Training materials

1) Network fundamentals 2) Wireless devices Configuration

1) Network concept 1) UBNT
2) Defining the network 2) Mikrotik
3) Network types
4) Network component
5) OSI model
6) IP address & subnet mask
7) MAC address
8) DHCP
9) ARP
10)NAT
11)DNS
12)EOIP
13)VLAN
14)Broadband
 Repeater
❖ The service is transmitted to the Repeater through the main link, Fiber or Wireless,
as a means of transferring the service. The main link is connected to the Bridge

❖ Where the Bridge distributes the service to master broadcast segments using
Ethernet Cable

❖ The service is transferred from the Repeater to Wireless Link

the Customer Site via Master & Slave

❖ After that, the service is transferred from the

Customer Site to the user through the Sector, and
then it is received through the Nano Station. Slave Master
Nano Wireless
Station
Sector Ethernet
User Cable

Bridge

The Customer Site Main Link

1.2 Defining the network
A network consists of multiple devices that communicate with one
another. It can be as small as two computers or as large as billions of
devices. While a traditional network is comprised of desktop
computers, modern networks may include laptops, tablets,
smartphones, televisions, gaming consoles, smart appliances, and other
electronics.
1.3 Network types
Many types of networks exist, but they fall under two primary
categories: LANs and WANs.
LAN (Local Area Network)

A local area network is limited to a specific area, such as a home, office, or

campus. A home network may have a single router that offers both wired and
wireless connections. For example, a computer may connect to the router via
Ethernet, while smartphones and tablets connect to the router via Wi-Fi. All
devices connected to the router share the same network and often the same
Internet connection.

A larger network, such as the network of an educational institution, may be

comprised of many switches, hubs, and Ethernet cables. It may also include
multiple wireless access points and wireless repeaters that provide wireless
access to the network. While this type of network is much more complex than a
home network, it is still considered a LAN since it is limited to a specific location.
1.3 Network types

WAN (Wide Area Network)

A wide area network is not limited to a single area, but spans multiple locations.
WANs are often comprised of multiple LANs that are connected over the Internet.
A company WAN, for example, may extend from the headquarters to other offices
around the world. Access to WANs may be limited using authentication, firewalls,
and other security measures. The Internet itself is the largest WAN since it
encompasses all locations connected to the Internet.
1.4 Network component
Computer networks share common devices, functions, and features including servers,
clients, transmission media, shared data, shared printers and other hardware and
software resources, network interface card(NIC),
Servers - Servers are computers that hold shared files, programs, and the network
operating system. Servers provide access to network resources to all the users of
the network. There are many different kinds of servers, and one server can provide
several functions. For example, there are file servers, print servers, mail servers,
communication servers, database servers, fax servers and web servers, to name a
few. Sometimes it is also called host computer, servers are powerful computer that
store data or application and connect to resources that are shared by the user of a
network.

Clients - Clients are computers that access and use the network and shared network
resources. Client computers are basically the customers(users) of the network, as
they request and receive services from the servers. These days, it is typical for a
client to be a personal computer that the users also use for their own non-network
applications.
1.4 Network component
Transmission Media - Transmission media are the facilities used to interconnect
computers in a network, such as twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, and optical fiber
cable. Transmission media are sometimes called transmission medium channels, links
or lines.

Shared data - Shared data are data that file servers provide to clients such as data
files, printer access programs and e-mail.

Shared printers and other peripherals - Shared printers and peripherals are hardware
resources provided to the users of the network by servers. Resources provided include
data files, printers, software, or any other items used by clients on the network.

Network Interface Card - Each computer in a network has a special expansion card
called a network interface card (NIC). The NIC prepares(formats) and sends data,
receives data, and controls data flow between the computer and the network. On the
transmit side, the NIC passes frames of data on to the physical layer, which transmits
the data to the physical link. On the receiver's side, the NIC processes bits received
from the physical layer and processes the message based on its contents.
1.4 Network component
Hub - Hub is a device that splits a network connection into multiple computers. It is
like a distribution center. When a computer requests information from a network or a
specific computer, it sends the request to the hub through a cable. The hub will
receive the request and transmit it to the entire network. Each computer in the
network should then figure out whether the broadcast data is for them or not.

