In this VMware Tutorial, the following topics will be covered

 What is VMware?

 Physical Topology of Virtual Infrastructure ( VI) Datacenter

 Virtual Datacenter Architecture

 VMware Infrastructure

 Network Architecture

 Networking with vSphere Distributed Switches(VDS)

 Networking with vSphere Standard Switches

 Storage Architecture

 VMware vCenter Server Architecture

 Key features

 Advantages

 Communication Between vCenter Server and ESX

 Accessing the Virtual Datacenter

What is VMware?
VMware is cloud computing and virtualization software. The base for VMware
virtualization technologies is its bare-metal hypervisor ESX/ESXi in x86 architecture. A
hypervisor is set up on the server (physical) to allow several virtual machines to run on
the same VMware server virtualization. All virtual machines can run their own
operating system (OS).

Multiple virtual machines on the same physical server share some of the common
resources like RAM, network, etc.
 Related Article: What is VMware Workstation?

VMware software is now commonly used in virtualized storage and networking, cloud
management services, private data centers, desktop software, etc. VMware company
also launched the VMWare ESX server and VMWare GSX Server. Mostly, VMWare
virtualization software is for commercial use.

 VMware ESXi Server: This is an organization-level software built to provide

better functionality than a freeware VMware Server to reduce system overhead.

But, the service console in the VMware ESX server is replaced by BusyBox

installation, which requires low disk space.

 VMware ESX Server: This is similar to the VMware ESXi server where VMware

ESX is combined with

VMware vCenter produces additional solutions to improve the consistency and

manageability of the server implementations.

VMWare vSphere and VMWare Server are some of the important server virtualization
software.

 VMware vSphere: The vSphere is the best and well-known product from

VMware. vSphere is the integration of well-known, commonly used vCenter, and

ESXi hypervisor suite for applications.

 VMware Server: It is an open-source (Freeware) software that can be used on

any existing operating system like Ubuntu, LINUX, or Windows.

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Physical Topology of Virtual Infrastructure (VI) Datacenter

A classic VMware vSphere data center contains (physical) building blocks like IP
networks, desktop clients, storage networks and arrays, a management server, and x86
virtualization servers. The vSphere data center topology components are listed below:

 IP networks

 Management clients

 Compute servers

 Storage networks and arrays

 vCenter Server

IP networks: Any compute server can have one or more physical network adapters,
and they provide reliable networking and high bandwidth to the whole VMware
vSphere data center.

Management clients: They provide many interfaces to access a virtual machine, and
for data center management. These interfaces incorporate either vSphere Command-
Line Interface (vSphere CLI), or vSphere Web Client to access a web browser.

Compute servers: The x86 servers run ESXi on bare metal. Compute server provides
resources for virtual machines to run. In the virtual environment, each computing
server is called a standalone host.

All servers configured with x86 are grouped together with a number of connections
and can be connected to the same storage subsystems and network: A cluster
(grouping of similarly configured servers creating a cumulative set of resources in the
virtual environment) is formed.

Storage networks and arrays: NAS arrays, Fibre Channel SAN arrays, and iSCSI SAN
arrays are the most frequently used storage technologies. VMware vSphere supports
these techniques to meet data center storage requirements.

Sharing of data between the group of servers is possible by connecting them through
storage area networks. This aggregation provides more flexibility to virtual machines.

vCenter Server: The vCenter Server is a single point of control to the data center. It
transfers essential data center services like configuration, access control, performance
monitoring, etc. It merges all the resources from the individual computing servers and
shares them with virtual machines in the whole data center.
vCenter Server manages all the tasks right from computing servers to virtual machines.
The assignment of resources to the virtual machines is done by computing servers. The
system administrator sets some policies based on which resources are assigned.

When vCenter Server is not unreachable, still computing servers continue to function.
For example, if the network is not severed, servers can be managed individually and
continue to run the assigned virtual machines. After the connection is restored, the
server functions within the network as usual.

Virtual Datacenter Architecture

The whole IT infrastructure including networks, servers, and storage is virtualized by
VMware vSphere. These resources are accumulated and presented in a uniform set
(elements) in the virtual environment.

The IT resources can be managed With VMware vSphere. The dynamic provision and
shared utility are resources for different business projects.

In Virtual Datacenter Architecture, vSphere is used to configure, manage, and view the
key elements. The key elements in a virtual data center are:

Hosts, resource pools, and clusters are regarded as memory and computing resources.

