GEOGRAPHY

&
HISTORY

1º DE E.S.O

IES FERNANDO III

CENTRO BILINGÜE
 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORY

UNIT 8: Ancient Rome

UNIT 8: ANCIENT ROME

OUTLINE ASPECTOS LINGÜÍSTICOS VOCABULARY

1 - ROME  ARISE
 POSITION  PRESENT SIMPLE  BECOME
 IMPERATIVE  CITIZEN(S)
2 – HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME  LOS PASADOS  EMPEROR(S)
 CHRONOLOGY TO BE  EMPIRE
 PERIODS THERE WAS  FARMLAND(S)
- FOUNDATION THERE WERE.  FOREIGN POLICY
- CHARACTERISTICS OF  VERBOS REGULARES/  FREEDMAN
THE ROMAN KINGDOM IRREGULARES EN  HANDICRAFT
- CHARACTERISTICS OF PASADO AFIRMATIVA.  HOUSING
THE ROMAN REPUBLIC  CONTABLES/INCONTABL  KINGDOM
- CHARACTERISTICS OF ES  PEOPLES
THE ROMAN EMPIRE  SOME/ ANY  PERSONS
 ACTIVITIES  GOING TO  PLOUGHS
 POWERS
 MUST / MUSTN´T
3 – LIFE IN ROME CITIES  PROVINCES
 ECONOMY  REACH(ED)
PHONETICS  REPUBLIC
 SOCIETY
 CITIES AND HOUSING  RIGHT(S)
 TODOS LOS SONIDOS  SEVERAL
 ACTIVITIES

4 – RELIGION, LITERATURE, SCIENCE

5 – ROMAN ART
 ARCHITECTURE
 SCULPTURE
 PAINTING
 ACTIVITIES

6 - VOCABULARY

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UNIT 8: Ancient Rome

1 – ROME

1. For several centuries Rome controlled a lot of regions around the Mediterranean Sea. Rome is in
the middle of the Italic Peninsula (central Italy), in the Tiber River.

2. The Ancient Romans built the historical centre of Rome on seven hills. The city is near the
Mediterranean Sea and the Romans have a port called Ostia on the coast.

2 – HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME

Image from: [Link]

Romulus and Remus founded Rome in 753 BC, but this is a

legend.

The historians divide the history of Ancient Rome into three

periods:

- The Roman Kingdom (from the middle of the 8th Century BC to

the year 509 BC): Seven kings ruled.
- The Roman Republic (from 509 BC to 27BC): The Senate governed.
- The Roman Empire (from 27 BC to 476 AC): Dynasties of emperors dominated the territories.

1. The Roman Kingdom: Etruscans occupied the city after its foundation. During this time the government
was a monarchy. Ancient Romans expelled the last king of Rome in the year 509 BC.
Image from: [Link]

2. The Roman Republic: From 509 BC to 27 BC

Rome was a republic. The citizens chose their
governors. The popular assemblies decided and
voted new laws; magistrates (consuls, praetors,
censors, aediles, quaestors, tribunes, and dictators)
had political powers and several duties; the Senate,
formed by ancient magistrates, had consultative
duties, but in reality the Senate ruled the Republic. It
decided about foreign policy and military, religious,
legislative and judicial topics.

During the Roman Republic Rome expanded its territories throughout the
Mediterranean Sea (called by the Romans <<Mare Nostrum>> or Our Sea) and
founded a great territorial empire. During its conquests Rome fought against
Carthage (Punic Wars) and conquered the Iberian Peninsula. Rome divided its
territorial Empire into a lot of provinces. The Roman Legions were the armies who
made the conquests and wars.

Image from: [Link]

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UNIT 8: Ancient Rome

In the 1st century BC Rome suffered civil wars and the Roman Republic entered a great crisis.

The Roman Empire: In the year 27 BC the Roman Senate granted extraordinary political and religious
powers to Octavian, he received the title of Augustus. He became the first emperor of the Roman Empire.

Under his reign the Roman Empire enjoyed a period of order and stability
(<<Pax Romana>> or Roman Peace).

During several centuries there were a lot of emperors. They imposed their
authority over the Empire. The territorial empire reached its maximum
expansion in this period. The barbarian peoples were out of the limits of
the Empire, but in the 3rd century AC some of them crossed the frontiers of
the Empire. Emperors lost their authority in the most distant provinces and
the economy changed and suffered a great crisis.

