MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes

By CG

MA3003 Heat Transfer

1. Introduction
𝑑𝑇
• Steady state conditions ( = 𝑜)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
• 1 dimensional heat conduction (𝑜𝑛𝑙𝑦 ≠ 𝑜)
𝑑𝑥/𝑟
• Constant thermal properties (𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 , 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
• No heat generation across walls (𝑒̇𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0)
• Both wall surfaces subjected to same surface temperature (𝑇(0) = 𝑇0 , 𝑇(𝐿) = 𝑇𝐿 )
Heat transfer: 𝑄 = 𝑞̇ 𝐴
𝑑𝑇
Conduction: 𝑞̇ = −𝑘
𝑑𝑥

Convection: 𝑞̇ = ℎ(𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ − 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑤 ) , usually in x-direction

4 4
Radiation: 𝑞̇ = 𝜀𝜎(𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ − 𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑤 ) , 𝜎 = 5.670 × 10−8 𝑊/𝑚2 𝐾 4

• Surface area of section smaller than surroundings.

• Area is grey.

2. Heat Conduction Equation

• If heat generation, uniform heat generation (𝑒̇𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
𝑑𝑇
𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 + 𝐸𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝜌𝑐𝑝
𝑑𝑡
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕𝑇
𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝐸𝑖𝑛 − 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑄̇𝑥 − 𝑄̇𝑥+𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑄̇𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − [−𝑘 (𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧)] 𝑑𝑥
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + 𝑒̇𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝜌𝑐𝑝
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
(𝑘𝑟 ) + 2 (𝑘 ) + (𝑘 ) + 𝑒̇𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝜌𝑐𝑝
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑡
1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 1 𝜕 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇
2
(𝑘𝑟 2 ) + 2 2 (𝑘 ) + 2 (𝑘 sin 𝜃 ) + 𝑒̇𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝜌𝑐𝑝
𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜙 𝜕𝜙 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑡

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG
Boundary Conditions Equations
Constant surface temperature 𝑇(0, 𝑡) = 𝑇𝑠
𝜕𝑇
Constant surface conduction −𝑘 | = 𝑞̇ 𝑠
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0
Adiabatic surface/Center of 𝜕𝑇
| =0
Cylinder/Sphere 𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0
𝜕𝑇
Constant surface convection −𝑘 | = ℎ[𝑇∞ − 𝑇(0, 𝑡)] (hot – cold)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0
𝜕𝑇 4
Constant surface radiation −𝑘 | = 𝜀𝜎[𝑇𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑟 − 𝑇(0, 𝑡)4 ] (hot – cold)
𝜕𝑥 𝑥=0

𝜕𝑇𝐴 𝜕𝑇𝐵
−𝑘𝐴 | = −𝑘𝐵 |
Interface boundary 𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝑥0 𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝑥0
𝑇𝐴 (𝑥0 , 𝑡) = 𝑇𝐵 (𝑥0 , 𝑡)

3. 1 Dimensional Heat Transfer

𝑇𝐴 − 𝑇𝐵
𝑄=
𝑅
𝐿
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = [𝐾/𝑊]
𝑘𝐴
1
𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = [𝐾/𝑊]
ℎ𝐴
𝑛

Series 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ∑ 𝑅𝑛
𝑖=1
𝑛 −1
1
Parallel 𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (∑ )
𝑅𝑛
𝑖=1
Cuboid Cylinder Sphere Fin
𝑟 1
𝐿 ln (𝑟2 ) 1 1 1
Conduction 1 ( − )
𝑘𝐴 4𝜋𝑘 𝑟1 𝑟2 ℎ𝐴𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝜂
2𝜋𝐿𝑘
1 1
Convection
ℎ𝐴 2𝜋𝑟𝐿ℎ

𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2𝑘
(𝑟2 𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛 ) ℎ ℎ
𝐼2 𝑅 𝐼2𝛾
𝑒̇𝑔𝑒𝑛 = = 2
𝑣 𝐴

