Module 1

Introductory Concepts
POLICE – Refers to a body of civil authority, tasked to maintain peace and order
ORIGIN OF THE WORD POLICE
Greek – Politeia means civil organization and the state
Romans – Politia
French – Police means people authorized to implement the law
European – Cops or Constable means to catch or sieze
Comparative – degree of likeness and unlikeness
System – is a complex whol3 consisting of interdependent parts
Model System – countries being use as a topic of discussion
Comparative Criminology – study of comparative police system, criminal justice and law
Comparative Police System – art and science of investigating and comparing police system of
nations
Comparative Criminal Justice – subfield or criminal justice that compares justice system
worldwide
International Criminal Justice – the study and description of one country’s law, criminal
procedure and justice process
Transnational Crime – Complexity and enormity of global crime issue, it obliges more than one
country
Example
 Money laundering
 Drug trafficking
 Human trafficking
 Terrorism
 Cyber crimes
International Crime – Crimes against the peace and security of mankind
Example

 Aggression
 Threat to aggression
 Genocide
 Terrorism
 Drug trafficking
Innovation – new idea or creative thoughts and application of bette4 solution
CATEGORIES OF COMPARATIVE RESEARCH
Safari Method – researcher visit another country
Collaborative Method – researcher communicates with foreign researcher
CATEGORIES OF PUBLISH WORK
1. Single Culture studies
2. Two culture studies
3. Comprehensive textbook
Module 3
International Police (INTERPOL)
International Criminal Police Organization ( INTERPOL ) – serve as transmission or
communication line for the exchange of information, data, request for assistance

 Founded at Vienna, Austria but at the present it is located in Lyon, France

 Largest police organization with over 194 countries
It focuses on

 Combat crimes and international crime

 Protect minorities against dominant group
 Maintain law enforcement regardless of race
Each nation has National Center Bureau ( NCB ) staffed by National Law enforcement
Officer
Africa – 54 NCB
America – 44 NCB
Asia and South Pacific – 49 NCB
Europe – 51 NCB
INTERPOL EMBLEM
Globe – activities are world wide
Olive Branches – symbolizing peace
Scale – Justice
Vertical Sword – Police action
The abbreviation ICPO and its French equivalent OIPC
INTERPOL'S STRUCTURE
1. General assembly
 Supreme governing body of Interpol
  Appointed by each member country
 The assembly takes all important decision
2. Executive committee
 Consisted of 13 members elected by general assembly
 Comprises of President, 3 Vice and 9 delegates
 Interpol's selected organ which meet 3 times a year, march or July
immediately before General Assembly
3. General Secretariat ( Lyon, France)–
 Operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
 Run by Secretary General
 Work with 80 countries using
 4 official languages :
Spanish
French
Arabic
English
 Consist of 7 general offices namely :
Argentina
Cameron
Cote D’Ivoire
Kenya
El Salvador
Thailand
Zimbabwe
4. National Central Bureaus – designated contact point for the general secretariat,
regional officers and other member countries
5. Advisers – purely advisory capacity, appointed by Executive committee and
confirmed by the General assembly
6. Commission for the Control of Interpol's file –
 ensure Interpol complies with Organizations Regulation
 To advice Interpol to any project concerning information about Interpol’s files.
Interpol's Governance – comprises of General Assembly and Executive Committee and
headed by the President
The president is elected by the General Assembly for 4 years
Oscar Dressler – first Secretary General of Interpol
Johann Schober – first president
Ronald K. Noble

 Current Secretary General

 Youngest Secretary General at the age of 44
 Elected on Nov 3. 2002
 Elected 2nd time in 2005
 3rd time in 2010
  5 years term
Mireille Ballestrazzi

 Current president
 Elected at Interpol General Assembly
 Held in Rome
 First woman president
 Serves until 2016
INTERPOL’S NOTICE
Red Notice – arrest or provisional arrest
Blue Notice – issued in order to locate , identify or obtain information
Yellow Notice – locate missing person
Green Notice – to warn about person’s criminal activities
Orange Notice – to warn of an event, person or object presenting imminent threat
Black Notice – seek information on unidentified bodies
Purple Notice – provide information on modus operandi
INTERPOL – United Nation Security Council Special Notice – individual and entities that are
subject to UN sanction
INTERNPOL FOUR CORE VALUES
1. Secure Police Global Communication Services – provide 24/7 global police
communicating system to exchange crucial data quickly and securely.
2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police – to fight international crime,
police needs access to information
3. Operational Support Services –
A. 24 hours support
Command and co-ordination Centre (CCC) operates round clock
B. Crisis response and major events
INTERPOL response teams or disaster victim identification
C. International Alert System
Notice system, Red for wanted person and other color coded notices Red,
Blue, Yellow, Green, Orange, Black and Purple
D. Analyzing Crime Data
Criminal intelligence analysis as a valuable tool. Provide timely warning of threats
Division of criminal intelligence Analysis
Operational Analysis – aims to achieve a specific law enforcement outcome. Usually it
has immediate benefit
Strategic Analysis – provides early warning signals of threats and to support decision
making in setting priorities to deal with criminal issues
4. Police training and development
 As one of the 4 INTERPOL core functions, Police Training and Development continues
to evolve as a priority for INTERPOL and member countries.
The following are channels of global bilateral and multilateral international cooperation against
transnational crime:
1. Global multi-lateral cooperation via Interpol.
2. Bilateral police cooperation agreements with individual states:
3 European multilateral cooperation via Europol

