Republic of the Philippines

UNIVERSITY OF EASTERN PHILIPPINES

LAOANG CAMPUS
Laoang, Northern Samar

General
Chemistry
(Organic)

Mark Angelo P. Aquino

BSCRIM-2A

Gerobel R. Valenzuela
Subject Teacher
 MODULE ASSESSMENT
AMINES

1. What is Amines?
 Moored in the module, amines are organic compounds that contains
nitrogen atoms. The amine nitrogen atom can be bonded to one, two, or
three alkyl groups, and many amines have a nitrogen atom in a ring. It is
also derivative of ammonia (NH3) and occurs widely in living organisms.
Aside from that, many amines are naturally occurring compounds that are
very active physiologically as well as numerous drugs used for the
treatment of mental illness, hay fever, heart problems, and other physical
disorders are amines.

2. What are the characteristics of amines?

 Amines are inorganic derivatives of ammonia, and so they are

characterized by a distinctive unpleasant smell that is very similar to rotting
fish. They play a very significant role in the survival of life as they are
involved in creating amino acids. Apart from that, amines react with alkyl
halides to give successively 2º and 3º amines and quaternary ammonium
salts. Primary and secondary amines are often engaged in intermolecular
association as a result of hydrogen bonding between the nitrogen of one
and the hydrogen of the other molecule. The intermolecular association is
more prominent in the case of primary amines as compared to secondary
amines due to the availability of two hydrogen atoms. In addition, amines
generally have high boiling points compared to their hydrocarbon
counterparts. That is because of the polarity of the N−CN−C bond as well
as the group's ability to participate in intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
Amines are water soluble due to their polarity. Small amine molecules are
water miscible because the hydrophobic effects of the alkyl chain are
suppressed. Large amines are not soluble in water because the
hydrophobic alkyl chain is large and dominant.

3. Compare primary amines, secondary amines, and tertiary amines, in

terms of their functional group.
 According to the modules, the difference between the primary amine and
its functional group is that it is an amine in which the nitrogen atom is
bonded to one hydrocarbon group and two hydrogen atoms. The
generalized formula for a primary amine is RNH2. The functional group
present in a primary amine, the NH2 group is called an Amino group. An
Amino group is the -NH2 functional group. CH3 – NH2 However, the
distinction of secondary amine is that it is an amine in which the nitrogen
atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups and one hydrogen atom. The
generalized formula for a secondary amine is R2NH. CH3 – NH – CH3. On
the other hand, the tertiary amine is an amine in which the nitrogen atom is
bonded to three hydrocarbon groups and no hydrogen atom. The
generalized formula for a tertiary amine is R3N.
 4. Give at least 3 examples of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines.

PRIMARY AMINE
H2N-CH2CH2CH2CH2--NH2 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2—NH2 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2—NH2
1, 4 – butanediamine 1-pentanamine 1-hexanamine

SECONDARY AMINE
H
CH3CH2—N—H
N-methyl-1-propanamine
N-methyl-1-ethanamine N-ethylethanamine
TERTIARY AMINE

CH3 C2H5
CH3—N—CH3 C2H5—N—C2H5

N,N-dimethylmethanamine N,N-diethylmethanamine
Tricyclohexylamine

5. Complete the table:

o Give the name or structural formula
o Classify each amines as primary, secondary, and tertiary.