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG

4. Fins
• Fin is thin 𝑡 ≪ 𝑤
• Negligible radiation
• Convection coefficient constant over entire surface of fin (ℎ = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
• Steady state
• 1 dimensional heat transfer
𝑑2 𝑇 2 2
ℎ𝑃
− 𝑚 𝜃 = 0 , 𝜃 = (𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) , 𝑚 = [𝑚−2 ]
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑘𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
𝜃(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑚𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 = 𝐾1 cosh(𝑚𝑥) + 𝐾2 sinh(𝑚𝑥)
𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
sinh 𝑥 = , cosh 𝑥 =
2 2
Conditions Equation 𝜽
𝑸̇
Fin base 𝜃(0) = 𝜃0 𝜽𝟎
ℎ ℎ
Convection 𝜕𝜃 cosh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥 ) + sinh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥 ) sinh 𝑚𝐿 + cosh 𝑚𝐿
−𝑘 | = ℎ𝜃𝐿 𝑚𝑘 𝐺 𝑚𝑘
at tip 𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 ℎ ℎ
cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿 cosh 𝑚𝐿 + sinh 𝑚𝐿
𝑚𝑘 𝑚𝑘
Adiabatic 𝜕𝜃 cosh 𝑚𝐿 cosh 𝑚𝑥 + sinh 𝑚𝑙 sinh 𝑚𝑥
| =0 𝐺 tanh 𝑚𝐿
tip 𝜕𝑥 𝑥=𝐿 cosh 𝑚𝐿
𝜃𝐿 𝜃𝐿
sinh 𝑚𝑥 + sinh 𝑚(𝐿 − 𝑥) cosh 𝑚𝐿 −
Fin Tip 𝜃(𝐿) = 𝜃𝐿 𝜃0 𝜃0
𝐺
sinh 𝑚𝐿 sinh 𝑚𝐿
Infinite fin lim 𝜃(𝐿) = 0 𝑒 −𝑚𝑥 𝐺 = √ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝜃0
𝐿→∞

Practically
Infinite
tanh 𝑚𝐿 ≥ 0.99 𝑚𝐿 ≥ 4.6 𝑚𝐿 ≥ 2.65
𝑄̇ 𝑄̇
Effectiveness: 𝜀 = ̇
=
𝑄𝑛𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑛 ℎ𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝜃0 1
𝑅𝑓𝑖𝑛 =
𝑘𝑃 𝑛√ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
• If infinite fin: 𝜀𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 = √
ℎ𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

• If 𝜀 ≥ 2, use fins.
𝑄̇ 𝑄̇
Efficiency: 𝜂 = =
𝑄̇𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑇 ℎ𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝜃0

tanh 𝑚𝐿
• If adiabatic fin: 𝜂𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 =
𝑚𝐿
• If multiple fins:
𝐴𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑄̇𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝜂0 = 1 − (1 − 𝜂𝑓𝑖𝑛 ) =
𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝜃0
𝜀𝐴𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝜂𝐴𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG
Convective tip approximation to adiabatic tip:
Straight Rectangular Pin
ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝐷
If < 0.0625 < 0.0625
𝑘 2𝑘
𝑡 𝐷
Then 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 + , 𝑖𝑓 𝑡 ≪ 𝑤 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑐 = 𝐿 +
2 4

5. Lumped Capacitance
• Temperature of solid spatially uniform during transient process (no temperature
gradients in solid).

Object Plane Wall Long Cylinder Sphere

𝐿 𝑟 𝑟
𝑳𝑪
2 2 3

ℎ𝐿 ℎ 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
If 𝐵𝑖 = = × = < 0.1:
𝑘 𝑘 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑅𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑑𝑇
−ℎ𝐴(𝑇 − 𝑇∞ ) = 𝜌𝑉𝑐
𝑑𝑡
𝑇 − 𝑇∞ 𝜃 ℎ𝐴 𝑡 𝜌𝑉𝑐
−𝑡
= = 𝑒 𝜌𝑉𝑐 = 𝑒 −𝜏 , 𝜏 =
𝑇0 − 𝑇∞ 𝜃0 ℎ𝐴
𝑡
𝑄 = 𝜌𝑉𝑐𝜃0 (1 − 𝑒 −𝜏 ) [𝐽]

6. Forced Convection
Convection coefficient changes with distance down a flat plane.
1 1 𝐿
Average convection coefficient: ℎ̅ = ∬ ℎ𝑥 𝑑𝐴 = ∫0 ℎ(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝐴 𝐿

