the network in EPANET.

Figure 2. Network backbone in EPANET

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The results of the simulation in EPANET have Showed high pressures that exceed even the limit value of 25 bar or 250 meters
of water column (mCE) at the adductors.
On ALG 1, the outlet pressure on the discharge line with a diameter of 1000 mm is 32.3 bar, which is well above the pressure
limit value. This high-pressure value is related to the proximity of the plant with the effect of over-pumping [30].
However, we note a gradual decrease in pressure after narrowing the pipe of the ALG 1 which passes to the nominal diameter
(DN) 1000 in DN 900.

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The pressure at this level is equal to 23.3 bar up to the first mesh with the ALG 2 at Louga. This decrease may be related to the
change in diameter and the length of the section favoring an increase in pressure losses that can lead to a pressure drop in the
pipe [31].
This same situation is noted at the level of ALG 2 where we have a high pressure of 32 bar on the DN 1200 cast iron. The mesh
pressure with ALG 1 is equal to 23 bar. However, these pressure values present threats to pipes that can cause severe leakage
[32].
Figure 3 below shows the evolution of the pressure in the network.

Figure 3. Evolution of the pressure before Louga mesh

Flow velocity is an important parameter because a low velocity value has a negative impact on water quality and can lead to
deposits in pipes [33].
The results of the simulation showed that the speed is acceptable and belongs to the permissible interval of [0.3-3] m/s meeting
the self-cleaning conditions [34].
Thus, the results of the pressure drop gradient that reflects energy losses per kilometer have very low values of 1.33 m/km. In
other words, over each kilometer we lose a pressure of 0.1 bar [35].
The description and diagnosis of the ALG network made it possible to identify the functioning of the ALG system. We note very
high pressures that even exceed the limit values on several sections. We also noticed a saturation of the pipes at the downstream
part of the boreholes. Thus, these saturated pipes have negative impacts on the operation of the pumps at the stations.
Faced with this situation, it is desirable to set up a new mechanism for operating the network to optimize the ALG transfer system.
In this part, we have tried to provide technical solutions to propose a new water transfer mechanism much more optimal with the
use of piccolo software.
Figure 4 shows the network backbone in the PICCOLO software

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Figure 4. Importing the network into PICCOLO.

The results of the simulation in EPANET showed very high-pressure values at the ALG level. These values have also exceeded
the maximum value of 25 bars upstream and downstream of the Mbekké station and the instructions for the proper functioning
of the latter seems not to be respected.
The results of the simulation in PICCOLO also justified the high pressures noted in the network and which are presented in
Table 3.
Table 3. Extraction of pressure values in PICCOLO
Node number Hydraulic head (m) Altitude (m) Pressure(m)
1 563.03 34 529.03
2 562.13 23.060 539.07
3 598.52 4.1000 594.42
4 560.50 30.240 530.26
5 597.81 5 592.81
6 559.76 21.920 537.84
7 595.19 4.4000 590.79
8 594.55 5.1000 586.45
9 594.25 4.5000 589.75
10 593.86 3.0500 590.81

The elevation rating of a point refers to the altitude of that point above sea level, denoted Z and expressed in meters of water
column (Mce) [36.37].
The hydraulic load H is defined by the sum as shown in the table of the relative pressure P and the elevation rating at this point
[38-40].
In this part we have committed to solve the problem of overpressure noted and to propose a much more economical water
transfer mechanism.
We will therefore go from 4 to 2 operating pumps at the Keur Momar SARR station with a flow rate of 2,880 m3/h without
closing the mesh size of the two adductors at LOUGA.
The operation of the KMS plant with the 4 discharge pumps as shown in Table 1 show discharge pressure values above twice
the limit value of 25 bar (250 Mce).
The application of this instruction has led to a decrease in the pressure values at the level of the master pipes (ALG 1 and 2)
between 30 and 40 bar as shown in Table 4.
Table 4. Pressure results after simulation
Node number Hydraulic head (m) Altitude (m) Pressure(m)
15 343.32 14.820 328.50
16 343.28 12 331.28
17 343.26 16.650 330.61
18 343.22 9.3200 333.90
19 343.19 10.190 333
20 343.16 9.6500 333.51
21 343.12 12.500 330.62
22 343.08 14.760 328.32
23 343.03 13.950 329.08
24 342.99 15.220 327.77

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However, we found that shutting down the two KMS pumps is not enough to reduce the high pressures in the network. For this
we will have to move on to the second variant.
The operation with 4 pumps including 2 at KMS and 2 at Nginth has a positive impact on the protection of ALG because the
pressure values are close to the permissible value as shown in Table 5.
Table 5. Pressure results with 2 operating pumps at KMS and Nginth
Node number Hydraulic head (m) Altitude (m) Pressure(m)
1 293.67 7 0.0
2 293.64 12.500 281.17
3 293.60 17 276.64
4 293.56 11.200 282.40
5 293.54 14 279.56
6 293.50 12.200 281.34
7 293.44 12.850 280.65
8 293.40 11.650 281.79
9 293.36 14.820 278.58
10 293.34 12 281.36

At the adductor discharge line, we have identified drilling batteries that inject into the network. We tried to stop a borehole to
see again the evolution of the pressure. For this, the choice fell on the FLN 10 drilling which injects a flow equal to 242 m3 / h.
Table 6 shows the results obtained after simulation.
Table 6. Pressure results with Géoul drilling stop and Louga mesh closure
Node number Hydraulic head (m) Altitude (m) Pressure(m)
1 7 7 0.0
2 214.28 12.500 201.78
3 214.25 17 197.25
4 214.21 11.200 203.01
5 214.17 14 200.17
6 214.15 12.200 201.95
7 214.11 12.850 201.26
8 214.05 11.650 202.40
9 214.01 14.820 199.19
10 213.97 12 201.97

The stop of the FLN10 drilling resulted in pressure values (20 to 25 bar) that comply with the pressure instructions on the discharge
line. However, this action is mainly noted downstream of the boreholes. Faced with this situation, it is therefore necessary to take
an action that would be able to consider the upstream part.
The results of the simulations showed pressure values that rotate at the turn of 21 bars by adding to the previous actions the closure
of the ALG Mesh at Louga level which we judged the best in terms of pressure.

4. CONCLUSION
This work provides an overview of the problems on the functioning of ALG in Senegal. It also attempts to highlight the challenges
of enforcing water laws and policies, but also their shortcomings. It is also necessary to establish a reliable risk assessment system
for water quality, human health, and ecological safety.
The ALG system ensures distribution and receives inputs from various boreholes. Previous studies have shown that the transfer
capacity of the ALG system should be saturated in 2015, with a risk of salt bevel being introduced into the recharge aquifers of
drilling areas in the event of overexploitation of these.
The results of our research showed some malfunctions on the water transfer system through hydraulic simulations. Thus, by
applying operating laws at the level of boreholes that often lead to the saturation of pipes, we noted an improvement on the transfer
system including the evolution of pressure and flow speeds in the network.

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