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PM-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2411 (2022) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2411/1/012007

Design and Performance Analysis of DWDM-PON

Nani Fadzlina Naim1, Muhammad Firdaus Hazian1, Suzi Seroja Sarnin1, Norsuzila
Ya’acob1, Latifah Sarah Supian2

1
School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA
(UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
2
Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, 57000 Sungai Besi, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia

Abstract. This paper presents on the design and analysis of Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing Passive Optical Network (DWDM-PON) which is the upcoming trend technology
nowadays to transmit up to 40 Gbps data. Various modulation techniques such as Non-Return
Zero (NRZ), Return-Zero (RZ) and duo binary coding are simulated in this DWDM-PON. Using
OptiSystem software, DWDM-PON is designed and simulated for 32 channels with spacing of
100 GHz and bit rate of 10 Gbps. An Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) and Dispersion -
Compensating Fiber (DCF) is deployed in the DWDM design. It is found that duo binary
modulation technique gives the best performance with minimum BER of 2.66x10-19. From the
simulation result, it also found that the proposed DWDM PON design is suitable to be deployed
for current network.

1. Introduction

Nowadays, everything is on digitalization or known as ‘Virtual World’. From virtual money

(microtransaction) to holograms interface, everything needs to be connected wirelessly. Hence, the
amount of information needed must be faster and instant. The growth of data traffic on web or internet
has become colossal due to increasing network usage. This will lead to upgrading service provider every
seven months and very costly since the population nowadays keep rises. A variety of
telecommunications architecture have been introduced in the recent years, but only one which shows
the potential to achieve this obstacle in telecommunication fiber which known as DWDM for long-
distance data transmission. The DWDM has much simpler design and robust [1],[2]. This system
architecture can meet the rapidly growing population demand usage like video live streaming, online
gaming, virtualization (VR) and much more. However, DWDM will always exposed by non- linear
optical effects. This is because in the process of transmission optical fiber, interference, distortion,
numerous attenuations in optical signals are presence due to non-linearity of the optical fiber transmission
[3-4].
Recent studies based on DWDM design shows several methods used [5], to mitigate such common
interference and noise during transmission of signal. The efficiency of the signals transmission was
measured on the ‘eye opening’, Bit-Error-Rate (BER) and Q-factor. These factors can be controlled by
using optical amplifier such as Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) and semiconductor optical

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2411 (2022) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2411/1/012007

amplifier (SOA). With EDFA technology, a low noise can be achieved when the signals are amplified
[6],[7],[8],[9]. Since these noises or dispersion are consistent and cannot be negates easily, the signal-
to-noise ratio functioned is to determine the amount threshold of amplifiers that can be placed. In recent
studies, optical signals can move for up to 150 km with the use of amplifiers. At much further distances
of more than 500 km, the signal needs regenerated first for every intersection. That is because the optical
amplifier function only amplifies the presence signals and does not perform the casual 3R functions
(reshape, retime, retransmit) where these steps are crucial to transform the signals from optical to
electrical signals. Furthermore, a technique for multiplexing and demultiplexing can improve the
DWDM system. The biggest obstacles in optical transmission is to minimize crosstalk presence and
also maximize channel separation [10], [11]. Crosstalk is a measure to show the channels are separated
successfully, while channel separation is to differentiate each incoming wavelength in optical signals.
These parameters can be controlled by selecting the frequency spacing desired for example using
50Ghz frequency spacing to transmit 2.5Gbps on 40 km lengths fiber. The bigger the spacing, the better
the signals being modulated but it will affect the capacity channels being dwindled. In this paper,
DWDM-PON with various modulation technique is simulated using OptiSystem software. The system
performance is analysed and discussed following section

2. DWDM System
DWDM model must be based on ITU-T standardization as to follow international models to avoid any
unaligned from other model architecture and improve our results. DWDM-PON are mainly used for
multiple channel optical fiber transmission system to serve as many users as possible simultaneously
while maximizing gain power and data bitrate. By referring ITU-T G.694.1 standardization, the
recommendation for optical C and L bands, the DWDM-PON operates at channel spacing intervals are
ranging from 200, 100, 50, 25 or 12.5 GHz [12], and the frequency of the central channel is 193.1 THz.
In a WDM system, each of the wavelengths in designated channel are transmitted into the fiber optic
cable, and then the signals are demultiplexed before reaching the at the receiver output signal. WDM
carries each input incoming signal independently from the others. This means that every channel has
their own selected bandwidth for all signals to be able arrive at the short amount of time without being
torn apart or destroyed when carried in longer distance. The main difference between WDM and
DWDM is that the spaces of wavelengths are arranged more closely than it normally does, and this
will be resulting a greater overall capacity in optical transmission system [13].
Each transmitter (laser input) used has different speed and modulation type. This will affect the
output of the system as strong light has more resist to light dispersion or unwanted frequency presence
in optical system.