History of INTERPOL

1914

 The idea of INTERPOL was born in Monaco at the first International Criminal Police
Congress (14 to 18 April 1914). Officials from 24 countries discussed cooperation on
solving crimes, identification techniques and extradition.
1923

 After the First World War, the idea of an international police body was revived by
Johannes Schober, President of the Vienna Police. The International Criminal Police
Commission was established in September 1923 with headquarters in Vienna, Wanted
persons notices were first published in the International Public Safety Journal.
1927

 The 4th General Assembly in Amsterdam adopted a Resolution that each member
country should establish a central point of contact within its police structure; this was the
forerunner of today's National Central Bureau.
1930

 By 1930, specialized departments were established to deal with criminal records,

currency counterfeiting and passport forgery. Data was compiled and analyzed manually
until the 1980s, when computerization of our records began.
1932

 New statutes were put in place creating the post of Secretary General. The first was
Austrian Police Commissioner Oskar Dressler, who served until 1946.
1935

 They launched the international radio network, providing an independent

telecommunications system solely for the use of the criminal police authorities. By 1966,
34 countries had stations and they're network carried more than 90,000 messages per
year.
1938

 The Nazis assumed control of the International Criminal Police Commission after
deposing President Michael Skubl. Most countries stopped participating and we
effectively ceased to exist as an international organization. In 1942, under German
control, the ICPC relocated to Berlin (see photo).
1946

 Belgium led the rebuilding of the Organization after the Second World War with a
democratic process to elect the Executive Committee. The Headquarters moved to
Paris, France. Pictured here, President Florent Louwage addressing the 15th General
Assembly in Brussels.
In the same year, "INTERPOL" was chosen as our telegraphic address, a contraction of
International Police.
1947

 The first Red Notice was issued for a Russian man wanted for murdering a policeman.
The system of colour-coded notices was expanded over the years to cover other alerts
but the Red Notice for wanted persons remains a key tool today.
1956

 The ICPC became the International Criminal Police Organization with the adoption of a
modernized constitution. We became autonomous by collecting dues from member
countries and relying on financial investments
1958

 We revised the financial contributions of member countries and adopted financial

regulations.
1959

 An international narcotics trafficking meeting with the participation of United Nations

drugs director G Yates highlighted our early cooperation with other international
organizations
1963

 Recognizing the importance of sharing information and expertise on a regional level, we

organized the first regional conference for member countries in Liberia. Pictured here is
the 3rd African Regional Conference held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 1969.
1967

 From the original 16 founding members in 1923, there were 50 member countries in
1955. By 1967 this reached 100, and went on to 150 in 1989. Changing geographical
boundaries of nations went on to increase our membership.
1972
  Our status was strengthened by a Headquarters Agreement with France recognizing
INTERPOL as an international organization. We have been based in France since 1946,
with headquarters Paris, then in Saint Cloud (pictured here) from 1966 to 1989, when we
moved to Lyon.
1982

 the General Assembly adopted the Rules on international Police Cooperation and on the
Contrat of INTERPOL'S Arches, a legal framework necessary for processing personal
ite-such as names and fingerprints.
1986

 On 16 May 1986, our General Secretariat building in Saint Cloud was bombed by Action
Directe, an extremist group. One policeman was injured and the building suffered
extensive damage in 1998, four leaders of the group were sentenced in connection with
this and other attacks
1989

 The General Secretariat moved to purpose-built premises in Lyon, with an official

inauguration by France's President, François Mitterrand, on 27 November. Our
membership reached 150 countries.
1990

 We launched our X 400 communication system, enabling NCBs to send electronic

messages to each other and to the General Secretariat.
1992

 An automated search facility for remote searches of INTERPOL databases was

introduced,
1993

 We established an analytical criminal intelligence unit to study the links between

suspects, crimes and locations, thereby identifying patterns in crime and providing
warnings of threats.
1999