In the year 395 AC Theodosius divided the empire into two parts: the
Eastern Roman Empire (its capital city was Constantinople) and the
Western Roman Empire (its capital city was Rome). The Germanic
peoples invaded Rome and dethroned its last emperor. This meant the fall
of the Western Roman Empire, but the Eastern Roman Empire continued
as the Byzantine Empire during the whole Middle Age.
Image from: [Link]
 Activities:
- Answer these questions:
 Where is Rome?
 What is the name of its principal river?
 What is Ostia?

- Make a time line showing the periods of Ancient Rome

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
BC BC BC BC BC BC BC BC AC AC AC AC AC

- Answer these questions:

 What is the name of magistrates during the Roman Republic?
 What is the meaning of SPQR?
 What did the Senate decide?
 What is the meaning of <<Mare Nostrum>>?

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UNIT 8: Ancient Rome

- Look for the names of five provinces of the Roman Empire.

Image from: [Link]

- Look at the picture of the legionaries on page [Link] the drawing with the
same colours and write the names of the things that he has in his equipment.

- Read the questions. Choose the correct answer.

 Who was Augustus?: a) an Emperor b) a Dictator c) a woman
 What was the name of the period of order that Augustus imposed?
a) Roman Pie b) Roman Peace c) Pax Dominus
 In what century did the Barbarian Peoples cross the frontiers of the
Roman Empire? a) 2nd BC b) 3rd AC c) year 27 BC
 What was the capital city in the Eastern Roman Empire a) Rome b) the
Western Roman Empire c) Constantinople

- Look for the names of five Roman emperors.

Image from: [Link]

3 – LIFE IN ROMAN CITIES

Roman cities were centers of trade

and Rome became the economic
capital city of its empire. Rome
received most of the products from
all its provinces.

1. Economy:

- Romans cultivated cereals, Garum

legumes, fruits, vines and
olive trees. They put into
practice new technologies
(fertilizers, irrigation, crop
rotation, they left the land
fallow…). They used a lot of
work tools (ploughs…) and
they used animals for
agricultural jobs. Farmlands
could be little or big. Little
farmlands were properties of
modest farmers and big farmlands were properties of rich men and the State. In big farmlands there
were villas (villaes). Tenant farmers and slaves worked here.
- Handicraft was an activity localized in cities. Romans made a lot of products (weaves, metal objects,
weapons, jewels….). There were food industries too.

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UNIT 8: Ancient Rome

- Rome maintained strong trade relations with its provinces. It imported raw materials. Romans traded
with other regions out of their limits (Northern and Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa). Romans used
many coins (bronze, cupper, silver and gold). The Roman Empire had a lot of trade routes and it had
vast networks of paved roads.

2. Society:

- The society was divided into citizens and non-citizens.

- The citizens were divided into patricians and plebeians. Patricians
were the nobility and they had all the rights and they were public
servants. Plebeians had some rights. During the Republic they fought
against patricians to obtain the same rights and one magistrate in the
Senate (Plebeian Tribune).
- Non-citizens could be freedmen or slaves. The slaves were not
considered persons and they didn`t have any rights. They were
properties that could be bought and sold. They worked in agriculture,
mines, handicraft, housework…The slaves could become free if their
owner gave them their freedom (<<libertus>> or freedman).
Image from: [Link]

3. Cities and housing:

Image from: [Link]

- The roman cities had grid form,

like a chess board. They were
inspired by military camps. They
had walls around their perimeters.
Two roads crossed the middle of
the city. The first one was called
Cardo Maximus (from north to
south) the second one was called
Decumanus Maximus (from east
to west). In the crossroads of both
roads there were forums, squares
with public buildings (temples,
palaces, markets, basilicas…)
- Rich citizens lived in domus. They
were inhabited by only one family.
A domus had an interior patio
called <<atrium>>. The bedrooms
and dining room were around the
atrium. The domus could have a garden.
- <<Insulae>> were buildings with several floors, like a block of flats. Some modest families lived in these
buildings. The <<Insulae>> had a lot of windows and their building materials were of low quality.