Name (common name Structural formula Primary/secondary/

or systematic name) tertiary amine

N-methly-1-propanamine Secondary Amine

propanamine CH3CH2CH2—NH2 Primary Amine

H Secondary Amine
N-Methylethan-1-amine
CH3CH2—N—CH3

pentanamine CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 Primary Amine

 MDMA (ecstasy) Secondary Amine

6. Discuss the effects on the human body of the following;

a. Nicotine
 Nicotine smoke primarily affects the lungs and heart and may cause
different health problems related to these organs. Nicotine is a habit-
forming substance because it destroys an important enzyme in the brain
that regulates the production of the neurotransmitter dopamine which is
associated with pleasure. Without this enzyme, dopamine is oversecreted
and it causes you to crave cigarettes more. When a person smokes a
cigarette, he or she usually feels relaxed and filled with energy but the
long-term effects on the body are pretty damaging to health. With this,
nicotine use leads to an increased heartbeat and elevated blood pressure
while it relaxes the mind. There are several negative effects of nicotine on
the body organs that smokers should keep in mind. For this reason, it has
been proven that nicotine use can cause heart attack and stroke. Nicotine
causes arteries to constrict which contributes to heart attacks. Also,
nicotine releases the hormone epinephrine which is responsible for an
increased heartbeat, high blood pressure, and elevated sugar. This
hormone also speeds up the breathing rate because the heart has to
pump more blood through the body. Blood flow to the brain is restricted
due to nicotine which leads to an increased risk of stroke. Apart from that,
the effects of nicotine on the lungs of smoking impair the ability of the
lungs to eliminate germs and dirt. Nicotine can cause persistent coughing
and wheezing and lead to chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases such as
emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Nicotine also exacerbates asthma
symptoms. Additionally, cigarette smoking is associated with around 90%
of lung cancer cases.

b. Caffeine
 Caffeine's strongest effects are felt in the first hour after consuming it, but
some effects can last from 4 to 6 hours. Caffeine causes neural excitation
in the brain, which the pituitary gland perceives as an emergency, and
stimulates the adrenal glands to release adrenaline. Caffeine also
increases dopamine levels -- the neurotransmitter that is affected by drugs
like amphetamines and heroin. Here are some of the frequent effects of
caffeine: Caffeine is a diuretic. Caffeine prompts the body to lose water
through urination. This can lead to dehydration and is the reason that
caffeinated drinks are not a good idea when working out or doing other
activities that require fluids. It is suggested that you consume an additional
8 ounces of water for every cup of coffee you drink. Caffeine can cause
you to feel nervousness, restlessness, irritability, or anxiety. It can
temporarily speed up the heart rate and raise blood pressure. If you're
 feeling stressed out, a cup of coffee can exacerbate, rather than help, this
feeling. Too much caffeine can also hurt a person's ability to concentrate,
making it difficult to study. Caffeine can cause insomnia. It can be very
hard to fall asleep when you consume a lot of caffeine. This is especially
true if you consume it at night, but is also true of higher doses consumed
earlier in the day. Some caffeinated beverages can have other health
effects. For instance, the acid in coffee can upset the stomach, and
worsen ulcers. Coffee consumption has also been linked to a possible
increased risk of having elevated blood cholesterol.
c. Cocaine
 When the user takes cocaine, either through injection, by smoking the
drug, or by snorting it, the immediate effects include heightened alertness,
paranoia, increased heart rate, and muscle spasms. These effects can
quickly lead to other immediate effects such as anger or hostility toward
others, agitation, and anxiety. People who abuse cocaine for some time or
who become addicted to cocaine are likely to experience many of these
same effects when they aren’t high. There are no safe levels of cocaine
use as this drug is trafficked on the streets and there is no way to know the
purity of the drug. The result is varying levels of the drug in the substances
that are being abused and an increased risk for overdose or serious side
effects resulting from having used other substances when the user
believed he or she was taking cocaine. No matter how much cocaine is
used or how much is used, there is always a risk of heart attack, stroke,
seizures, convulsions, and sudden death if cocaine is being used. As the
user repeatedly uses cocaine, the brain changes and the reward pathway
lose sensitivity to the drug. This lack of sensitivity is known as tolerance
and it is the first sign of cocaine addiction. Tolerance will cause the user to
require more and more of the drug to produce the same level of pleasure
that was once felt from a smaller or less frequent dose of the drug.
Tolerance can also cause users to become more sensitive to various
accommodating elements of the drug such as the ability of cocaine to
cause anxiety and toxicity.

