For today we will be discussing Quarter 2, Module 6 which is all about mirrors.

Our most essential

So this lesson revolves around the concept of reflection now what is reflection? Reflection is defined as
the bouncing of light rays of an object so remember the key term here is bouncing, the same lang anang
gadula mo ug bola gud. Diba ang bola pag imoha nang I dribble or ilabay tapos maigo sa walls or floors
or any flat surface, mag bounce na. So ingon ana pud ang mahitabo sa LIGHT, nagareflect siya. Everytime
makaencounter siya ug isa ka object. Karon as aba nato usually ma encounter ang reflection? So usually
makita nato atoang reflection sa tubig, sa salamin (mirrors) sa mga lahi2 nga klase sa salamin. It could be
kanang sa sakyanan, kanang sa balay lang nato nga salamin, pero if napansin ninyo, ang mga images na
ma form draa na mga types sa salamin kay lahi2 diba? Naay usahay nga gagmay, mga malilit ang images,
naa sad mga gagmay ang images na mag reflect. Pero most of the time jud kay PAREHAS LANG ang
kadako diba? Normally mao jud na. So karon atoang tun-an kung unsa na mga types sa mirror ang na
encounter nato kada adlaw.

Lets go with the Laws of Reflection, there are 2 Laws of reflection, the first one is:

1. The incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray, all lie in the same plane.

So later I-discuss nato kung unsa ang meaning anang Incident ray, the normal and the reflected ray.

2. The angle of incidence if equal to the angle of reflection

So if you could see dria sa atoang drawing, we have 2 angles. Angle 1 and Angle 2, symbolized by the
Greek word Theta, so we can see here that for reflection, Theta 1 is equal to Theta 2.

SPECULAR REFLECTION VS DIFFUSE REFLECTION

So next we will be discussing image characteristics. But first we will be focusing on the most common
type of mirror and that is your plane mirror, when we say plane mirror we are referring to flat mirrors
mao ni tong mga usually makita nato sa atoang mga panimalay. And for images that are formed in plane
mirrors we can identify five characteristics. So what are these five characteristics?

First the image is virtual, OK So what is meant by a virtual image when we say a virtual image we are
referring to an imaginary image, so this image is formed at the back of the mirror. Diba pag
nagapanamin ta sa atong mga balay, pag nakatan-aw ka sa salamin, mapansin nimo nga ang image na
imong makita sa salamin kay murag naa sa likod sa mirror. So mao na ang pasabot sa virtual image.

Next is an image formed in a plane mirror is erect or upright So what is meant by upright, if ever nga
manamin ta and then nakatindog ta sa atubangan sa isa ka plane mirror, dapat ang image nga makita
nato is nakatindog pud. Dili pwede nga nakabaliktad ang image, kay if ever man nga nakabaliktad ang
image, dili na plane mirror.

The third image characteristic is the image should be the same size as the object, so kung unsa ka kataas
dapat ingon ato pud kataas ang image na imong makita sa imong mirror.

The next characteristic of an image formed by a plane mirror is that the image distance is equal to the
object distance, so taking the mirror as our point of reference, kapag nakatindog ta 1 meter from the
plane mirror, ang atoang image ay nakatindog pud 1 meter at the back of the mirror. Karon if muatras
pud ka, mahimo na karon ug 2 meters, diba layo naka sa mirror pero makita pa gihapon nimo ang
imohang image. So karon ang image nimo nga nagreflect sa mirror, muatras sad na siya, and exactly 2
meters pud ang iyahang distance from the mirror. So pirme na ingon ana jud ha? The image distance is
the same as the object distance.

And finally, the image is laterally inverted, unsa ang buot pasabot sa laterally inverted? If you face the
mirror, and you raise your right hand, ang image ninyo ang gina raise niya ay ang iyahang left hand, or if
you try to blink your right eye infront of the mirror your image blinks his/her left eye. Mao na ang buot
pasabot sa laterally inverted or laterally reversed.