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UNIT 8: Ancient Rome

 Activities:
- Look at the map on page 4 and answer: What products did Rome receive from Hispania, Britannia,
Greece, Egypt and China?

Answer these questions:

 What did the Romans cultivate?
 What were the villas?
 What products of handicraft did the Romans make?

- Look at these pictures and answer: Which of these images correspond to patricians, to plebeians and to
slaves? Who were citizens and who were non-citizens? Images from: [Link]

Image from: [Link]

- Look at the picture of the insulae. Describe it and
answer these questions:
 Who lived there?
 Where did the patricians live?
 What differences can you see between a
domus and an insulae?

4 – RELIGION, LITERATURE, SCIENCE

- Ancient Romans had a polytheist religion. They

believed in many gods (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva...).
They worshiped their gods in temples. They had
household gods called <<lares, manes and
penates>> who protected the house and the
family. Romans considered the emperors to be
like gods. In the first years of the Roman Empire Christianity arose as a new religion. The Christians
increased their number in all the territories of the Empire. Some emperors prosecuted the Christians
and these people took refuge in the catacombs. In 313 AC the emperor Constantine published the Edict
of Milan. This edict accepted religious freedom for the whole Empire. Finally the emperor Theodosius
proclaimed Christianity as the official religion.

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UNIT 8: Ancient Rome

Image from: http:// [Link]/.../Images/[Link]

- Romans developed the law. The Roman law has influenced the western
legislation until now. Seneca and Cicero were philosophers (Cicero was a
politician and an orator too). Men of letters, like Virgil wrote poems and
plays. Julius Caesar, Plutarch, Suetonius, Tacitus, Titus Livius and other
historians wrote books about history.
- Galen developed and improved the medical discipline and influenced the
Arabic and medieval medicine.

5 – ROMAN ART

- Architecture: the Romans were great engineers and they built great constructions of civil engineering
(aqueducts, bridges, paved roads…), public buildings (temples, theatres, amphitheatres, circus,
basilicas, thermaes…) and commemorative monuments (triumphal arches, columns…). They used
stones, bricks, wood, cement and mortar in their buildings and constructions. They used round or semi-
circular arches, vaults and Greek columns (Doric, Ionic, Corinthian orders) as architectonical elements.
They used other orders such as Tuscan and Composite, that is a mixture between Ionic and Corinthian.
- Sculpture: the Romans sculpted portraits with realistic representations and historical reliefs about wars
and great victories. Reliefs decorated triumphal arches and columns.
- Painting and mosaics: They made paintings and mosaics to decorate houses and other buildings. They
represented topics of daily life and mythological scenes.

Images from: [Link]

 Activities:
- Read the questions. Choose the correct answer.
 Who were household gods?: a) lares, manes, penates b) mares, panes, lenates c) pares, lanes,
menates
 In which year did Constantine publish the Edict of Milan? a) 213 AC b) 313 BC c) 313 AC
 Who wrote history books? a) Julius Caesar b) Seneca c) Galen
 Who was the Roman father of the gods? a) Zeus b) Jupiter c) Mars

- Look at these pictures and answer: Which of these images correspond to an amphitheatre, to a temple, to
a thermae, to a triumphal arch?

Images from: [Link]

[Link]