𝜕𝑢
Shear stress at surface: 𝜏𝑠 (𝑥) = 𝜇 | , 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = velocity of fluid above surface.
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0

𝜏 (𝑥)
Local friction coefficient: 𝐶𝑓 (𝑥) = 1𝑠
2
𝜌𝑢2

Skin friction drag force: 𝐹 = 𝜏̅𝐴 = 𝜏̅𝑊𝐿

𝜕𝑇(𝑦)
−𝑘𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 |
𝜕𝑦 𝑦=0
ℎ(𝑥) =
𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG
𝜌𝑢∞ 𝑥
𝑅𝑒(𝑥) =
𝜇
𝜇 𝑘
𝜐= ,𝛼 =
𝜌 𝜌𝑐𝑝
𝜐 𝑐𝑝 𝜇
𝑃𝑟 = =
𝛼 𝑘
ℎ𝑥 𝐿
𝑁𝑢𝑥 =
𝑘𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑

6.1. Flat Plane

2
0.332𝜌𝑢∞
Shear stress at surface: 𝜏(𝑥) =
√𝑅𝑒𝑥

Laminar Turbulent Mixed

Condition 𝑅𝑒 < 5 × 105 5 × 105 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 107
Velocity 5𝑥 1 1 4
Boundary Layer ∝ 𝑥2 −
√𝑅𝑒𝑥 0.37𝑥𝑅𝑒𝑥 5 ∝ 𝑥 5
𝒖(𝜹) = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝒖∞
1 1 4 1
𝑵𝒖𝒙 0.332𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑃𝑟 3 0.0296𝑅𝑒𝑥5 𝑃𝑟 3
1 4 4 1
1 1
̅̅̅̅̅̅𝒙
𝑵𝒖 (0.037𝑅𝑒𝑥5 − 871) 𝑃𝑟 3
0.664𝑅𝑒𝑥2 𝑃𝑟 3 0.037𝑅𝑒𝑥5 𝑃𝑟 3
Condition for Pr 𝑃𝑟 > 0.6 0.6 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 60
Shear stress at 2
0.332𝜌𝑢∞
surface
𝝉(𝒙) √𝑅𝑒𝑥
1
Liquid Metals: 𝑁𝑢𝑥 = 0.565(𝑅𝑒𝑥 𝑃𝑟)2 , 𝑃𝑟 < 0.05

6.2. Cylinders
𝜌𝑢∞ 𝐷 𝑢∞ 𝐷
𝑅𝑒(𝑥) = =
𝜇 𝜐

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG
6.3. Spheres
EITHER:
1
1 2 2 𝜇∞ 4
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢 = 2 + (0.4𝑅𝑒 2 + 0.06𝑅𝑒 3 ) 𝑃𝑟 5 ( )
𝜇𝑠
3.5 ≤ 𝑅𝑒 ≤ 7.6 × 104
0.7 ≤ 𝑃𝑟 ≤ 380
𝜇∞
1≤ ≤ 3.2
𝜇𝑠
𝜇∞ at free stream temperature, 𝜇𝑠 at surface temperature
OR:
̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢 = 2
𝑅𝑒 ≤ 0.5
24
𝐶𝐷 = (Stokes Law)
𝑅𝑒

7. Natural Convection
𝑔|𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ |𝐿3𝑐 𝑔|𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇∞ |𝐿3𝑐
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐺𝑟𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑟 =
𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇∞ 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇∞
× 𝜐2 × 𝜐𝛼
2 2
7.1. Vertical Flat Plates
L = Height of Plate
Vertical cylinder can assume to be vertical flat plate if:
35𝐿
𝐷≥ 1
𝐺𝑟𝐿4

Condition ̅̅̅̅̅̅𝑳
𝑵𝒖 Rule
1
0.67𝑅𝑎𝐿4
0.68 + 8
Laminar 9 27 𝑅𝑎𝐿 < 109
0.492 16
[1 + ( 𝑃𝑟 ) ]