 Arabic was formally adopted as our fourth official language, following Spanish which was
used from 1955, with English and French being original languages.
2000

 We introduced an automatic fingerprint identification system which speeded up the time

needed to carry out fingerprint checks. Fingerprint evidence has always played a crucial
role in policing. but prints were previously on paper and were compared manually.
2001
  The Organization became operational 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, following the
terrorist attacks on the United States of 11 September as the Secretary General vowed
the "lights will never go out again at INTERPOL".
2002

 We launched our 1-24/7 global police communications system, giving all member
countries a secure platform to share and access our databases and information. Canada
(pictured here) was the first country to connect in 2003, and by 2007 all countries were
using it. Recognizing that criminals and terrorists often travel using fraudulent passports
and visas, we launched a Stolen and Lost Travel Documents database so that countries
can check the validity of a document in seconds. Today it contains more than 80 million
records.
 Building on the increased use of DNA by police, we created a DNA database to help link
international crimes. Today, more than 80 countries contribute DNA profiles of offenders
and crime scenes, and it can also be used for missing persons and unidentified human
remains:
2003

 We set up a Command and Coordination Centre to provide a point of contact for any
member country seeking urgent police information or facing a crisis situation. From
offices in Lyon, Singapore and Buenos Aires, it is manned 24 hours a day, 365 days a
year by staff members who speak several languages.
2005

 5 December saw the publication of the first INTERPOL-United Nations Security Council
Special Notice. It alerts global law enforcement authorities to individuals and entities who
are subjects of UNSC sanctions, such as assets freeze, travel ban and arms embargo.
 New technology called MIND/FIND is developed, allowing countries to give their frontline
officers such as immigration officials real-time access to our databases on nominal data,
stolen vehicles and travel documents.
2007

 Recognizing the importance of teaching police worldwide how to use our databases and
services, we reinforced our training programs on a range of specialized crime and
investigation areas and went on to build an online portal, the INTERPOL Global Learning
Centre.
2009

 The Secretariat opened a Regional Bureau in Yaoundé, complementing those in

Bangkok (1992). Buenos Aires (1993), Abidjan (1994), Harare (1997), Nairobi (1999)
and San Salvador (2003). They bring police in a region together to share experiences
and tackle common crime issues
2010
  By now, we have become a more operational organization, deploying teams to support
security for major events or to respond to incidents since 2002. We run a range of field
operations with our member countries every year across a range of crime areas, often
including a training element.
 The first Operation Infra brought officials from many countries together to locate and
arrest serious long-term international fugitives. Infra operations are now held regularly,
focusing on different fugitives by type of crime or by region.
2012

 We raised the international profile of contemporary criminal violence with a ministerial

meeting involving justice, security and home affairs ministers from nearly 100 countries.
Held during the General Assembly in Rome, it followed a joint ministerial meeting with
the United Nations in 2009.
2015

 The INTERPOL Global Complex for Innovation opened in Singapore in April. It is a

research and development facility for the identification of crimes and criminals,
innovative training and operational support.

Module 4
The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime Course

 At the end of this course, the students should be able to: The United Nations Convention
against Transnational Organized Crime
 adopted by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000
 is the main international instrument in the fight against transnational organized crime It
opened for signature by Member States at a High-level Political Conference Convened
for that purpose in Palermo, Italy, on 12-15 December 2000 and entered into force on 29
September 2003.
The Convention is further supplemented by three Protocols, which target specific areas and
manifestations of organized crime: the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Persons, Especially Women and Children; the Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by
Land, Sea and Air; and the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in
Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition. Countries must become parties to the
Convention itself before they can become parties to any of the Protocols. The Convention
represents a major step forward in the fight against transnational organized crime and signifies
the recognition by Member States of the seriousness of the problems posed by it, as well as the
need to foster and enhance close international cooperation in order to tackle those problems.
States that ratify this instrument commit themselves to taking a series of measures against
transnational organized crime, including the creation of domestic criminal offences (participation
in an organized criminal group, money laundering, corruption and obstruction of justice); the
adeption of new and sweeping frameworks for extradition, mutual legal assistance and low
enforcement cooperation; and the promotion of training and technical assistance for hiding or
upgrading the necessary capacity of national authorities.
PROTOCOL TO PREVENT, SUPPRESS AND PUNISH TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS,
ESPECIALLY