 Virtual machines.

 Datastores act as storage resources.

 Networks (Networking resources).

Host: The virtual presentation of the memory resources and calculation of physical
machines (PMs) running ESX/ESXi is called a Host.

Cluster: When more than two PMs are connected together to manage and work as an
entire entity, it is called cluster (The collaboration of computing and memory
resources). Machines can be removed or added from a cluster dynamically.
Hierarchy of resource pools: The partitioning from hosts and clusters into
computing and memory resources is called resource pools.

Datastores: The virtual representation of integrated physical storage resources in the

datacenter.

These physical storage resources are:

 F-SAN (File Storage Area Network) disk arrays.

 SAN (Storage Area Network) disk arrays.

 NAS (Network Area Storage) arrays.

 SAS (Statistical Analysis System) disks of the server.

The virtual machines are connected to each other through the physical networks in the
virtual environment outside of the virtual datacenter. Virtual machines are assigned to
a particular cluster, resource pool, or host to create datastores.

When a virtual machine is powered on, then workload increases, and it consumes
resources dynamically. It reverts the resources dynamically as workload decreases.
New virtual machines can be created in a fraction of a second, as it is much faster and
easier than physical machines. An appropriate operating system and applications must
be installed to alter the virtual machine to handle the workload.

Resources are allocated to virtual machines based on the principles set by the system
administrator. Resources can be reserved for a particular virtual machine to guarantee
its performance. Principles are given priority to set a differing portion of resources for
every virtual machine.

VMware Infrastructure
VMware Infrastructure is a virtualization suite for infrastructure that provides a
complete overview of application availability, virtualization, resource optimization,
management, and operational automation. VMware Infrastructure integrates and
virtualizes the hardware resources among two or more systems. In the virtual
environment, it provides virtual resource pools to the data center.

In addition to this, VMware Infrastructure has a distributed architecture that provides

excellent features like high availability, consolidated backup, fine-grain, policy-driven,
and resource allocation of the entire virtual datacenter. To establish an IT enterprise,
these distributed architecture services play a major role in meeting their service level
agreements and production in a cost-effective manner.

VMware ESX Server – The virtualization layer which is production-proven, and robust
is run on physical servers that abstract storage, memory, processor, and networking
resources across multiple virtual machines (VMs).

VirtualCenter Management Server (VirtualCenter Server) – VirtualCenter Server

is the central point for acceleration, managing, and configuring virtual environments.

VMware High Availability – Provides features that are cost-effective, easy-to-use,

high availability to run applications on virtual machines.

Virtual Infrastructure Client (VI Client) – VirtualCenter Server or individual ESX

Servers connect remotely from any Windows PC, and an interface is used by the client
to connect.

Virtual Infrastructure Web Access – A virtual machine makes use of a web interface
to manage and access remote consoles.

VMware Virtual Machine File System – ESX Server virtual machines have a high-
performance file system cluster.

VMware Virtual Symmetric Multi-Processing (SMP) – SMP feature is enabled for a

single virtual machine to convert into multiple physical processors to work parallelly.

VMware Virtual Motion – To run virtual machines from one physical server to
another physical server, the VMotion feature is used, which allows live migration with
complete transaction integrity, zero downtime, and continuous service availability.

If the server fails, virtual machines automatically restart with production servers that
have spare capacity.
VMware Backup – Consolidated Backup is easy to use. Backup can be simplified, and
it reduces the overload on ESX Servers. Virtual machines have a centralized agent-free
backup facility.

VMware Infrastructure SDK – SDK provides third-party access to the VMware

Infrastructure and provides a standard interface for VMware.

Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) – To allocate resources for virtual machines,

collection of hardware, and balancing the computing capacity dynamically done using
DRS.

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Network Architecture
In this architecture, VMware vSphere VMs in the data center is linked with a group of
virtual networking elements in a virtual environment similar to physical network
elements in the physical environment.

The physical environment and the virtual environment will have similar networking
elements. Some of the networking elements are port groups, virtual network interface
cards, vSphere Distributed Switches, distributed port groups, and vSphere Standard
Switches.

Every virtual machine has several virtual NICs. The application program and operating
system interact with a virtual NIC. Virtual Machine communicates through device driver
either via VMware or a frequently available driver that is optimized for the virtual
environment.

