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 CLASS 12
Alternating Current PHYSICS

Alternating Current and Alternating EMF

An
alternating current is one whose
magnitude changes continuously with time between zero

and a maximum value and whose direction reverses periodically .

inqm. *

in sir i
is O
e

-> t
⑭

-> t

alternating current is which varies with time simple harmonically

.

one
The simplest type of
It is represented by = isinart or i= icosnt
where i= instantaneous value of current at time +
is called "Current Amplitude!"
is maximum (or peak) value of the current and
=

Ja
Angular Frequency
n
(w)

l
·

i
where = time period
w xit 247

n
=
=

F f =
frequency .

gr
·
Alternating emt
Su

The comf (or

voltage) whose magnitude changes continuously with time between zero and a

maximum value
The instantaneous
and whose direction
value of
reverses

alternating e.mf a
periodically ,
is known

may be represented
as alternating emf
by
.

E =
E
,
sinct Or E = E
.
cosNt

PHYSICS
Note: The
graphical representation of Eas sine and cosine functions of + are of the same

form as those of 1 .

Amplitude maximum
The alternating current varies in magnitude and reverses in direction periodically . The

value of the current in either direction is called the "peak values or the amplitude' of the
current . It is represented by is

Periodic Time
The time taken by the alternating current to Complete one cycle of variation is called the

periodic-time' of the current .

The periodic time of the alternating current is
given by

T =
21
To

Frequency second is called the frequency

The number of cycles completed by an
alternating current in one

of the current
Hertz (H2)
-cycles/second
.

or
f or F w
frequency
=

↳
=

the domestic alternating current

25t Note The:

frequency of
is 50
cycles/second .
Mean
Average Value)
(or
An
alternating current flows during one half-cycle in one-direction and during the other
half-cycle in opposite direction. Hence for one complete cycle , the mean value of alternating ,

current is zero However the mean value of alternating current over half a cycle is finite
.
,

quantity and in fact it is the quantity which is defined as the 'mean valueof alternaling
,

current It is given by of the current

.

T/2 where i is the instantaneous value .

S
i value
O

i mean- ! Idt i i sincet peak

#z
=
=
,

Tw T = 2π/w

imean (-cos cut] Mw-imean -(cosi-coso]

O
I
sinctat-> I meant
*

i.
"mean=0
Imean=-(-1-1]=> "mean= It
or . 637

l Jan alternating
Root-mean square value

i
amount of
It is defined as that value of a direct current which produces the same
heating

n
effect in is when
a
given resistor as produced by the
given current
passed

gr
for the same time
during a complete cycle .
Su

It is also called virtual value or effective value of A C .

.

Instantaneous value

I =
of
I Sincet
alternating current
a then
if dH is small amount of heat produced in time at in Resistor R ,

PHYSICS
dH = iRdt (in one complete cycles
produced is

im sintat
then total heat
is sinitRdt->
HoTidt
IdH => H
/ H
= =
=

H =

iR]Ywtdt=>H= Redt-(coszutat)
H=
/(T-0) -Ginnt) => H =

/7-dalsinzwi-sinzwxo)] Here T =
2it

H =
R[T-cw(sinki-sind] ie .
H=
iRT -
(i)

current ,
f Irms is ums value of alternating current and It is the heat produced by rus

then H IOmsRT -
(ii)
alternating
=

emf
.

umns value of .

from eq(i) and (i)

Erms=Irms
.

E =
IoR

IT
2
.

IrmsT= Erms=
It
Irms=
Is-> Irms=
I
I
Erms
=E
=
0 .
707E. = 70 7 of
-
.

Er

trms=0 7071=> .

Itms =
70 7 % of 10
·
Phasors
A phasor is a vector which rotates about
the origin with
angular speed w .

The vertical
components of phasors y and I
represent the sinusoidally varying quantities
~ and I .

A C
.

Voltage applied to a Resistor

we consider a which produces sinusoidally varying
source

potential difference across its terminals This potential difference

.

J
voltage , given by
an
also called as a

msinct applying il KCI and get

n
x = Law we

gr
"msinct=iR = i =
msinct
Su

Am
=

im So i =

Imsinut a
#Graphical Representation PHYSICS

NOTE : and Currents in phase with each other

Voltage are ↳⑦⑧⑦⑦π@-°
.

phasor : -> A phasor is a vector which rotates about the

origin with angular speed w.