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UNIT 8: Ancient Rome

6 - VOCABULARY

English Pronunciation Spanish

Assemblies sust. /ə'semblies/ Asambleas
Authority sust. /ə'θɔ:rəti / Autoridad
Become verbo /bɪ'kʌm/ Hacerse, convertirse, llegar a ser
Bridges sust. /brɪdʒs/ Puentes
Cement sust. /sɪ'ment/ Cemento
Chess board sust. /tʃes/ /bɔ:rd / Tablero de ajedrez
Christianity sust. /'krɪsti'ænəti/ Cristianismo
Christians sust. /'krɪstʃəns/ Cristianos
Civil engineering adj. and sust. /'sɪvəl/ /,endʒɪ'nɪərɪŋ/ Ingeniería civil
Coin sust. /kɔɪn/ Moneda
Commemorative adj. /kə'memərə-tiv/ Conmemorativo
Crisis sust. /'kraɪsɪs/ Crisis
Crop rotation sust. /krɒp/ /rəʊ'teɪʃən/ Rotación de cultivos
Cross verbo /krɔ:s / Cruzar
Crossroads sust. /'krɒsrəʊdz/ Cruce de caminos, Encrucijada
Daily life adj. and sust. /'deɪli/ /laɪf/ Vida diaria, cotidiana
Dethrone verbo /dɪ'θrəʊn/ Destronar
Emperors sust. /'empərərs / Emperadores
Empire sust. /'empaɪə(r)/ Imperio
Engineers sust. /,endʒɪ'nɪə(r)/ Ingenieros
Expelled verbo pasado /ɪk'speled/ Expulsar
Farmlands sust. /fɑ:rmlænds/ Tierras de labranza
Fertilizer sust. /'fɜ:rtḷaɪzər/ Fertilizante
Foreign policy adj. and sust. /'fɔ:rən/ /'pɒləsi/ Política exterior
Freedman sust. /'frədmən,man/ Liberto
Fruits sust. /fru:ts/ Frutas
Politicians sust. /grɪd/ /fɔ:rm / En forma de rejilla, de cuadrícula
Handicraft sust. /'hændɪkræft / Artesanía
Dioses del hogar (protectores del
Household gods sust. /'haʊshəʊld/ /gɒds/ hogar)
Housing sust. /'haʊzɪŋ/ Vivienda
Import verbo /ɪm'pɔ:rt / Importar (productos)
Irrigation sust. /'ɪrə'geɪʃən / Irrigación, riego
Jewels sust. /'dʒu:əls/ Joyas
Kingdom sust. /'kɪŋdəm/ Reino
Legend sust. /'ledʒənd/ Leyenda

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Legumes sust. /'legjʊ:ms/ Legumbres

Low quality adj. and sust. /ləʊ/ /'kwɒləti/ (de) Baja calidad
Market sust. /'mɑ:rkət / Mercado
Men of letters sust. and prep.
/men/ /ɒv/ /'letərs/ Hombres de letras
and sust.
Middle Age adj. and sust. /'mɪdḷ/ /eɪdʒ/ Edad Media
Mines sust. /maɪns/ Minas
Mixture sust. /'mɪkstʃər / Mezcla
Monarchy sust. /'mɑ:nərki / Monarquía
Mortar sust. /'mɔ:rtər/ Mortero
Mosaics sust. /məʊ'zeɪɪks/ Mosaicos
Olive tree sust. /'ɒlɪv/ /tri:/ Olivo
Orator sust. /'ɔ:rətər / Orador
Palace sust. /'pæləs / Palacio
Patricians sust. /pə'triʃəns/ Patricios
Paved road sust. /pəvd/ /rəʊd/ Calzada, camino pavimentado
Peoples sust. /'pi:pəls/ Pueblos (culturas)
Perimeter sust. /pə'rɪmətər/ Perimetro
Plebeians sust. /'plɪbɪəns/ Plebeyos
Ploughs or plows sust. /plaʊ/ arado
Political adj. /pə'lɪtɪkəl/ Político
Proclaim verbo /prə'kleɪm/ Proclamar
Provinces sust. /'prɒvɪnsɪs/ Provincia
Reach verbo /ri:tʃ/ Alcanzar
Realistic adj. /'ri:ə'lɪstɪk/ Realista
Republic sust. /rɪ'pʌblɪk/ República
Roman Legions adj. and sust. /'rəʊmən/ /'li:dʒəns/ Legiones romanas
Routes sust. /ru:ts/ Rutas
Senate sust. /'senət / Senado
Several pronombre /'sevrəl/ Varios / varias
Stability sust. /stə'bɪləti/ Estabilidad
Tenant farmers sust. /'tenənt/ Agricultures arrendatarios
Thermaes sust. /'thərmæs\ Termas
They leave the land fallow /ðeɪ//li:v//ði//lænds//'fæləʊ/ Dejar la tierra en barbecho
Topics sust. /'tɒpɪks/ Temas
Triumphal Arch adj. and sust. /traɪ'ʌmfəl/ /ɑ:rtʃ / Arco triunfal, de triunfo
Vast network adj. and sust. /væst //'netwɜ:rk / Inmesa red, vasta red….
Villas sust. /'vɪləs/ Villas, villaes
Weapons sust. /'wepəns/ Armas

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