In both cases, interaction in the operating system occurs the same as of physical
device. The virtual NIC has one IP address and its own MAC id. The virtual machine has
the same ethernet protocol as of physical NIC. Agents outside the virtual machine
cannot detect that it is communicating.

A virtual vSphere Standard switch works as a physical switch that is two-layered. Every
server will have its own virtual switch. The vSphere Distributed Switch topology
contains a single virtual switch connected to several servers. A Virtual switch has port
groups on one side that are connected to VM and the ones on the other side are
connection links to physical Ethernet adapters.

A virtual switch has the ability to connect links to one or more physical Ethernet
adapters. When NIC teaming is enabled, two or more physical adapters provide a
passive failover network: In such a situation, an outage occurs, or the traffic load is
shared.

The unique concept of the virtual environment is the port group. It is a method for
setting rules that need to be followed to connect the network. A switch can have
multiple port groups.

By Configuring port groups, we can implement the method to enhance traffic

management, better performance, network segmentation, high availability, and
networking security.

Networking with vSphere Distributed Switches(VDS)

A VDS acts as a single virtual switch among many associated hosts as they travel across
one or more hosts. This capability of VDS helps VM to maintain constant network
configuration.

The virtual machines can use every VDS as a network. To route traffic internally
between an external network and virtual machines, VDS is used by connecting ethernet
adapters.

A VDS can have multiple distributed ports assigned to it. Distributed port groups have
common configurations to give a stable point for VM connected within the network.

The Network resource pools decide the order of priority for various network traffic
based on the types. When this is enabled, the VDS traffic is divided into network
resource pools as listed below:

 FT traffic

 Management traffic

 vMotion traffic

 NFS

 iSCSI traffic

The below architecture shows the relationship of vSphere Distributed Switches within
the Networks that are either inside or outside the virtual environment.
The priority of the traffic for each network can be controlled by network resource pools
by setting host limits for each network resource pool and the by sharing physical
adapters. The virtual switching layer works similarly to regular physical switches such
as monitoring, traffic shaping, and VLANs.

Networking with VSphere Standard Switches

In the standard vSphere Switches, every server will have its self virtual switch (VSS) to
handle the traffic within the network at the host level in a vSphere virtual environment.
A VSS has the ability to route the network traffic inside the virtual environment. The
routing is done between external networks and virtual machines.

The below architecture shows the relationship of vSphere Standard Switches within the
Networks that are either inside or outside the virtual environment.

Storage Architecture
To manage the difficulty and hide the differences between physical storage
subsystems, the “VSphere storage architecture” consists of several layers of
abstraction.

The guest operating systems (OS) and the applications within virtual machine
appearance – the virtual SCSI controller is connected to more than two virtual SCSI
disks in the storage subsystem. A virtual SCSI controller is a type of SCSI controller that
a VM can access. These controllers include VMware Paravirtual, BusLogic Parallel, LSI
Logic SAS, and LSI Logic Parallel.

The datastore elements support virtual SCSI disks in the datacenter. The storage space
for virtual machines among several physical hosts (clients) is provided by the datastore.
The datastore acts similar to a storage appliance. The datastore cluster is a
combination of multiple datastores as a load-balanced pool or one-logic.
The technique to assign storage space to the datastore of a virtual machine (VM) is
called abstraction. While installing the guest VM, the complexity is based on physical
storage technology. The guest VM is not disclosed to NAS, iSCSI SAN, Fibre Channel SAN
(F-SAN), and direct-attached storage.

The datastore is a physical storage system and the virtual machine file store (VMFS) is a
storage device. Network-attached storage (NAS) datastores are network file storage
(NFS) devices having volume (storage space) the same as VMFS. Datastores can be
expanded to one or more physical storage subsystems.

One VMFS can have more than one logical unit number (LUNs) from a Fibre Channel
SAN disk, or an iSCSI SAN disk, or a local SCSI disk array on a physical host.

The addition of any new LUNs to the physical storage subsystem is identified and
provided to new and existing datastores. The storage capacity of the existing datastore
can be extended without shutting down the storage subsystems and physical hosts.

If LUNs become unavailable within a VMFS, then virtual machines using that particular
LUN are damaged or affected, but other VM with virtual disks in LUNs function
normally.

In VM, data is stored as files in a directory within the datastore. The disk storage of
each virtual guest is a group of files in the guest's directory.