Phasor diagram
 #A .
C
voltage applied to a inductor
An a.c source connected to an inductor . Let the
voltage
across the source be X =
YmSinct
Apply get x-(di =>
Lot
KCL2 we =0 x =

,
at

Ldi =
Ydt =>
(di =
msinctdt
Integrate above equation both side

ILdi=/ymsinctdt=> Li =

-YmNt=
i =
- Uncosnt
-

LW

i
where XI wL
Amsinkt-M2) : -cosnt=sin(t-M2) ⑳
=

=
imsinkt-iz) Inductive Reactance /Resistance inductor]
and where
im=1 X to
=

Lw =
due

unit of X is ohm(-) .

NOTE : Current lags the voltage by z .

l Jan
The average power supplied to an inductor over one

i complete cycle is IERO ·

n Inductive Reactance (X) : Opposition offered

gr
->
by
Su

inductive circuit/inductor to the flow of Current .

a
ak X Lw =

2 TPL VacO for d C X=0 .

Vac= 50 H2 X very large value , so inductor

=

passes doC only .

PHYSICS
An Source
voltage V "msincut
&
generating ac
=
ac

connected to a capacitor only a purely capacitive ac circuit ,

.

Let a be the charge on the capacitor at any time to the

instantaneous voltage y across the Capacitor is
9: CUmsinct
x
G
applying KC) and Law Umsinut
q
=
=
=

To find Current ,
we use i d9-1i=
=

(CUmsincut)
at ③@°@
⑧·
.I④⑤
@.
i =

( VmCoscutw => i =

Im cosnt=> i =

Uncosnt
Yw Fe
where X =

Reactance (Resistance due to

Capacitive Capacitor] and Xc= //cw W
=

2πU

i= imcosct =>i
and
imsin(wt+i/2) NOTE : Current leads the
voltage by /z
=

NOTE : - The average power supplied to an capacitor

over one complete cycle is ZERO

·
Capacitive Reactance (X)) =

Opposition offered by
capacitive circuit Xc= I I I for da X
-
=
0

WC GITUC
& So doc Can't pass through capacitor .

Admittance (Y) =

Reciprocal of impedance susceptance (S) : Reciprocal of reactance is

i x defined susceptance it is of two Types
e
I as
- .
=
,

(i) inductive susceptance (ii) Capacitive Susceptance

Si /XL So
c
 F YR +
Figure shows a series (CR circuit connected to an ac sources

The
voltage of the source to be X =
m Sincut I
phasor
diagram solution Y
A
we know that current and voltage remain in same phase in
case of Resistor - and In case of inductor and Capacitor there is kV - x

a phase difference of ifs in voltage and current .

Then
Here
Y iR
a =

7
&
ME = IX and = ix

-----
V-Vc From phasor diagram
2

Y ( Y Y (IR+ (iXix - X!"

Y=
y
= +
-
=

44 >I
In 1XcY It w
" (Impendance) to
i
I and
2 2 2
=

.
e = =

VI
Here the potential difference leads the current
by an angle .

l Ja n -
so V =
xmsin(nt+p) in Case of Series LCR Circuit
voltage is given by
i tand=(i = tan' (*
Direction of Resultant

=tanl n
gr
and
Su

condition of LCR Circuit

Series

a
#Resonance a

A Series LCR Circuit is said to be in the resonance condition when the current
through it
has its maximum value
the frequency at which the current amplitude I attains a peak value is called Natural or

PHYSICS
resonant
frequency .
condition for Resonance is XL= Xc
i wh w eitr
WF
=
1 =
= =
Wor
wh

gitr=1
frcc fr Natural frequency
so => =
.

IC Wr= Angular frequency . (Naturall

The Current amplitude at resonance
frequency will be
Current is maximum
Ep
Io =
Due to X =

Xc z =

R i .
e z is minimum and .

NOTE : Series
+
Resonant Circuit is also called an "acceptor circuit
-> Resonance occurs
only in series LCR Circuit ,
not in LR and C circuit .

SHARPNESS OF RESONANCE : -Factor

The sharpness of resonance is measured by a coefficient called the quality or -factor .
The resonance

frequency is independent of R ,
but sharpness of peak depends on R .

i
Because
Ep
=

p-factor : The p-factor of a series (CR-Circuit

may be o
Bw R
defined as the ratio of the
voltage drop across the inductance &
igh R

corcapacitancesatresonace applied voltagin

to
the W=

Applied Voltage
&·
q
w
we know that wr=I so we
get
-E ⑤
=

I
Power in A .
C Circuit
The rate of dissipation of energy in an electrical circuit is called the power .

current
-

It is equal to the product of voltage and current The power of an alternating

-

circuit depends upo the phase difference between the voltage and current .

