UPLB Department of Science and Technology Scholars’ Society
University of the Philippines Los Baños, UP College, Laguna 4031
uplbdostss1985@[Link]
Science English Mathematics Enrichment Program
General Compilation of Handouts
Mathematics
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ALGEBRA
Laws of Exponents 1. Constant- fixed, usually a number
1 2. Variable- something that changes its value, usually letters
an * am anm an
1
,a 0 an n a ( a b) n a n b n 3. Algebraic expression- a constant or variable or a combination that is denoted
n
a
m
by mathematical operation
an nm (ab) n a n b n n m
a n n (a) m ( a ) a
nm 4. Polynomial- special cases of algebraic expression with no irrational expression,
a ,a 0
am negative and fractional exponent
a
n
an a 0 1, a 0
5. Terms- group connected by an operation + and –
n ,b 0 6. Coefficients- numeric or letter
b b
7. Degree- sum of the exponent of the variable
8. Degree of the polynomial- highest degree of a term in a polynomial
Polynomial
Special Products n a * n b n ab
2
( x a )( x b) x (a b) x ab n
a n a if n is odd
2 2 2
( x y ) x 2 xy y = a if n is even
( x y )( x y ) x 2 y 2 n a a
n ,b 0
(ax by )( cx dy ) acx 2 (ad bc) xy bdy 2 nb b
( x y ) 3 x 3 3x 2 y 3xy 2 y 3
Inequalities
Factoring Polynomials If a b and b c then a c
ax ay az a( x y z ) If a b , then a c b c
x 2 y 2 ( x y )( x y ) If a b , then a c b c
If a b and c 0 , then ac bc
x 2 (a b) x ab ( x a )( x b)
If a b and c 0 , then ac bc
x 2 2 xy y 2 ( x y ) 2 If b 0, x b is equivalent b x b
( x y )( x 2 xy y 2 ) x 3 y 3 If b 0, x b is equivalent to x b or x b
Radicals
Logarithms Binomial Theorem
y logb x if and only if x b y (a b) n n C0 a n n C1a n 1b n C 2 a n 2 b 2 ... n C r a n r b r ... n C n b n
logb 1 0 log x log10 x where n C r n!
(n r )!r!
logb b 1 logb b u u
logb uv logb u logb v log b (u ) log b u log b v
v
logb u n n logb u ln x loge x
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GEOMETRY
Slope, midpoint, Distance Formula
Given points P (x1, y1) and Q(x2, y2) in a plane, then:
1. The slope, m, of a line ⃡ is given by y2 - y1 or y1 - y2
x 2 - x1 x1 - x 2
2. The midpoint of ̅̅̅̅ has coordinates ( )
3. The length of ̅̅̅̅ is√( ) ( ) , this is the distance formula.
4. An equation of ̅̅̅̅ is , where is the slope and is the y-intercept.
Equation of Lines, Parallel and Perpendicular Lines, and how to graph lines.
The general form of an equation of a line is , where and .
1. The two more commonly used forms of an equation of a line are:
a. Slope-intercept form: where m is the slope and b the y-intercept
b. Point-slope form: ( ) where m is the slope ( ) the given point.
( )
c. Two-point form: ( ) where ( ) and ( ) are the given points.
2. If two lines are parallel, then their slopes are equal; that is, if is the slope of and is the slope of , then .
3. If two lines are perpendicular, then their slopes are negative reciprocals; that is, if is the slope of and is the slope of , then or .
4. To graph a slant line, plot any two points belonging to the line, or use its slope and a point.
5. When a line is inclined to the left, its slope is negative. When a line is inclined to the right, its slope is positive.
6. The graph of x = a is a vertical line through the point (a, 0). The slope of a vertical line is undefined.
7. The graph of y = b is a horizontal line through the point (0, b). The slope of the horizontal line is zero.
Areas and Perimeters Volumes
Area Perimeter 1. Prism:
1. Rectangle: 2. Cube:
2. Parallelogram: 3. Cylinder:
3. Rhombus: 4. Sphere:
4. Square: 5. Right circular cone:
5. Triangle: 6. Pyramid: ( )
6. Trapezoid: ( )
7. Circle:
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Angles and Triangles
1. Right angle – an angle whose degree measure is 90. 3. Converse of the Isosceles Triangle Theorem
2. Acute angle – an angle whose degree measure is less than 90. If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite these
3. Obtuse - an angle whose degree measure is greater than 90. angles are also congruent.
4. Complementary angles – when the sum of the measures of the two 4. Exterior Angle Theorem
angles is 90. The measure of a exterior angle of a triangle is greater than any of its
5. Supplementary angles – when the sum of the measures of the two remote interior angles.
angles is 180 5. The Triangle Inequality Theorem
A. Classification of Triangles according to: The sum of lengths of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the length
1. Sides of than third side.
a. Isosceles - an angle whose degree measure is 6. Pythagorean Theorem
b. Equilateral - a triangle with exactly three congruent sides In a right triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the
c. Scalene - a triangle with no congruent sides squares of the legs.
2. Angles 7. The 30°-60°-90° Triangle
a. Acute - a triangle whose angles are all acute In a 30°-60°-90° triangle, the side opposite the 30°-angle is half as long as
b. Obtuse - a triangle with one obtuse angle the hypotenuse.
c. Right - a triangle with one right angle 8. The 45-45-90 Triangle
B. Congruence and Similarity in Triangles In a 45-45-90 triangle, the hypotenuse is √ times as long as the
1. Two triangles are congruent; that is, , if and only if, hypotenuse.
a. Corresponding angles are congruent. PARALLEL LINES
b. Corresponding sides are congruent. A B
2. Two triangles are similar; that is, , if and only if, L1
C D
a. Corresponding angles are congruent.
b. Corresponding sides are proportional. E
L2 F
C. Other Theorems on Triangles
G H
1. For every triangle, the sum of the measures of the angles is 180.
2. Isosceles Triangle Theorem
If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the angles opposite these If L₁ // L₂, then the alternate interior angles are congruent. e. g. C = F
sides are also congruent. If L₁ // L₂, then the corresponding angles are congruent. e. g. B = F
If L₁ // L₂, then the sum of the interior angles on the same side of a transversal is
180°. e. g. C + E = 180°
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PRE-CALCULUS
CONIC SECTIONS
A. PARABOLA - set of all points in a plane that are equidistant from the B. ELLIPSE – set of points in a plane the sum of whose distances from
focus and directrix two fixed points F1 and F2 (the foci) is a constant.
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C. CIRCLE – is the set of all points on a plane equidistant (radius) from D. HYPERBOLA
a given point (center).
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Examples
A. Parabola
C. Circle
B. Ellipse
D. Hyperbola
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