The guest disk storage can be operated as a normal file. It can be moved, backed up, or
copied. A virtual disk file with the extension (.vmdk) is created in VMFS for newly added
virtual disk with a virtual machine.

VMFS is a clustered file system that allows the sharing of storage data among multiple
physical hosts in order to read, store, and write data simultaneously. The on-disk
locking feature of VMFS will safeguard from switching on the same virtual machine by
multiple servers at a time.

In the case of a physical host failure, the on-disk locking feature enables each virtual
machine to release so that VMs can restart on other hosts (physical).

The other features of VMFS include techniques of recovery, failure consistency, virtual
machine state snapshots, a failure-consistent virtual machine I/O path, and distributed
journaling. These techniques can serve better by identifying the root cause and
recovery from storage subsystem failures, physical host, and virtual machine.

VMFS supports raw device mapping (RDM). RDM grants methods for a VM to have
direct access to a LUN on the Fibre Channel or iSCSI only (physical storage subsystem).
RDM supports two methods of applications, and they are as follows:
  SAN snapshot

 Microsoft Clustering Services (MSCS)

VMware vCenter Server Architecture

The three main components of vCenter Server architecture are as follows:

 vSphere Web Client.

 vCenter Server Database.

 vCenter Single Sign-On.

The vSphere Web Client: vSphere Web Client is a web application that acts as the user
interface. The administrator can handle inventory objects and manage the installation
in a vSphere prototype and virtual machines can get access to the console. VMware
software recently launched HTML5 based vSphere web Client in their latest version
(vSphere 6.5).

 The vCenter Server Database: The server data is stored and managed from

resource pools and inventory items. Each instance of vCenter Server will have its

own database.

 vCenter Single Sign-On (SSO): SSO is a security token and authentication

broker that allows the user to log in once to access the vSphere infrastructure,

and doesn't require further authentication.

Key features of vCenter Server

Key features of the vCenter Server are listed below:
 “Multi-hypervisor management”: vCenter Server provides unified management

for Microsoft Hyper-V hosts and VMware.

 “VMware Host Profiles”: To configure ESX and ESXi host, the VMware Host

Profiles tool is used. To create a standard configuration, vSphere uses Host

outlines which work as a blueprint for all the hosts. VMware Host Profiles

automate the configuration across all the clusters.

 “Automatic VM restart”: To unite Virtual machines and their hosts into a cluster,

VMware vCenter Server requires vSphere. If server failure occurs, vSphere HA

will instantly restart the Virtual Machines on the host inside the same cluster.

 “Patch management”: The patches on ESXi hosts, Microsoft, and Linux VMs are

scanned automatically by vSphere Update Manager (VUM).

 “vRealize Orchestrator (vRO)”: To automate tasks using workflows, the server

(vCenter) integrates with vCloud Suite and vRealize Suite.

 “vRealize Log Insight for vCenter Server.” vRealize Log Insight is a log

management software used to identify and troubleshoot issues, customize

dashboards, check for system compliance, and provides an administrator to

analyze system log data.

 “vCenter Server Linked Mode”: The administrator uses “Linked Mode” to connect

several vCenter Server systems. The “Linked Mode” feature allows the

administrator to view their deployment (vSphere). The center server permits VM

to share information. This feature instantly duplicates the resources generated

 by the administrator including policies, roles, and permissions throughout the

vCenter Server.

 “Application programming interfaces (APIs)”: These make use of APIs to integrate

and interact with a third-party application (software).

Advantages vCenter Server

The enabled administrator will constantly monitor the performance. The vCenter
Server assigns VM deployment and obstructs any unauthorized access. Some of the
other benefits include it simplifies integration with third-party products, minimizes the
effects of system failures, and automates workflows.

A server (vCenter) can alone manage multiple virtual machines. The number increases
by connecting multiple instances. However, the capacity of the server (vCenter) is
huge, and that can be a drawback as well. Therefore, the server (vCenter) database can
store all the data. When the number of virtual machines on a particular instance is
overloaded, the risk of exceeding the database's limits will be higher: This leads to
purchasing of vCenter Server (in addition to the existing server).

VMware will not favor server (vCenter) for “Windows” in further launches of vSphere.
The next version of the vCenter server has been replaced with a server application
(vCSA) as its clear-cut prototype. Even though the Linux version of vCSA comes with
greater scalability and is configured, the vCSA can be run only on virtual hardware, and
a cluster of VMs. The enterprise can resolve the issue by separately creating a cluster
for vCSA. This process requires further license and hardware which is costly.