d. Chocolate (dark)
 Chocolate, especially dark chocolate, with its high content of flavonoids,
has proven to be a promising food in terms of its cardiovascular effects.
Recently, some studies have reported cognitive effects after the intake of
dark chocolate, specifically on attention and working memory. To date,
only one study has reported the effects of dark chocolate on brain
electrical activity, specifically stable-state visual evoked potentials.
Moreover, no study has reported the effects of chocolate on the human
brain's electrical oscillations recorded in the EEG. In our study, we
analyzed the acute effect of the intake of a single dose of dark chocolate
and the sub-chronic effect of daily intake for seven and eight days. Dark
chocolate is a rich source of antioxidants and minerals, and it generally
contains less sugar than milk chocolate. Some research suggests that
dark chocolate may help lower the risk of heart disease, reduce
 inflammation and insulin resistance, increase the diversity of the gut
microbiome, and improve brain function. People interested in adding dark
chocolate to their diet should keep in mind that it is high in fat and calories,
so moderation is key.

e. Quinine
 Quinine is one of the most utilized substances nowadays sometimes it
creates serious outcomes for our body in the sense that quinine may
cause serious side effects such as fever, chills, body aches, flu symptoms,
sores in your mouth and throat; easy bruising, unusual bleeding (nose,
mouth, vagina, or rectum), purple or red pinpoint spots under your skin;
headache with chest pain and severe dizziness, fainting, fast or pounding
heartbeats; sudden numbness or weakness (especially on one side of the
body), sudden severe headache, slurred speech, problems with balance;
chest pain, sudden cough, wheezing, rapid breathing, coughing up blood;
problems with vision or hearing; pain, swelling, warmth, or redness in one
or both legs; severe pain in your side or lower back, blood in your urine,
little or no urine; loss of appetite, dark urine, clay-colored
stools, jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes). Apart from that, it can also
create severe skin reactions -- fever, sore throat, swelling in your face or
tongue, burning in your eyes, and skin pain, followed by a red or
purple skin rash that spreads (especially in the face or upper body) and
causes blistering and peeling.

f. Atropine
 There are many side effects of atropine that have been observed over the
years. For instance, excess doses of atropine sulfate cause difficulty in
swallowing dilated pupils, dizziness, fatigue, restlessness, and even
hinders coordination. If there is an extension of its dosage it may cause
dryness of the mouth, fever, constipation, tachycardia, local allergy such
as dermatitis, swelling of eyelids, conjunctivitis, and sometimes the
atropine drugs can cause atropine intoxication such as phenothiazines,
antihistamines and TCA’s. As atropine can cross the blood-brain barrier
and because of its hallucinogenic properties, it causes hallucination and
excitation, especially among elderly people.

g. Opium
 When opium is smoked, the drug causes a short-term high that includes
relaxation, pain relief, reduced anxiety, and impaired alertness and
coordination. These effects usually wear off in about 3-4 hours. Using
opium for a prolonged time or using opium excessively can lead to a
tolerance of the common side effects of opium and the user may not feel
as relaxed when the drug is used. In fact, over time, opium use can lead to
heightened anxiety, weight loss, and mental deterioration. There is even a
potential for death to occur as a result of opium overdose though not
common unless a derivative of the drug is being used. The harmful effects
of opium are not often noticeable until the drug has been used for many
years. Prolonged use of opium can lead to lung disorders including
 emphysema and cancer. Smoking opium also causes damage to the brain,
liver, kidneys, and various other organs of the body. This damage does not
necessarily repair itself or go away when the drug is no longer used which
is why it is so important to stop opium abuse as soon as possible to avoid
further damage to the body. As opium use progresses, the body becomes
tolerant to the drug and the pain reduction qualities of this drug or its
derivatives are not as profound. Feelings of pleasure and euphoria are
ultimately replaced with feelings of desire or need to use more and more of
the drug to produce similar euphoric effects. Opium tolerance such as this
often leads to dependence and opium addiction.