1
0.387𝑅𝑎𝐿6
Entire Range 0.825 + 8
9 27
0.492 16
[1 + ( 𝑃𝑟 ) ]
{ }

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG
7.2. Horizontal Flat Plates
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
𝐿=
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

Conditions ̅̅̅̅̅̅𝑳
𝑵𝒖 Rule
1
0.54𝑅𝑎𝐿4 104 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 107
Good 1
0.15𝑅𝑎𝐿3 107 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 1011
1
Poor 0.27𝑅𝑎𝐿4 105 ≤ 𝑅𝑎𝐿 ≤ 1010

7.3. Long Horizontal Flat Cylinder

𝐿=𝐷
2

1
0.387𝑅𝑎𝐷6
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 0.6 + 8
9 27
0.559 16
[1 + ( 𝑃𝑟 ) ]
{ }
7.4. Sphere
1
0.589𝑅𝑎𝐷4
̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑁𝑢𝐷 = 2 + , 𝑅𝑎𝐷 ≤ 1011 , 𝑃𝑟 ≥ 0.7
4
9 9
0.469 16
[1 + ( 𝑃𝑟 ) ]

8. Internal Forced Convection

∆𝑇𝑜 − ∆𝑇𝑖
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 =
∆𝑇
ln 𝑜
∆𝑇𝑖
𝜌𝑢𝑚 𝐷ℎ 4𝑚̇ 4𝐴
𝑅𝑒 = = , 𝐷ℎ =
𝜇 𝜇𝜋𝐷ℎ 𝑃
Laminar Turbulent
𝑅𝑒 < 2300 𝑅𝑒 > 10000
Uniform Surface
Uniform Heat Flux Dittus-Boelter (smooth tubes)
Temperature
𝐿
𝑁𝑢 = 3.66 𝑁𝑢 = 4.36 𝑁𝑢 = 0.023𝑅𝑒 4 𝑃𝑟 𝑛 , ≥ 10
𝐷ℎ
𝐷ℎ Heating (𝑇𝑠 > 𝑇𝑚 ) Cooling (𝑇𝑠 < 𝑇𝑚 )
0.065 ( ) 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟
𝑁𝑢 = 3.66 + 𝐿
2
𝐷 3 𝑛 = 0.4 𝑛 = 0.3
1 + 0.04 [( ℎ ) 𝑅𝑒𝑃𝑟]
𝐿

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 MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG

9. Heat Exchangers
𝑟
1 1 𝑅𝑓,𝑖 ln 𝑜 𝑅𝑓,𝑜 1
𝑟𝑖
= + + + +
𝑈𝐴𝑆 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝐿 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜

𝑄̇ = 𝑚̇𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇

9.1. LMTD
∆𝑇2 − ∆𝑇1
∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 = , ∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 & ∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ2 − 𝑇𝑐2
∆𝑇
ln 2
∆𝑇1
𝑄̇ = 𝑈𝐴𝑠 ∆𝑇𝑙𝑚 𝐹
𝐹 = 1 for counter-flow. Check textbook page 694 for other values of 𝐹.

9.2. NTU
𝑄̇ = 𝜀𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ,𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐,𝑖 )

For 𝜀, refer to graphs in textbook page 706.

10. Radiation
𝑛

∑ 𝐹𝑖−𝑗 = 𝐹𝑖−1 + 𝐹𝑖−2 + ⋯ + 𝐹𝑖−𝑖 + ⋯ 𝐹𝑖−𝑛 = 1

𝑗=1

𝐴𝑖 𝐹𝑖−𝑗 = 𝐴𝑗 𝐹𝑗−𝑖

𝐹𝑖−(𝑗,𝑘) = 𝐹𝑖−𝑗 + 𝐹𝑖−𝑘 𝐵𝑈𝑇 𝐹(𝑗,𝑘)−𝑖 ≠ 𝐹𝑗−𝑖 + 𝐹𝑘−𝑖

𝐹𝑖−𝑗 = 𝐹𝑖−𝑘 𝐼𝐹 𝑗 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑖

Refer to graphs in textbook page 805 – 806 for values of 𝐹 for various patterns.

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MA3003 Heat Transfer Notes
By CG

𝐸𝑥 = 𝜎𝑇𝑥4

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