The instantaneous values of the voltages and current in an A C Circuit are given by
.

v =
xsin(nt+1) i =

isinct
difference between and current
I =
phase the
6
voltage
The instantaneous in the Circuit is
power
Pins= V I

Ysin(wt+ 4) X i sinct
=

Vo io sinct (sinntcoso + cost sind

=
Vio [sincutcoso + sinutcosnt sind]

Jan
sint=1 sinzet=o

l
and

i
for one complete cycle ,

n
Therefore the
, average powers in the Circuit is
given by
Parg 1 cosp
gr
Su

Parg= to ecosy i .
e
Pag *
"rms Frms so a
the
Note:Cosy is known as power factor' of the Circuit and its value depends upon
nature of the circuit
PHYSICS
.

special Cases
 wattless Current : The Current in ac circuit is said to be wattless if the average power consumed
-

in the circuit is zero ·

power-factor: - defined as the ratio of the true power to the apparent power of an a.c circuit .

Power-factor- True Power Apparent Power=Vrms X Irms

-

Apparent Power True Power =

Apparent power x coso .

also cosp= I

Transformer
device which is either used to increase or decrease the voltage in A C circuits
is
It a .

through
mutual induction . A transformer consists of two coils wound on the same core .

The coil connected to input is called primary

while the other connected to output is
called secondary coil ·

An alternating current
passing through

Ja
the primary changing

n
creates a coal , "nuosly
-

il
flux through the core . This changing

n
flux induces an alternating emf in the
secondary . As magnetic field lines are

gr
⑤
closed curves the flux per turn of
Su

crimary must be equal to flux per turn of the secondary

a
.

= -
1dPp=1 COS es Ns
Therefore
(as exce
=
or so
is Mp It Ns dt Ep Ip
NOTE : - In an ideal transformer , there
is no loss of power . Hence
from end
armation
input
es I
Power
es E
=

Power Output => e, Is=epIp => =

·
In step-up transformer NS Np it increases
. PHYSICS
voltage
it increases
and reduces current ·

· In step-up transformer Mp> Ns :

current and reduces voltage .

works A C
It only on
· .

· A transformer cannot increase (decreases voltage and Current simultaneously . As ei= constant .

·
Some Power is always lost due to
eddy currents , hysteresis etc ,
.

Some
energy losses in Transformer
·

=eas
Efficiency of transformer Output
Power=et 4%
· = -> x10

(4) Input power

For ideal Transformer 100 % But for Practical Transformer lies between 70 % 90 %
y
-
=
 Oscillations E
I
LC

- -
When a
charged capacitor is allowed to
discharge ~ I =
0 W Imax
through a non-resistive , electrical oscillations of ↳

amplitude frequency ------

---,
:
constant and are produced ·

-----
well well
These oscillations called LC Oscillations
-
are
-
· -----
-----
completely electrical
energy completely Magnetic
working
When a Capacitor is supplied with an Ac current
,
Energy
it gets charged .

When this
charged capacitor is connected with an inductor , current flows
through inductor , giving
rise to magnetic flux hence ,
induced emf is produced in the circuit .

this (or energy) the capacitor decreases equivalent

Due to ,
the
charge on and an amount of

energy is stored in the inductor in the form of magnetic field when the discharging of the
capacitor completes , current and magnetic flux linked with L starts decreasing .

Therefore , an induced emt is produced which recharges the capacitor in opposite direction

a
.

charging and discharging of capacitor is repeated and energy taken once

l J n
This process of

i
Oscillating between Cand L The equation of LC oscillation is given
from source keeps on .

by
+ where
n
9 9, cos(a++1)

gr
:
Su

stored in stored in
·
Energy ·
Energy
frequency
a
and the charge oscillates with a ,
Capacitor inductor
8 =

w =
1
e

25I U =1 a u
11
=

2
"ous discussed above
·
The LC osy Hall are not

PHYSICS
realistic for the two reasons .

it inductor has some resistance

.

Every :
The effect of this resistance will introduce a
damping effect
the and current in the circuit oscillations die
on
charge finally
and
away ..

ii) Even , if the resistance is

.
zero
,
the total energy of the system would not remain constant .
It is
in the form of
radiated away from the system electromagnetic waves .
In fact ,
radio and TV
transmitters depend on this radiation .

CHOKE COIL
choke coll is a device
having high inductance and
negligible resistance .
It is used in as

for the purpose of

circuits
adjusting current to any required value in such a
way that

power loss in a circuit can be minimised It is used in fluroscent tubes . .