Switch - Switch is a telecommunication device grouped as one of computer network

components. Switch is like a Hub but built in with advanced features. It uses physical
device addresses in each incoming messages so that it can deliver the message to the
right destination or port.
Unlike a hub, switch doesn't broadcast the received message to entire network, rather
before sending it checks to which system or port should the message be sent. In other
words, switch connects the source and destination directly which increases the speed
of the network. Both switch and hub have common features: Multiple RJ-45 ports,
power supply and connection lights.
1.4 Network component
Router - When we talk about computer network components, the other device that
used to connect a LAN with an internet connection is called Router. When you have
two distinct networks (LANs) or want to share a single internet connection to multiple
computers, we use a Router. In most cases, recent routers also include a switch which
in other words can be used as a switch. You don’t need to buy both switch and router,
particularly if you are installing small business and home networks. There are two
types of Router: wired and wireless. The choice depends on your physical office/home
setting, speed and cost.

LAN Cable A local area Network cable is also known as data cable or Ethernet cable
which is a wired cable used to connect a device to the internet or to other devices like
computer, printers, etc.
1.5 OSI model
The OSI Model (Open Systems Interconnection Model) is a conceptual framework used
to describe the functions of a networking system. The OSI model characterizes
computing functions into a universal set of rules and requirements in order to support
interoperability between different products and software. In the OSI reference model,
the communications between a computing system are split into seven different
abstraction layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and
Application.
1.5 OSI model
The 7 Layers of the OSI Model

Physical Layer
The lowest layer of the OSI Model is concerned with electrically or optically
transmitting raw unstructured data bits across the network from the physical layer of
the sending device to the physical layer of the receiving device. It can include
specifications such as voltages, pin layout, cabling, and radio frequencies. At the
physical layer, one might find “physical” resources such as network hubs, cabling,
repeaters, network adapters or modems.

Data Link Layer

At the data link layer, directly connected nodes are used to perform node-to-node data
transfer where data is packaged into frames. The data link layer also corrects errors
that may have occurred at the physical layer.
The data link layer encompasses two sub-layers of its own. The first, media access
control (MAC), provides flow control and multiplexing for device transmissions over a
network. The second, the logical link control (LLC), provides flow and error control
over the physical medium as well as identifies line protocols.
1.5 OSI model
Network Layer
The network layer is responsible for receiving frames from the data link layer, and
delivering them to their intended destinations among based on the addresses
contained inside the frame. The network layer finds the destination by using logical
addresses, such as IP (internet protocol). At this layer, routers are a crucial component
used to quite literally route information where it needs to go between networks.

Transport Layer
The transport layer manages the delivery and error checking of data packets. It
regulates the size, sequencing, and ultimately the transfer of data between systems
and hosts. One of the most common examples of the transport layer is TCP or the
Transmission Control Protocol.

Session Layer
The session layer controls the conversations between different computers. A session or
connection between machines is set up, managed, and termined at layer 5. Session
layer services also include authentication and reconnections.
1.5 OSI model
Presentation Layer
The presentation layer formats or translates data for the application layer based on
the syntax or semantics that the application accepts. Because of this, it at times also
called the syntax layer. This layer can also handle the encryption and decryption
required by the application layer.

Application Layer
At this layer, both the end user and the application layer interact directly with the
software application. This layer sees network services provided to end-user
applications such as a web browser or Office 365. The application layer identifies
communication partners, resource availability, and synchronizes communication.
1.6 IP address & Subnetting
IP address definition

An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local

network. IP stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the
format of data sent via the internet or local network.
In essence, IP addresses are the identifier that allows information to be sent between
devices on a network: they contain location information and make devices accessible
for communication. The internet needs a way to differentiate between different
computers, routers, and websites. IP addresses provide a way of doing so and form an
essential part of how the internet works.
1.6 IP address & Subnetting
Private IP addresses

Every device that connects to your internet network has a private IP address. This
includes computers, smartphones, and tablets but also any Bluetooth-enabled devices
like speakers, printers, or smart TVs. With the growing internet of things, the number
of private IP addresses you have at home is probably growing. Your router needs a way
to identify these items separately, and many items need a way to recognize each
other. Therefore, your router generates private IP addresses that are unique identifiers
for each device that differentiate them on the network.