WOMEN AND CHILDREN

 It is the first global legally binding instrument with an agreed definition on trafficking in
persons. The intention behind this definition is to facilitate convergence in national
approaches with regard to the establishment of domestic criminal offences that would
support efficient international cooperation in investigating and prosecuting trafficking in
persons cases. An additional objective of the Protocol is to protect and assist the victims
of trafficking in persons with full respect for their human rights
 It deals with the growing problem of organized criminal groups who smuggle migrants,
often at high risk to the migrants and at great profit for the offenders. A major
achievement of the Protocol was that, for the first time in a global international
instrument, a definition of smuggling of migrants was developed and agreed upon. The
Protocol aims at preventing and combating the smuggling of migrants, as well as
promoting cooperation among States parties, while protecting the rights of smuggled
migrants and preventing the worst forms of their exploitation which often characterize the
smuggling process.
 The objective of the Protocol, which is the first legally binding instrument on small arms
that has been adopted at the global level, is to promote, facilitate and strengthen
cooperation among States Parties in order to prevent, combat and eradicate the illicit
manufacturing of and trafficking in firearms, their parts and components and ammunition
By ratifying the Protocol, States make a commitment to adopt a series of crime-control
measures and implement in their domestic legal order three sets of normative provisions
the first one relates to the establishment of criminal offenses related to legal
manufacture of, and trafficking in, firearms on the basis of the Protocol requirements and
defuitions; the second to system of government authorizations or licensing intending to
ensure legitimate manufacturing of, and trafficking in, firearms; and the third one to the
marking and tracing of firearms
ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)

 is the National Police Organization for the Association of Southeast Nations(ASEAN)

 deals with the preventive enforcement and operational aspects of cooperation against
transactional crime
 Actively involved in sharing knowledge and expertise on policing enforcement, law,
criminal justice, and transnational and international crime,
1981 (Manila)

 The first formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN Police was held in Manila,Philippines on
the 21 to 23 October 1981. - Attended by 5 original member countries such as
Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
 To discuss matters of law enforcement and crime control. This annual meeting was
called ASEANAPOL Conference.
  The basic requirement for a country to become a member of ASEANAPOL is that the
country shall first be a member of ASEAN and the application shall be tabled at the
conference for approval. Objectives of ASEANPOL
 Enhance police professionalism
 Forge stronger regional cooperation in policing
 Promote lasting friendship amongst police officers of members countries

FIVE OTHER MEMBERS

1. Brunei
5. Myanmar
6. Vietnam
2. Cambodia
3. Laos

IMPORTANT DATES
1983 (Jakarta) =

 Endorsement of the model & design of ASEANAPOL logo

1984 (Kuala Lumpur)

 Royal Brunei Police became a member and joined the annual conference
1996 (Kuala Lumpur)

 Vietnam joined as a new member

1998 (Brunei)

 Laos joined ASEANAPOL

2000 (Myanmar)

 Myanmar became the 10 country to joined as a new member

2005 (Bali)

 The setting up of a working group to consider the viability of establishing a permanent

ASEANAPOL Secretariat
 -Silver Jubilee Commemoration of ASEANAPOL

2008 (Brunei)

 The Royal Malaysia Police was chosen as a host of permanent ASEANAPOL

Secretariat
2009 (Vietnam)
  Adoption of Terms of Reference (TOR)
2010

 On 1 January 2010 commencement of ASEANAPOL Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia
ASEANPOL LOGO
SHIELD

 Symbol of community protection

FLAGS

 10 member countries
YELLOW

 Color of honesty
SPRAY OF RICE & COTTON

 Symbol of prosperity
3 STEPS ON TOP OF PILLAR
Police motto:
 Fight crime
 Love humanity
 Help Delinquents
10 STEPS AT THE BOTTOM OF PILLAR

 10 ASEAN countries
BLACK

 Determination

ORANIZATION
ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE

 comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual ASEANAPOL conference.

It provides a summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the
Delegation
2 ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT

 is on rotational basis with member countries taking turn to host the ASEANAPOL
conference and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.
 headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors
Tenure of Services
a. Executive Director - 2 years
b. Directors-3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and Programs
*During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of Reference
on
the establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made
the permanent seat.

*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January 1, 2010.