Communication Between vCenter Server and ESX

vCenter Server interacts with the ESX/ESXi host via VMware vSphere API. When the first
host is added to the vCenter Server, it assigns a vCenter Server agent to run on the
client. Then the client agent shows its interaction with the server agent.

The functions of the vCenter Server agent are as follows:

  vCenter Server takes decisions regarding resource allocation and relays sent by

the DRS engine.

 The virtual machine will pass commands related to configuration changes and

equipment to the host agent.

 The passing of commands like host configuration changes the host agent.

 Server agent's alarms collect the overall performance and failure conditions

from the host agent (client) and send them to the Server (vCenter).

 vCenter Server agent allows you to manage ESX/ESXi hosts with new versions.

Accessing the Virtual Datacenter

Users can access the web via Windows Terminal Services, or Web browser. VMware
vSphere data center can be accessed via the vSphere Client. In special cases, only the
physical administrators have the right to access the host. All functions that are
performed on the vCenter Server can also be performed on the host.

vCenter Server is accessed by vSphere Client via the VMware API. A session will be
initiated in the vCenter Server after the users’ authentication. Then, the users can see
all the resources assigned to them on a virtual machine.

The process starts first with the vSphere Client, and it obtains the location of VM from
vCenter Server via VMware API to get access to the VM console. Then Vcenter server
connects to the proper host and gives access to the virtual machine (VM) console. A
host running ESXi can’t be accessed using the vSphere Web.

First Time Use

The vSphere Client guides the users on various virtualization techniques through a
step-by-step procedure to set up their own virtual environment. This guidance content
is present in the vSphere Client Graphical User Interface (GUI). The assistance or
guidance can be turned on or off based on users’ experience with VMs.
Web Access

Users can access the web browser through Apache Tomcat Server that is installed on
the vCenter Server. The Apache Tomcat Server acts as a mediator between the vCenter
Server and the browser via VMware API. vCenter Server creates bookmarks for users to
access the virtual machine (VM) console-web browser. The bookmark points to the
vSphere for Web Access.

vSphere Web Access of the virtual machine (VM) in physical location redirects the Web
browser to ESX/ESXi. If the user is aware of the IP address of the VM that is running,
he/she can access the virtual console using standard tools. By default, for the ESX host,
the web access is turned off.

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VMware Tools

To enhance the performance of the virtual machine, VMware tools are utilized that
improve the management and guest operating system of the virtual machine. The
following are some of the features of VMware Tools that are available when installed:

 To automate the guest operating system, operation scripting is used.

 Operating systems that support Aero have significantly faster (graphics)

performance Example – Windows Aero

 For an application in a virtual machine to appear on the host desktop similar to

any other application on Windows, the Unity feature is enabled.

 Exchange of files between the virtual machine and client desktop can be done by

the Copy and paste (text and graphics) method.

 Performance of mouse is Improved.

 The clock on the host desktop is synchronized with the clock of the virtual

machine.
By using either Linux or Windows, you can easily install VMware applications and tools.
As soon as the operating system (OS) is installed, the VMware Fusion starts installing
VMware Tools.

In case if the installation of OS is done on any other virtual machine by rebooting it,
then you need to install VMware Tools, as all features are not supported on all guest
OS. But, use the control panel to set other options that can optimize your guest OS in
the virtual environment. The guest OS can also run without VMware Tools, but there is
a chance of losing important functionalities.

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Conclusion:

VMware is being used by many organizations all over the world, and it has a long way
to go. However, the main drawback is that it depends on multiple systems to function
like automated pools. The system has to be designed and configured in such a way that
multiple tasks can be performed.

For example – Setting task X to function, before Setting task “X” task “Y” starts
functioning, these two tasks should allow task Z to function, which is a parallel process
that is not new for a distributed system. We need to check whether those
dependencies are put together reliably, if not fix them when unexpected changes
occur.

VMware virtualization has entirely changed our view of the operation system. There are
many roles to create job opportunities such as VMware administrator, VMware
engineer, VMware cloud manager, etc. VMware has a bright future as many industries
are now planning to virtualize their network to reduce physical overload.

VMware engineers are hired by many multinational companies like IBM, Mindtree,
Accenture, etc. We can expect many more innovations in this area in the years to come.
So, people can opt for this field and have a career in it for its lucrative job
opportunities.