Chapter 10.
Quadratics – Summary Focus on UNDERSTANDING, not MEMORIZING
Notes
① X-intercepts, Roots, Zeros
Definition: Where the graph crosses the x-axis and
makes the y = 0. In a quadratic function, they can be
found with factoring or quadratic formula.
Factoring [When numbers are simple]
Y = x2 + 6x + 5 è y = (x+5)(x+1)
Quadratic Formula [Numbers are not factorable]
!"±√" ! !%&'
Y = x2 + 4x – 4 è (&
*Trigger - If the question is asking to find the x-
intercepts (or solutions that make the y=0) and the
answer choices have square root and/or plus-minus
sign (±), the equation is not factorable – you HAVE to
use the quadratic formula
Example . _____________________________. ___
3𝑥 ! + 12𝑥 + 6 = 0
What are the solutions to the equation above?
A) 𝑥 = −2 ± √2 (✓)
B) 𝑥 = −6 ± √2
C) 𝑥 = −6 ± 6√2
√#$
D) 𝑥 = −2 ± #
*Factor out the 3 to make the math simpler & smaller
② Sum/Product Of The Roots Example ___. ___. ________________._________
𝒃 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! − 4𝑥 + 8
Sum of the roots = −
𝒂 What is the product of the roots for the equation
𝒄 above?
Product of the roots =
𝒂
*Trigger – if the question specifically asks to find the Ans = 8
sum or product of the roots, use the formula. The
equation is probably not factorable.
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Chapter 10. Quadratics – Summary Focus on UNDERSTANDING, not MEMORIZING
Notes
③ Vertex
The maximum/minimum point of the parabola (h,k),
which can be found in two ways.
1) Vertex formula:
$
x-coordinate = ℎ = −
%&
y-coordinate = plug the x-coordinate into the function
Vertex Formula _. _.______________________
𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 6)
Which of the following is an equivalent form of the
function g above in which the minimum value of
the function is shown as constant or coefficient?
A) 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 − 12
B) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 6)
%
C) &'(
=𝑥−2
D) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)! − 16 (✓)
2) Midpoint method – Vertex is Roots
always located in the middle of
two x-intercepts.
)" *)!
Midpoint = ( (
)
Vertex
*Some questions may only be solved with the midpoint method
Midpoint Formula ___. _._________ ________
If the roots of the parabola is located at 3 & -5,
what is the x-coordinate of the vertex
A) 3
B) -5
C) -2
D) -1 (✓)
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Chapter 10. Quadratics – Summary Focus on UNDERSTANDING, not MEMORIZING
Notes
④ Vertex form & Standard form
Vertex form: 𝑦 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝒉)( + 𝒌
- Shows the location of the vertex
(maximum/minimum) as constant or
coefficients (h,k)
Standard form: Factored version // Ex) y=(x-2)(x+3)
- Shows the x-intercepts as constant or
coefficients à Allows you to identify the root
just by looking at the equation (roots = 2 or -3)
Trigger: the question will ask you to rearrange the
equation into either a vertex form or standard form
Vertex Form ___. _.______________________
𝑔(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 6)
Which of the following is an equivalent form of the
function g above in which the minimum value of
the function is shown as constant or coefficient?
A) 𝑦 = 𝑥 ! + 4𝑥 − 12
B) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 6)
%
C) &'(
=𝑥−2
D) 𝑦 = (𝑥 + 2)! − 16 (✓)
Standard Form ____. _____________________
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ! − 2𝑥 − 3
The equation above represents a parabola in the xy-
plane. Which of the following equivalent forms of
the equation displays the x-intercepts of the
parabola as constant or coefficients?
A) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1) (✓)
B) 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1) – 4
C) 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 ! + 3𝑥 − 2
D) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 2)! – 3
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Chapter 10. Quadratics – Summary Focus on UNDERSTANDING, not MEMORIZING
Notes
⑤ Discriminants
Formula (𝑑 = 𝑏 ( − 4𝑎𝑐) serves two purposes:
1) Identify the number of roots in a parabola
(quadratic function)
Understanding results
d < 0 à No root
d = 0 à One root
d > 0 à Two roots
Parabola Only __. ___. ________. ____
!
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 5𝑥 + 2
How many roots does the function above have?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2 (✓)
D) Infinitely many
2) Identify the number of intersections between a
line and a parabola
*must combine the two functions before plugging the
numbers into the formula
Understanding results
d < 0 à No intersection
d = 0 à One intersection
d > 0 à Two intersections
Line & Parabola _. ____. _. ___________
𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 5
𝑦 = 𝑥 ! − 5𝑥 + 2
How many intersections do the functions above
have?
A) 0
B) 1
C) 2 (✓)
D) Infinitely many
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