STEM
MODULE 5
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM
Schneider (2001) summarizes the various theories that exist with empirical support:
The first theory, which might be called the alertness to crime theory. Is that as a
nation develops, people's alertness to crime is heightened. They report more crime to police
and demand the police to become more effective in solving crime problems.
The second theory, which might be called the economic or migration theory, is that
crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such
as ghettos and slums.
The third theory, opportunity theory, is that along with higher standards of living,
victims become more careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime
multiply.
The fourth theory, called demographic theory, is based on the event when a greater
number of children are being born. As these baby boomers grow up, delinquent subcultures
develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.
A fifth theory, deprivation theory, holds that progress comes along with rising
expectations. People at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top
don't see themselves rising fast enough.
A sixth theory, modernization theory, sees the problem as society becoming too
complex.
A seventh theory, the theory of anomie and synomie (the latter being a term referring
to social cohesion on values), suggest that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the
disintegration of older norms that once held people together (anomie).
Comparative law Enforcement
 After we have discussed the effect of globalization and the Interpol's role in policing the
world, let us now look into some police systems and models which their methods can be
adopted in our own system for effective modern day policing.

Societal Type and Police System

There are four kinds of societies in the world: (1) folk-communal societies, which are
also called primitive societies; (2) urban-commercial societies, which rely on trade as the
essence of their market system; (3) urban industrial societies, which produce most of the goods
and services they need without government interference; and (4) bureaucratic societies, or
modern post-industrial societies where the emphasis is upon technique or the "technologizing"
of everything, with the government taking the lead.

Folk-communal society - has little codification of law, no specialization among

Police, and a system of punishment that just lets things go for a while without attention until
things become too much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to. Classic examples
include the early Roman gentiles, African and Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements in
North America

Urban-commercial society - has civil law (some standards and customs are written
down). Specialized police forces (some for religious offices, others for enforcing the King's law),
and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh, sometimes lenient. Most of the Continental
Europe developed along this path.
Urban-industrial society- not only has codified laws (statutes that prohibited) but
laws that prescribe good behavior. Police become specialized in how to handle property
crimes, and the system of punishment is run on market principles of creating insensitivity and
disincentives. England and the U.S. followed this positive legal path.
Bureaucratic society has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers), police who
tend to keep busy handling political crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment
characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding. The U.S. and perhaps only eight other
nations fit the bureaucratic pattern. Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon that only occurs in
bureaucratic society.

Some people also talk about the fifth type: Postmodern society, where the emphasis is
upon the meaning of words and the deconstruction of institutions.
Developing countries tend to be lumped into the first two (1) and (2) types, and the study
of culture becomes more important in these contexts. Developed countries tend to be the last
two (3) and (4) types, and the study of the structures becomes more important. The study of
culture involves the study of customs and folkways of the people. The study of social structure
involves the study of institutions, like economic and political systems.

Variable affecting System Comparison on Police System

Many comparativists romanticize the folk-communal society for its low crime rates as
well as the way most quarrels and conflicts are settled privately. However, folk societies are also
known for "lumping it" which is the process of letting things go on longer until it's too much to
tolerate anymore. Nonetheless, folk societies work very hard to avoid the over-criminalization
common to modern bureaucratic societies.
The most frequently studied variable in comparative police systems and criminal justices
is urbanization, or the process of internal migration from the countryside to the cities. It is
suspected that urbanization dissolves family ties, creates a culture of poverty, and produces a
stabilized criminal underworld consisting of well-defined criminal career pathways. Also of
importance are the variables of colonization and underdevelopment, as these processes of
globalization shape underdog ideologies among exploited Third World people which come back
in the form of terrorism against the more developed countries. However, an event is not the
cause of crime if it occurs when crime rates are falling.
1. Common Law Systems = usually exists in English speaking countries of the world
= there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which
the public trial is a main focal point
= also known as "Anglo-American Justice"

2. Civil Law Systems = distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is
granted the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation
= also known as "Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice"

4. Socialist System = distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender.

= known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa and Asia
4. Islamic System = based more on the concept of natural justice or customary law
or tribal traditions

THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

Continental = is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are
servants of higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy
and Spain.
Home Rule = the theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of
the community or the people. This theory prevails in England and United States.
 CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE
1. Old Police Service = states that the yardstick of police efficiency relies on the number
of arrest made
2. Modern Police Service = states that the yardstick of police efficiency relies on the
absence of crime.

EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

Praetorian guards = military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in
which the idea of policing said to have originated
Officer de la Paix = a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term Police
Officer
1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System

A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male residents
were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect the lives andproperties of
the people.

About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the Anglo-Saxon
System. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a leader who was
known as the Tithingman. Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families was
named the reeve. Both the tithingman and reeve were elected officials. They possessed judicial
power as well as police authority.
B. Hue and Cry
Village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a criminal by an
act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.
C. Trial by Ordeal
judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is determined by
subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. (In present terminologies, it
would mean an employment of a "3rd degree.") The word "ordeal" was derived from the
Medieval Latin word "Dei Indicum" which means "a miraculous decision."