Public IP addresses

A public IP address is the primary address associated with your whole network. While
each connected device has its own IP address, they are also included within the main
IP address for your network. As described above, your public IP address is provided to
your router by your ISP. Typically, ISPs have a large pool of IP addresses that they
distribute to their customers. Your public IP address is the address that all the devices
outside your internet network will use to recognize your network.
1.6 IP address & Subnetting
Forms of IP addresses

Dynamic IP addresses
Dynamic IP addresses change automatically and regularly. ISPs buy a large pool of IP
addresses and assign them automatically to their customers. Periodically, they re-
assign them and put the older IP addresses back into the pool to be used for other
customers. The rationale for this approach is to generate cost savings for the ISP.
Automating the regular movement of IP addresses means they don’t have to carry out
specific actions to re-establish a customer's IP address if they move home, for
example. There are security benefits, too, because a changing IP address makes it
harder for criminals to hack into your network interface.

Static IP addresses
In contrast to dynamic IP addresses, static addresses remain consistent. Once the
network assigns an IP address, it remains the same. Most individuals and businesses do
not need a static IP address, but for businesses that plan to host their own server, it is
crucial to have one. This is because a static IP address ensures that websites and email
addresses tied to it will have a consistent IP address — vital if you want other devices
to be able to find them consistently on the web.
1.6 IP address & Subnetting

Subnetting

is the practice of dividing a network into two or smaller networks. It increases routing
efficiency, which helps to enhance the security of the network and reduces the size of
the broadcast domain.
Hosts Netmask Amount of a Class C
Addresses
/30 4 2 255.255.255.252 1/64
/29 8 6 255.255.255.248 1/32
/28 16 14 255.255.255.240 1/16
/27 32 30 255.255.255.224 1/8
/26 64 62 255.255.255.192 1/4
/25 128 126 255.255.255.128 1/2
/24 256 254 255.255.255.0 1
/23 512 510 255.255.254.0 2
/22 1024 1022 255.255.252.0 4
/21 2048 2046 255.255.248.0 8
/20 4096 4094 255.255.240.0 16
/19 8192 8190 255.255.224.0 32
/18 16384 16382 255.255.192.0 64
/17 32768 32766 255.255.128.0 128
/16 65536 65534 255.255.0.0 256
1.7 MAC address
A media access control address (MAC address) is a unique identifier for an Ethernet or
network adapter over a network. It distinguishes different network interfaces and is
used for a number of network technologies, particularly most IEEE 802 networks,
including Ethernet. In the OSI model, MAC addresses occur in the Media Access Control
Protocol sub-layer.

A MAC address is also known as physical address, hardware address and burned-in
address
1.8 DHCP servers
A Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) server is a device or system which
controls DHCP. It assigns IP addresses to client computers that connect to it in order
for those clients to become part of the network. The DHCP server considerably reduces
configuration efforts because an administrator does not have to manually assign each
computer with IP addresses and other IP-related settings.
1.9 ARP
The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a communication protocol used for discovering the link
layer address, such as a MAC address, associated with a given internet layer address, typically
an IPv4 address. This mapping is a critical function in the Internet protocol suite. ARP was
defined in 1982 by RFC 826,[1] which is Internet Standard STD 37.
ARP has been implemented with many combinations of network and data link layer technologies,
such as IPv4, Chaosnet, DECnet and Xerox PARC Universal Packet (PUP) using IEEE
802 standards, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)

1.10 NAT
Network Address Translation (NAT) is designed for IP address conservation. It enables private IP
networks that use unregistered IP addresses to connect to the Internet. NAT operates on a router,
usually connecting two networks together, and translates the private (not globally unique)
addresses in the internal network into legal addresses, before packets are forwarded to another
network.

Basically, NAT allows a single device, such as a router, to act as an agent between the Internet (or
public network) and a local network (or private network), which means that only a single unique
IP address is required to represent an entire group of computers to anything outside their
network.
1.11 DNS
The Domain Name System (DNS) is the phonebook of the Internet. Humans access
information online through domain names, like facebook.com or youtube.com. Web
browsers interact through Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. DNS translates domain
names to IP addresses so browsers can load Internet resources.