h. Codeine
 Codeine misuse is similar to that associated with other opiate drugs, such
as morphine, hydrocodone, and heroin, because it is a CNS depressant.
The drug, in large doses, can initially produce sensations of relaxation,
euphoria, calmness, pleasant sleepiness, a sense of well-being, and a loss
of inhibitions. However, codeine can also produce several serious side
effects, including: slowed or reduced heartbeat; depression or stopped
breathing; seizures; hallucinations or delusions; suicidal ideation or violent
aggression toward others; cardiac arrest; and inability to wake up or coma.

i. Morphine (heroin)
 A morphine high gives the user feelings of euphoria, intense relaxation,
and decreased perception of pain. Morphine is available in several forms,
including a variety of tablets for oral or rectal administration, and solution
forms for IV administration. The effects of the many oral forms of morphine
may be intensified by ingestion of the drug via an alternate method, which
can include crushing pills to then smoke or dissolving them in solution for
injection. Users who do this subject themselves to serious side effects and
overdose. Moreover, injecting morphine may also lead to the development
of Hepatitis-C, HIV-Aids, and other infections from using dirty needles.
Over time, your body will develop a dependency on morphine. This can be
very dangerous to your health as an opioid addiction can wreak havoc on
a bodily system. As you build a tolerance to the drug, you will have to take
more and more of it to achieve the same high, placing you at high risk of
respiratory and/or cardiac arrest, as well as increasing the likelihood of
damage to several vital organ systems. Dependence also begins to control
your life, causing issues such as those listed above. A change in the way
one’s mind works can accompany a physical dependency on a drug like
morphine; continued access to the drug consumes your thoughts and acts
as a detrimental force in your life, causing you to abandon your interests
and responsibilities. Eventually, you may end up alone with nothing but an
addiction.

j. MDMA
 MDMA can also produce other adverse health effects, including
involuntary jaw clenching, lack of appetite, mild detachment from oneself
 (depersonalization), illogical or disorganized thoughts, restless legs,
nausea, hot flashes or chills, headache, sweating, and muscle or joint
stiffness. Sleep disturbances, lack of appetite, concentration difficulties,
depression, heart disease, and impulsivity have been associated with the
regular use of MDMA. In addition, heavy MDMA use over 2 years is
associated with decreased cognitive function. Some of these disturbances
may not be directly attributable to MDMA but may be related to some of
the other drugs often used in combination with MDMA, such as cocaine,
alcohol, or marijuana, or to adulterants commonly found in MDMA tablets.

k. Methamphetamine
 People who use methamphetamine long-term may exhibit symptoms that
can include significant anxiety, confusion, insomnia, mood disturbances,
and violent behavior. They also may display several psychotic features,
including paranoia, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusions (for
example, the sensation of insects creeping under the skin). Psychotic
symptoms can sometimes last for months or years after a person has quit
using methamphetamine, and stress has been shown to precipitate
spontaneous recurrence of methamphetamine psychosis in people who
use methamphetamine and have previously experienced psychosis.

7. Give the chemical structure (structural or display formula) of the

following:

a.

Nicotine

Caffeine Cocaine

b. Chocolate (dark) c. Quinine

 d. Opium e. Codeine, Morphine (Heroine)

f. MDMA g. Methamphetamine

*Locate the amine group in their chemical structure.

SOURCES:
 https://ic.steadyhealth.com/effects-of-nicotine-on-the-body
 https://cocaine.org/effects/
 https://www.brown.edu/campus-life/health/services/promotion/content/
what-are-effects-caffeine
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6262453/
 https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/atropine
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 https://drugabuse.com/opioids/morphine/effects-use/
 https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/methamphetamine/what-
are-long-term-effects-methamphetamine-misuse
 https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research-reports/mdma-ecstasy-abuse/
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