2. Norman Period of Policing System

 This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The Conqueror (King
of France). When he invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and
dictators began and changed the concept of crime being committed against the state.
A. Shire-Rieve
Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period when England was divided
into fifty- five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head-man or
lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55) military divisions in England are called shires. The
shire-rieve had absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions. Two
"Constabuli" or "The Keeper of the Horse" were appointed to each village to aid the Rieve in his
duties. It became the source of the word Constable. The term "Shire-Rieve" is said to be the
origin of the word "Sheriff."
B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge
A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve
and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the division
of the police and judicial powers.
C. Legis Henrici
An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
Offenses were classified as against the king and individuals Policeman becomes public
servant. "citizen's arrest."
The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the system
called
Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made
inquisition onto the facts of a crime and eliminate the "Anglo-Saxon Trial or "Trial by Ordeal
System."
D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve
years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people peace.
3. Westminster Period of Policing System
It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of
England, which at the time was Westminster. This period has the following features: Guards
were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward) were
defined Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at keeping the peace.
The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the closing of
the gates of London during sundown.
C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361)
Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given authority to
pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law. They handled felonies,
misdemeanors and infractions of city or village ordinances. This was later abolished about 75
years after.
D. Star Chamber Court (1487)
A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room set-up is formed in
a shape of a star and judges were given great powers such as the power to force testimony
from a defendant leading to a great abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.

4. Keepers of the Peace

A. proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195 that required the
appointment of knights to keep the King's peace by standing as guards on bridges and gates
while checking the people entering and leaving the cities and towns.
5. King Charles II of England (1663)
King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the employment of
watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.
6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"
A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the Knights of the
Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with the following features:
No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by legal judgment of
his peers.
No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of the victim.

Police System vs. Criminal Justice System

With these influences of societal systems, the Police system and Criminal Justice
System around the world varies depending on the kind of legal system. With the exceptions of
Japan and the Common Law nations, few countries hold their police officers accountable for
violations of civil rights. In Socialist and Islamic countries, the police hold enormous political and
religious powers. In fact, in such places, crime is always seen as political crime or a co-
occurring religious problem.

COMPARATIVE COURT SYSTEM

Court System in the world are two types:
(1) The Adversarial; and
(2) The Inquisitorial.
How do we now distinguish the above philosophies of the Criminal Justice System?
 As to the presumption:
-The Adversarial Approach assumes the accused to be innocent
-while the Inquisitorial Approach assumes the accused to be guilty. As to the burden of proof:
-The Adversarial Approach places the burden on the public prosecutor to prove the guilt of the
accused;
-while the Inquisitorial Approach places the burden of proving his innocence on the accused.
As to the emphasis:
-The Adversarial Approach places emphasis on the process;
-while the Inquisitorial Approach places emphasis on the conviction of the accused

what is the philosophy adopted by our Criminal Justice System?

The philosophy adopted in our Criminal Justice System is the Adversarial Approach.
This is obvious due to the greater emphasis on the observance of due process and of the litany
of rights in the Bill of Rights of our Constitution.

Comparative Juvenile Justice System

The Juvenile Justice System varies widely. Scotland has the toughest system, regularly
sentencing juveniles to harsh boot camps with a strict military regimen and forced labor.
Germany has a juvenile justice system similar to the U.S., where more emphasis is upon
education as punishment.

MODERNIZATION versus COLONIZATION

The idea that technology produces common effects tends to make all nations
increasingly similar is the modernization thesis (Shelly 1981). In this view, the developing
countries are destined to go through the same crime and control patterns as the developed
nations have gone through. This pattern mainly involves a skyrocketing increase in property
crime, the hallmark of industrial society. It also involves more female emancipation, and certain
problems arise from this, not the least of which is a backlash of male violence. The implication
of the modernization thesis is that developed countries, like the U.S. ought to reach out, and
help developing countries manage or regulate the inevitable stages they will have to go through.
Opposed to this idea is the underdevelopment, or colonization thesis (Sumner 1982)
which states that it is the more advanced, Corporations, for example, are allowed to pillage Raw
materials and resources in the Third World. Likewise, most of the developed nations do not
engage in free trade. Instead, they subsidize their farmers and producers at home, and prohibit
the import of cheap, foreign-made products. and make their money by saturating foreign
markets with luxury goods that create a sense of rising specifications or unreachable aspirations
in the Third World.
 There is little debate, however, over the importance of urbanization. Comparative
criminologists believe urbanization is the primary cause of violent crime in any society (Archer &
Gartner 1984). When citizens migrate to the cities, kinship and community ties are broken, and
a sense of anonymity and impersonality develops. Some of this impersonality is inherent to the
nature of industrial and bureaucratic work, but the problem in the cities appears to be the
problem of income inequality, where vast numbers of poor people live in fairly close
concentration to wealthier people, or those who are on the verge of "making it" economically.

