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Lipids reviewer - Lab report

Biochemistry Lab (Lyceum of the Philippines University)

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MC2 – Biochemistry
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Lipids Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids

- Biomolecules that contain fatty acids - Saturated = C-C bonds

- Not all lipids are made of Fatty Acids (Steroids) - Unsaturated = one or more C=C bonds
- Soluble in organic solvents but not in water.
- Named from the Greek word lipos, which means
“fat.”
- Contains C, H, O (P, N sometimes)

Function of Lipids

- For long term energy storage (Adipose tissue)

Structures
- Protection of vital organs (heart, lungs, liver, etc)
- Insulation – regulates internal body temp. Saturated fatty acids
- Lubrication – lipids in synovial fluid lubes joint.
- Fit closely in regular pattern
- Precursors for some hormones – steroid
hormones (sex hormones)
- Key component of cell membrane
(phospholipids, cholesterol)

Types of Lipids
Unsaturated fatty acids
- Lipids with fatty acids
Prostaglandins - Cis double bonds
Waxes
Fats and oils (triglycerides)
Phospholipids
Sphingolipids
Glycosphingolipids
- Lipids without fatty acids
Steroids

Carboxylic Acid Properties of Saturated Fatty Acids

- Organic compounds, containing carboxyl group • Contain only single C–C bonds
as its functional group. (-COOH) • Closely packed molecules that fit closely
together in a regular pattern
R – COOH – general formula for carboxylic acid. • Strong attractions between fatty acid chains
R – hydrocarbon chain • High melting points
• Solids at room temperature
Examples of Carboxylic Acid

- CH3COOH - acetic acid/ethanoic acid.

- CH3CH2COOH - propionic acid/propanoic acid.
- CH3CH2CH2COOH - butyric acid/butanoic acid.

LAURIC ACID

Non-polar hydrophobic tail Polar Hydrophilic Head

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Some Saturated Fatty Acids Lipid Structure

Properties of Unsaturated Fatty Acids

- Contain one or more double C=C bonds

- Nonlinear chains do not allow molecules to pack
closely
- Few interactions between chains
- Low melting points A. Lipids Containing Fatty Acids
- Liquids at room temperature 1. Prostaglandins – derived from arachidic acid
- Enchases immune system and
Unsaturated fatty acids inflammatory response
- Have “kinks” in the fatty acid chains.
2. Waxes - composed of one fatty acid molecule
joined to a long-chained alcohol.
- Serves as protection
- (ex. Beeswax, waxes in leaves, etc)
3. Triglycerides/Triacylglycerol – (Fats & Oils) -
composed of 3 Fatty Acid units and one glycerol
molecule.
- Esters of glycerol and fatty acids.
- Forms when 3 FA reacts with a glycerol
through process called esterification.

Esterification- reaction between an acid and an

alcohol to form an ester.

glycerol + three fatty acids → triacylglycerol

Some Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Glycerol + Palmitic Acid → triacylglycerol

(Fatty acids)

Ex. Cooking Oil, Butter, Lard

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4. Glycophospholipid/Phosphoglycerate –
- Contains 1 glycerol + 2 FA + PO4 (phosphate) +
6. Glycosphingolipid- contains sphingosine, a
amino alcohol.
Fatty acid and sugar.
- The most abundant lipids in cell membranes.

Ex. Cerebrosides
Ex. Lecithin (egg yolks) & Cephalin (brain)
• Abundant in brain and nerve tissues. B. Non-Fatty Acids Containing Lipid
Found in egg yolk, wheat germ, and yeast. 1. Steroids
- Cholesterol (precursor of Vit D)
- Bile Salts (fat digestion)
- Steroid Hormones (sex hormones)

Cholesterol
5. Sphingolipids

- Are similar to phospholipids.

- Contain sphingosine (a long-chain amino alcohol
with 2 -OH group), a fatty acid, phosphate, and
A steroid nucleus consists of
a small amino alcohol.
- Have polar and nonpolar regions. • 3 cyclohexane rings.
• 1 cyclopentane ring.
• No fatty acids.

Cholesterol

•Is the most abundant steroid in the body.

•Has methyl CH3- groups, alkyl chain, and -OH
attached to the steroid nucleus.
Sphingosine - Sphingosine is a long-chain
Components of Cholesterol
unsaturated amino alcohol with 2 -OH group.

Sphingosine
Ex. Ceramides, Sphingomyelin or phosphosphingolipid, A hydroxyl group B methyl group
and Glycosphingolipid.
C steroid nucleus D carbon chain

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Structures and Notations Properties of Triglycerides

1. Structural Formula/Condensed Structural Formula Hydrogenation

• Unsaturated compounds react with H2
• Ni or Pt catalyst
• C=C bonds → C–C bonds
Hydrolysis
• Split by water and acid or enzyme catalyst
• Produce glycerol and 3 fatty acids
2. Expanded Structural Formula

Reaction of Triglycerides

1. Hydrogenation

- Adds hydrogen (H2) to the carbon atoms of

3. Line Bond Structural Formula double bonds.
- Converts double bonds to single bonds.
- Increases the melting point.
- Produces solids such as margarine and
shortening.
1. A : B (△ m, n)
A= Number of C-atoms
B= Number of Double Bonds
(△ m, n)= What Carbon chain did two bonds occur.

Example:

2. Hydrolysis
- Triglycerides split into glycerol and three fatty
acids (H+ or enzyme catalyst)
Palmitoleic Acid

CH₃(CH₂)₅CH=CH(CH₂)₇COOH

16 : 1 (△ 9 )

- There are 16 carbon chains with one double

bond occurring at Carbon 9.

3. Saponification
Cis and Transversal Structure.
- Hydrolysis with a strong base
- Triglycerides split into glycerol and the salts of
fatty acids
- The salts of fatty acids are “soaps”
- KOH gives softer soaps

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