Now all of these characteristics can be classified into what we call the LOST, L stands for location, O
stands for orientation, S stands for size, and T stands for type of image. So these are very important
because later on when we reach the topic about curved mirrors you will be encountering this LOST
again.

So unsa ba atoang LOCATION sa plane mirror, mao ni siya kaning Image Distance = Object Distance. The
ORIENTATION would be erect/upright. The SIZE would be the same size as the object and the TYPE OF
IMAGE would be virtual. Duha raman na ang types of image ana, it could be REAL or VIRTUAL. But in the
case of a plane mirror, we have a virtual image.

This time we will go to CURVED MIRRORS/SPHERICAL MIRRORS. Kaning mga curved mirrors, dili kaayo ni
siya common sa mga households nato unlike the PLANE MIRRORS. However we can still see them in
establishments or nagapa regular checkup mo sa inyong mga doctor, naa na silay mga ingon ana nga
mirrors. And we only have 2 types of CURVED MIRRORS, we have a CONCAVE mirror and the CONVEX
mirror. Mao gani nga gitawag sila ug CURVED/SPHERICAL MIRRORS because they have curved reflecting
services. So karon unsa ang kaibahan between kay Concave and kay Convex.

So makita nato dria sa atoang mga examples ang isa sa mga kalahian nilang duha. Ang images nga
naform ni Concave against the images nga naform ni Convex. You can see some changes in the size of
the images which tells us that these types of mirrors are not plane mirrors because a while ago we have
discussed that plain mirrors have images that are of the same size us our object. So this time, ang mga
sizes kay nausab so they are no longer classified as PLANE MIRRORS. So concave mirrors are also called
converging mirrors so why are they called converging mirrors because light rays converge at one point
after they strike and are reflected from the surface. So pag muingon ta nga CONVERGE, meaning ana
nagsugat sila at one point. Nagtagbo ba. Nagaintersect sila at one point. On the other hand, for a convex
mirror the other term is a diverging mirror, this is the opposite of a converging mirror because this time
light rays would diverge after they striked the mirror. So opposite sa CONVERGE is DIVERGE meaning
naghihiwalay. Naga DIVERT sila.

Let’s discuss concave or converging mirrors thoroughly. So kani po ang akoang pasabot ganina sa
converging and diverging. Nagmention ko diba na if CONVERGING, they meet at one point. Whereas
when we say DIVERGING, nagahiwalay po ang mga light rays.
So again let’s discuss concave mirrors thoroughly. So these are examples of concave mirrors that you
have at your home, or that you may have at home. So kanang mga naa sa make-up mirrors, kanang mga
mirrors na ginagamit sa mga beauty shops? Kanang sa shaving mirror, and kana pud sa reflecting
telescope. Actually, there are 2 types of mirror in a Reflecting telescope. We have the primary mirror
which is the concave mirror, and a secondary mirror which is a plane mirror. Naa man gud tay ginatawag
nga Refracting telescope that uses lenses. Tas kani ang Reflecting Telescope, ang ginagamit man gud ani
niya kay mirrors. Concave mirrors produce both real and virtual images. It depends on where the object
is situated, because ang object pwedeng ibutang nimo nan ga duol sa mirror or pwede sa layo then
depende pa kung ano yung measurement niya/distance niya (exact distance) niya from the mirror.

So how do we identify that, we have what we call ray diagrams. So ray diagramming is a method used to
predict the characteristics of an image formed by curved mirrors. So we have here an example of a
concave mirror and we have letters F, C and V. F stands for the focal point and C stands for the center of
curvature, and V stands for Vertex of Mirror. So we have three lines/rules, three important lines/rules
that we have to remember whenever we have an object placed in front of any type of mirror.

So first, light rays parallel to the principal axis passes through or diverge from focus after reflection so
let’s say ang object nato, katong arrow. Mao na ang makita ninyo sa screen, we will be using the tip of
the arrow as our point. So ang giingon dria, light rays parallel to the principal axis, so kaning principal
axis mao na ang line nga naa sa tunga. Pag maigo na sa atoang mirror, musulod siya kay focus.