Example:
SCOTLAND = has a toughest system, regularly sentencing juveniles to harsh booth
camps with a
strict military regimen and forced labor.
GERMANY
= has a juvenile justice system similar to the U.S., where more emphasis is upon
education as punishment.

MODULE 6
Module 6
LONDON POLICING SYSTEM
LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829
Jonry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first detective force, known as
the Bow Street Runners
Bow Street Runners = a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by his brother
John Fielding task to catch thieves and robbers
= identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown
- made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the
volunteer constables and watchmen
1798 Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were being paid by local
magistrates.
= initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was
responsible for preventing the theft of cargo. = widely regarded as being the first modern
police force in the world, in the sense that they were not government controlled and were
responsible
for the prevention of crime.
LONDON 1829
Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home Secretary in 1822
METROPOLITAN POLICE FORCE (MPF) = organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel under the
etropolitan Police Act of 1829
The largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the others include the
City of London Police and the British Transport Police)
finest police force around the world.
POLICING = motto of London Metropolitan Police
16
IMPORTANT DATES
1833
-Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance dealt with by the
metropolitan Police with controversial use of force.
1836= The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its control.
1838 = incorporates marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the Metropolitan Police and the
disbandment of the Bow Street Oftice and other Offices. These were all agreed and put into
effect.
SUPERVISION AND ADMINISTRATION OF MPF
The Metropolitan Police Authority (MPA) was the police authority responsible for
supervising the Metropolitan Police Service, the police force for Greater London. It consisted of
23 members: 12 London ASsembly members, appointed by the Mayor of London in accordance
with the political balance on the Assembly, four magistrates and seven independents. The MPA
was set up in 2000 as a functional body of the Greater London Authority, by the Greater London
Authority Act 1999. Previously control of the Metropolitan Police had vested entirely in the Home
Secretary.
2. The MPA was disbanded on 16th January 2012 when the functions of the MPA were
transferred to the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPC)
MPF Age criteria
As of 1 October 2006, the age criteria (at the time of application) is as follows:
18-62½ old = Police community Support oficers
18-57 years old = Special constables
18- 57 Years old = New constables and experienced officers.
● Police staff - 16 years, except where the role involves shift work where the minimum age
will be 18 years.
● Volunteers= 18+

MODULE 7
UNITED STATES POLICE SYSTEM
TYPES OF US POLICE
1. Municipal Police
includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff departments.
Types of Local Police
a. Country Sheriff = in charged with the operation of county jail, civil function such as service
Of eviction notices and other court orders and police responsibility
b. City Police = most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that
occur in an incorporated municipality.
2. State Police
includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide law enforcement.
Also Tasked of regulating traffic and maintaining order and safety on state and Federal
highways.
3. Federal Police agencies
operated by federal government at the national level Some Federal Agencies Having
Police Functions
a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes

1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice)

 investigates all violations of federal Law except when the enforcement authority
was given to other specific federal agency
2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury)
 concerned with investigation of counterfeiting, forging or altering of any of the
money or other securities of the U.S. It is also in charged of the protection of the
president and his family, and of the executive mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury)
 investigates all violations of federal law Relating to prohibited drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice)
 investigates all violations of immigration and naturalization laws, patrol boarders
to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens,
b. Protection of the National Revenue
1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue

 investigation of violations of income tax lows

2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue

 violations of internal revenue laws

3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs

 investigates smuggling activities and enforces customs and navigation laws

Private Police

 additional police protection made by employing sworn officers through contract

when they are not officially on duty.
Two Basic Forms of Private Police
1. Proprietary Police = when a person wish to receive service, he hires and security personnel
directly
2. Contract Security services of an independent security company.

Selected U.S. Police Agencies

New York City = it is where the first full time police force was organized in the United States
New York Police Department = the largest police force in the United States
Texas Ranger = police force originally created in response to colonization
Boston Police Department = first local modern police department established in the United
States
Pennsylvania State Police = the first state police agency established
Los Angeles Police Department = police force that hired the first female police officer
named, Alice Stebbins Wells
Department of Homeland Security – a federal law enforcement agency in the United States
which handles U.S. Customs and Border Protection, Immigration and Customs Enforcement,
United States Secret Service, United States Coast Guard and Transportation Security
Administration
CANADA POLICE SYSTEM
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

 colloquially known as Mounties and internally as “The Force”= is the national

police force of Canada and one of the most recognized of its kind in the world
being a national, federal, provincial and municipal policing body. It is founded in
1920 by the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted Police(1873) with the Dominion
Police (1868).