Each device connected to the Internet has a unique IP address which other machines
use to find the device. DNS servers eliminate the need for humans to memorize IP
addresses such as 192.168.1.1 (in IPv4), or more complex newer alphanumeric IP
addresses such as 2400:cb00:2048:1::c629:d7a2 (in IPv6).
1.12 Ethernet & EOIP
Ethernet
Ethernet is a type of communication protocol that connects computers within what’s
called a “local area network (LAN)” and a “wide area network (WAN).” LAN and WAN
connect various devices, such as laptops and printers, within homes, buildings, and
even small neighborhoods.

EOIP
Ethernet over IP (EoIP) Tunneling is a MikroTik RouterOS protocol that creates an
Ethernet tunnel between two routers on top of an IP connection. The EoIP interface
appears as an Ethernet interface. When the bridging function of the router is enabled,
all Ethernet traffic (all Ethernet protocols) will be bridged just as if there where a
physical Ethernet interface and cable between the two routers (with bridging
enabled). This protocol makes multiple network schemes possible.
1.13 VLAN
is a custom network which is created from one or more local area networks. It enables
a group of devices available in multiple networks to be combined into one logical
network. The result becomes a virtual LAN that is administered like a physical LAN.
The full form of VLAN is defined as Virtual Local Area Network.
1.14 Broad band
Broadband Internet service truly is the most used form of Internet access because of
its high access speeds; it is offered in four different forms, DSL (or Digital Subscriber
Line), also fiber-optic, cable, and satellite. The old dial-up connection is the only non-
broadband internet service available, and even though it is cheaper, most Internet
users are moving towards the faster broadband Internet connection.
1.14 Broad band
Type of ppoe conection
1- ppoe on computer
1.14 Broad band
Type of ppoe conection
2- ppoe on nono
1.14 Broad band
Type of ppoe conection
3- ppoe on mikrotik
2.1 UBNT
Login
To open the UBNT interfaces you need to use WEB browser and insert the device ip, and if the
device is new then its ip will be 192.168.1.20

Inset the username and password, also if the device is new then we need to choose the
language and country
2.1 UBNT
Wireless setup

• Wireless mode
• WDS
• SSID
• Frequency and scan list
• Channel width
• TX/RX rates

Access point Station

2.1 UBNT
Network setup

• Network mode
• Configuration mode
• Management ip address
• Ip address
• Netmask
• Gateway
• DNS
• Management VLAN
2.1 UBNT

System setup

• Firmware version
• Device name
• Administrator user name & password
• Device maintenance
• Configuration management
2.1 UBNT
Link check

Access point or station

Number of stations
Client Connection Quality

Air MAX

LAN capacity

MAC for the connected device Link quality Ip of connected device

Signals of the link TX/RX Rate Connection time

2.1 UBNT
Parameters for checking the link
• CCQ : is the link quality indicator preferred to be more the 94% in UBNT devices
• Signal : is the indicator to know if the alignment is good and the distance fit with device
model
• TX/RX rates : is the main indicator to measure the link stability and the capacity, they
effect directly to the bandwidth of the link
• Speed test : we can know the maximum bandwidth for this link with speed test, to
measure it we need to know the ip of the connected device and its user and password
• PING : is the man and most important indicator to show if the link did the job perfectly
 2.1 UBNT
Block devices
• To block any device from connecting to an access point
• We need to go the wireless menu
• Then check the MAC ACL the choose deny then press ACL to enter the MAC of wanted device
• Then after pressing add and save the device directly blocked
• If we choose allow then we will allow just the selected MACs to connect
 2.2 Mikrotik
Setup
• To access mikrotik device we can use WEB of WINBOX
• Default ip as 192.168.88.1
• Also we can access it from another device through ssh & telnet codes

IP Address
User Name
Password

Save this login

To show the MACs of connected device

2.2 Mikrotik
Add & change ip

3 4

1
2

3 4

1
2
2.2 Mikrotik
Add gateway

Gateway ip should be the first ip of the network, in subnetting /24 the ip should
be x.x.x.1

3
1

2
2.2 Mikrotik
Bridge & ports

Bridge is the logical feature to connect the ports together

Port is the physical device in Mikrotik

2 3 2 3
1
1
2.2 Mikrotik 3

1
Wireless Setup

• If the device an access point : the 2

mode should bo (bridge/ ap bridge)
• If the device a station : the mode
should be ( station / station WDS)
2.2 Mikrotik 3

1
Wireless Setup

• If the device an access point : the 2

mode should bo (bridge/ ap bridge)
• If the device a station : the mode
should be ( station / station WDS)