Next rule, light rays passing through the focus will be reflected parallel, so pag nag pass through si light
ray kay focus, mugawas siya nga parallel napud sa principal axis.

And then the third rule a light ray passing through or directed towards the center of curvature retraces
its path after reflection, meaning mubalik ra. Pag nisulod siya sa C, mugawas ra gihapon siya draa sa C.

So ang intersection aning 3 ka reflected rays na ni, mao ni ang mahimong image formed atong tip sa
atoang arrow. So ang image nato ay maform somewhere here and makita nato na atoang image kay
nakabaliktad, smaller and real. Because naa siya sa atubangan sa mirror.
The next, we will now be discussing the different types of images formed depending on where you place
the object with regards to C, F and V which is the vertex of the mirror.

So example, if you place your object at infinity, so when we say infinity meaning layo kaayo na po. The
image will be formed at F at the focal point, nakabaliktad (inverted), smaller and real. Remember if the
image is infront of the mirror, it is considered REAL.

Now if you would place your object beyond C. Lapas lang gamay sa C, gamay rajud. The image will be
formed in between C and F, nakabaliktad. Inverted, Smaller and still REAL.

Now if you place your object at the exact C. The image will also be formed at C, still inverted but is now
the SAME SIZE as your object and the image would also be still REAL.

If the object is between C and F, there you go makita nato naa na siya sa tunga sa C and F, and anywhere
between C and F, the image will be formed beyond C, inverted, larger than your object, and real.

So if napansin ninyo, gina isa2 nato ang LOST nga giintroduce nako ganina. We have the Location,
Orientation, Size, and Type of Image.

Now if you place your object at F, your image would be formed at infinity, inverted, infinitely large
(SOBRA KADAKO) and would also be still REAL. So medyo tricky ni ang characteristics ani nga image,
because sa uban sources ang ginabutang nila kay NO IMAGE FORMED. Kasi nga, lisod pangitaon ang
image ani nga naa sa infinity. When we say infinity, napakalayo, wala ta kabalo kung asa exactly jud
because asta jud niyang layoa. So sa uban sources, ang ginabutang nila kay NO IMAGE FORMED.

If we move the object closer, such that it is in between F&P or F&V, the image will now be behind the
mirror, so that is a signal that the image is now virtual, it is now upright (nakatindog), and it is now larger
than your object, just like what is shown in the ray diagram below.

Alright, so that’s all for concave mirrors, lets now move on to Convex Mirrors.
So we have here a simple ray diagram for a converging lens and later for a diverging/concave lens
napud. As you will notice the difference of this ray diagram from the previous ray diagram for mirrors is
that instead of having F and C, we now deal with F and 2F. And also you will notice that there are a lot of
times when the image formed will be on the other side of the lens. So atoang hinumdoman na if ang
object nato is naa sa left, tapos ang image is naform sa right, that image would be a REAL IMAGE. On the
other hand, if the image is formed on the left side or the same side as the object then that image would
be a VIRTUAL IMAGE. I’m stressing this because basig malibog mo because baliktad man gud ang
nahitabo ddtoa sa lesson nato about sa MIRRORS. So again, if you have the object on the left and the
image formed is on the right then that image is a REAL IMAGE. And if you have the object on the left and
the image is also formed on the LEFT, then that image would be a VIRTUAL IMAGE.

This is just the same with the Ray Diagram nato last time in the case of mirrors, we have a line that is
parallel to the principal axis, and passing through the focus. We also have a line that is passing through
the focus or the first focus in the left and then coming out parallel towards the other side. And we also
have a line passing through the center na diretso lang ang path niya.

So what I’m trying to demonstrate is the type of image being formed when you have an object that is
very far from our lens. So akong buhaton is pagamyon nako ang focal length para makita nato ang image
formed. So as you can see when you have an object that is very far or is located at infinity with respect
to your lens, the light rays would converge on the focus at the right side. Meaning the image would be
formed at the focus.