DEHLI PUBLIC SCHOOL BANGALORE NORTH
CLASS- X- THE RISE OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
TO BE WRITTEN IN THE NOTEBOOK:
Q1. How has the French artist Frederic Sorrieu visualised dream of a world made up
of democratic and social republic? Explain.
In 1848, Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualising
his dream of a world made up of ‘democratic and social Republics’, as he called them.
The first print (Fig. 1) of the series shows the peoples of Europe and America – men and
women of all ages and social classes – marching in a long train, and offering homage
to the statue of Liberty as they pass by it.
As you would recall, artists of the time of the French Revolution personified Liberty as a
female figure – here you can recognise the torch of Enlightenment she bears in one hand
and the Charter of the Rights of Man in the other.
On the earth in the foreground of the image lie the shattered remains of the symbols of
absolutist institutions. In Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are
grouped as distinct nations, identified through their flags and national costume.
Leading the procession, way past the statue of Liberty, are the United States and
Switzerland, which by this time were already nation-states. Fran
France,identifiable by the revolutionary tricolour, has just reached the statue. She is
followed by the peoples of Germany, bearing the black, red and gold flag.
Interestingly, at the time when Sorrieu created this image, the German peoples did not
yet exist as a united nation.(ANY 5 POINTS )
Q2. Discuss the measures and practices introduced by the French Revolution, which
helped in creating a sense of collective identity among the French people.
Various steps were taken by the revolutionaries to create a sense of common identity among
people. Some of these steps are given below:
The idea of the fatherland and citizen was created to emphasize a community
which enjoyed equal rights under the constitution.
The royal standard was replaced with a new French flag; the tricolour.
The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and it was
renamed as the National Assembly.
In the name of nation; new hymns were composed and oaths were taken.
Martyrs were commemorated.
A centralized administrative system was created which formulated uniform
laws for all citizens.
Internal custom duties were abolished.
A uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
Regional dialects were discouraged and French language was promoted as the
common language of the nation. (ANY 5 POINTS)
Q3. What changes did Napoleon introduced to make the administrative system
more efficient in territories ruled by him?
Napoleon introduced following changes to make the administrative system more
efficient in the areas ruled by him.
He established civil code in 1804 also known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away
with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before law and secured the
right to property.
He simplified administrative divisions, abolished feudal system, and freed peasants
from serfdom and manorial dues.
In towns too, guild systems were removed. Transport and communication systems
were improved.
Peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed the new found freedom.
By introducing these changes Napoleon made the whole administrative system more
rational and efficient.
Q4. How did the Treaty of Vienna (1815) come into being? What were the outcomes of
the Vienna Congress?
The representatives of the European powers (Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria)
met at Vienna in 1815 to draw up a settlement of Europe. The Austrian Chancellor
Duke Metternich was the host of the Congress. The Treaty of Vienna of 1815 was
drawn up at this meeting. Its objective was to undo most of the changes which had
come in Europe during the Napoleonic wars.
Some of the steps taken according the Treaty of Vienna are follows:
The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution,
was restored to power.
A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent French
expansion in future. For example; the kingdom of the Netherlands was set up in
the north. Similarly, Genoa was added to Piedmont in the south. Prussia got some
important territories on its western frontiers and Austria got control of northern
Italy.
German confederation of 39 states which had been set up by Napoleon was left
untouched.
In the east, Russia was given part of Poland, while Prussia was given a portion of
Saxony.
Q5. The decade of 1830 ad brought great economic hardships in Europe.
Support the statement with arguments.
There was huge growth in population in the first half of the nineteenth century.
Number of unemployed had increased manifold.
There was large scale migration from rural areas to urban areas. Such migrants
lived in overcrowded slums in the cities.
At that time, the industrialization in England was more advanced than in other parts
of Europe. Hence, cheap machine-made goods from England gave stiff competition
to small producers in the towns of the other European countries.
In some regions of Europe, aristocracy was still powerful and the peasants were
under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.
A year of bad harvest; coupled with price rise in food led to pauperism in town and
country.
The year 1848 was one such bad year. Because of shortage of food and high level of
unemployment, the people of Paris came out on the roads. The protest was at such a
large scale that Louis Philippe had to flee.
A National Assembly proclaimed a republic. It granted suffrage to all adult males
provide employment.(ANY 5 POINTS)
Q6. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
The liberal minded middle class of German Confederacy met in the Frankfurt
Parliament in 1848, with an objective of establishing Germany as a nation. But they
failed miserably. The parliament ended with monarchical, military and aristocratic
triumph.
Later on, the Chief Minister of Prussia, Otto Von Bismarck led the movement of unity
of the German Confederacy. He organized the military wars and mobilized
bureaucracy against the countries which had occupied the German states. He fought
three wars for over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France, which he won.
This completed the process of German unification. In January 1871, the Prussian
king, William I was proclaimed German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles.
Q7. Describe the process of unification of Italy.
Italians were scattered over several dynastic states as well as the multi -national
Habsburg Empire. Italy was divided into seven states, of which only one, Sardinia-
Piedmont was ruled by an Italian princely house. The north was under Austrian
Habsburgs, the centre was ruled by the Pope and the southern regions were under the
domination of the Bourbon Kings of Spain.
During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini decided to make a programme to unite Italy and
formed a society called “Young Italy”. After earlier failures King Victor Emmanuel
II, he took to unify the Italian states through war.
He got the whole hearted support of Minister Cavour and made a tactful alliance with
France and defeated Austrian forces in 1859. Now he was able to secure the support
of Garibaldi.
In 1860 Garibaldi led the famous expedition to South Italy and freed the states from
Bourbon rulers. In 1861, before the completion of unification, Victor Emmanuel II
was proclaimed the king of united Italy.
Q8. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
The history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe because:
In Britain the formation of the nation-state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution.
The primary identities of the people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones - such as
English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the 'United
Kingdom of Great Britain' meant that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
Scotland's distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.
The Scottish Highlanders were forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national
dress and large numbers were forcibly driven out of their homeland.
The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic
country. Catholic revolts against British dominance were suppressed. Ireland was forcibly
incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
The symbols of the new Britain - the British flag, the national anthem, the English language were
actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.