Figure 1. Optical Transmission Architecture of DWDM [15]

3. Operational principle
In this project, the DWDM model used is presented on Figure 2. Based on the architecture, the WDM
transmitter is implemented to investigate the system efficiency. For data bit rate of 10 Gbps, the
channel frequency used in this paper is 100 GHz with extinction ratio 30dB. The process of
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2411 (2022) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2411/1/012007

transmitting signal starts from the WDM transmitter where the signal is combined by an ideal
multiplexer. The optical signal consists of several desired channel. The central channel used is 193.1
THz or 1552.5nm. After that, the signals are transferred by a single optical fiber optic to the WDM
demultiplexer. The fiber optic (SMF) lengths are varied from 70 km to 120 km. Besides that, 10 km
is included in the transmission link to counter dispersion in the system [14]. The DCF characteristics
has 0.5 dB/km attenuation, dispersion level -85 ps/nm/km and dispersion slope are set at -0.3
ps/nm2/k. Along the transmission optical system, there are two optical amplifiers (EDFA) connected
after each fiber optic cable. The outputs are measured by an optical receiver with a PIN
photodetector.
In the simulation setup, different modulation techniques such as NRZ, RZ and Duo Binary coding
are applied in the DWDM transmitter. The parameter used to design DWDM- PON is as mentioned
in Table 1. Table 2 shows the parameter of DCF and Single Mode Fiber (SMF) used in the network.
Table 1. DWDM Architecture Parameters
Parameters Value
Bit Rate 10 Gbps
Frequency 193.1 THz
Channel Spacing 100 GHz
Number of Channel 32 Channel
WDM Transmitter -8 dBm
Power
EDFA Gain 10 dB
Extinction Ratio 30 dB
Photo detector PIN
Modulation NRZ, RZ, Duo
Technique Binary
Receiver Power -27 dBm
Sensitivity

Table 2. Fiber Parameters

Parameters SMF DCF

Attenuation 0.2 dB/km 0.5 dB/km
Dispersion 17 ps/nm/km -85 ps/nm/km
Dispersion 0.075 ps/nm2/km -0.3
Slope ps/nm2/km
Length 70, 80, 90 100, 10 km
110,
120 km

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PM-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2411 (2022) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2411/1/012007

Figure 2. DWDM-PON with various modulation techniques

Every modulation technique will show different results because of different binary code data
signalling techniques. Since WDM transmitter has already embedded NRZ and RZ, this will ease the
connection for this simulation. As for duo binary, the electrical impulse must be controlled specifically
as shown in the Figure 3.

Figure 3. Duo Binary modulation technique

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PM-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2411 (2022) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2411/1/012007

4. Result and Discussion

The distance of SMF travelled by optical signal is varied from 70 km to 120 km respectively. Hence,
data collected are explained in detail in the Figure 4 and Figure 5. At longer distance, less power
received at the end of the Optical Network Unit (ONU). Figure 4 shows the power received is inversely
proportional with the distance SMF.
From the graph, it can be perceived that the power received when using NRZ and Duo Binary coding
is higher as compared to RZ coding. The receiver sensitivity for DWDM used is -27 dBm. From Figure
4, it can be concluded that all the modulation technique is suitable to be used with a maximum SMF
length of 120 km as all the power received is higher than -27 dBm.

Figure 4. Power Received versus Fiber Length

Figure 5 shows the BER performance versus fiber length. From the graph, it can be seen that the
longer the fiber length, the higher the BER. Again, this is due to the attenuation of the fiber which
is 0.2dB/km. The best performance is produced by Duo Binary as it has the lowest BER value. At
100 km, the BER performance for duo binary coding is 2.66x10-19 which is lower than the minimum
BER for DWDM which is 10-12. Thus, this system is suitable to be deployed for 100 km DWDM-
PON.

Figure 5. Log (BER) versus Fiber Length

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PM-2022 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2411 (2022) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2411/1/012007

Figure 6 shows the Q – factor versus the fiber length. Again, due to higher fiber attenuation, the Q
– factor is also decreasing. Duo Binary coding also shows the best performance for up to 100 km
fiber length with Q – factor value of 8.9. From this graph, it can be concluded that Duo Binary
coding produces the best result in terms of BER and Q-factor. This is in line with the theory which
states that Duo Binary is more resilient to dispersion as compared to RZ and NRZ coding especially
for uncompensated optical fiber.

Figure 6. Q - Factor versus Fiber Length

Figures 7, 8 and 9 show the eye diagram for NRZ, RZ and Duo Binary for 100 km fiber length
respectively. It can clearly be perceived that the Duo-Binary coding shows the best performance with
BER of 2.66x10-19 and Q – factor of 8.9.

Figure 7. Eye Diagram for NRZ (100 km) coding with minimum BER of 9.773x10-16 and Q
– factor of 7.94

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2411 (2022) 012007 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/2411/1/012007

Figure 8. Eye Diagram for RZ (100 km) coding with minimum BER of 0.00583 and Q –
factor of 2.52

Figure 9. Eye Diagram for Duo Binary (100 km) coding withminimum BER of 2.66x10-19 and
Q – factor of 8.9

Conclusion
In conclusion, the design of DWDM-PON has been successfully demonstrated. In this design,
OptiSystem software has been used to simulate the design at 10 Gbps. In this design,three modulation
techniques have been simulated such as NRZ, RZ and Duo Binary. From the simulation, it is found
that Duo Binary coding shows the best performance for 100 km SMF fiber length with min BER
value of 2.66x10-19 and Q – factor of 8.9. In future recommendation, the system can be improved by
increasing the data bit rate up to 40Gbps with multiple channels up to 64 channels or 128 channels.
This will require proper amplification of optical amplifiers and DCF length. Hence, increasing the
efficiency of DWDM PON capability to transmit higher bandwidth on a single fiber optic.

Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) for supporting this project
under GPK research grant 600-RMC/GPK 5/3 (101/2020).
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