MODULE 8
AUSTRALIA AND JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
Australian Federal Police = a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement organization,
taking Strong lead in the fight against 21” century crime.
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
Kelhoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Home affairs to 1945)
Japanese Colonial Government = the one which organized the first formal policing in
China.
Japanese Yakuza = considered as the center of Asian organized crime action.

OUTLINE OF PRESENT POLICE ORGANIZATION

National Level
1. National Public Safety Commission (NPSC)
 an administrative board under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister. It is
composed of Chairman and five members, serving five year term, who Are
appointed by the Prime Minister.
 The Chairman is the State Minister, who convenes the commission and presides
over its matters, But is not a member.
The NPSC controls the National Police Agency (NPA) with respect to:
 a. Police training
b. Communications
c. Criminal statistics
d. Equipment
e. Other police administration and
f. Matters of police operations affecting national public safety.

The NPSC has the power to appoint or dismiss the Commissioner-General of the National
Police Agency with the approval of the Prime Minister. Appointments and dismissals of Chiefs of
Prefectural Police Headquarters are also made by the
NPSC with the consent of the Prefectural Public Safety Commission For the Chief
(Superintendent-General) of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, the further approval of
the Prime Minister and the consent of the Tokyo Metropolitan Public Safety Commission are
required.

2. National Police Agency (NPA) = established under the control of the National Public Safety
Commission, headed by a Commissioner-General. It is made up of

Commissioner-General's Secretariat and five Bureaus

a. Community Safety Bureau
b. Criminal Investigation Bureau
c. Traffic Bureau
d. Security Bureau
e. Info-Communications Bureau

Attached Agency of the NPA:

a. National Police Academy = provides training to police officers and conduct academic
research
b. National Research Institute of the Police Science = conducts research in police science
c. Imperial Guards = provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other Imperial
family.
= responsible for the security of Imperial Palace

NPA Regional Bureaus = exercise control and supervision over regional police offices and
provides support with the prefectural police.
There are seven (7) Regional Police Bureaus established as local police officers of the NPA
whose Jurisdiction extends to all districts except in the areas of Tokyo Prefecture and Hokkaido.

8. Prefecture Level (Local)

1. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC) = established under the jurisdiction of the
respective Prefectural Governors, it controls the Prefectural Police in its respective jurisdiction.
The PPSC may, when necessary, submit recommendations to the NPSC with respect the
dismissal of or disciplinary action against the Chief of a Prefectural Police Headquarters.
2. Prefectural Police = jurisdiction is generally confined in their respective prefectures. There are
47 Prefectural Police Departments in Japan.
The largest is the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department, and the next is the Osaka Police
Headquarters.
Superintendent-General = head of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department

Rank Structure and Corresponding Position of NPA

 Commissioner-General (Keisatsu-cho Chokan): The Chief of National Police Agency

 Superintendent General (Keishi-sökan): The Chief of Metropolitan Police Department
 Superintendent Supervisor (eishi-kan): Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy
 Superintendent General, The Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of Prefectural
Police Headquarters,
 Chief Superintendent (Keishi-cho): The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.
 Senior Superintendent (Keishi-sei). The Chief of Police Station,
 Superintendent (Keishi): The Chief of Police Station.
 Police Inspector or Captain (Keibu)
 Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant (Keibu-ho)
 Police Sergeant (Junsa-bucho)
 Senior Police Officer or Corporal (Junsa-cho): Honorary rank.
 Police officer, old Patrolman (Junsa)

MODULE 8
MALAYSIA POLICE SYSTEM

ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE (RMP)

Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia (PDRM) = Police force of Malaysia.
The headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
The constitution, control, employment, recruitment, fund, discipline, duties and powers of the
Police force is specified and governed by the Police Act 1967

Motto TEGAS, ADIL DAN BERHEMAH Firm, Fair And Prudent

RMP Organizations
1. Management Department the Management Department is tasked with the routine of
Management and administration affairs of the RMP. This department is also the nerve
centre Of the RMP and acts as the support services platform for the rest of the force.
2. Logistics Department has the role to provide several equipment needed in RMP
3. Criminal Investigation Division deals with the investigation, arrest and prosecution of
hard Crimes (murder, robbery, rape etc) and petty crimes (theft, house-breaking etc).

= This department also specializes in gambling, vice and secret societies (triads)

Branches of Criminal Investigation Division

D1-Administrative Division
D2-Criminal Record Registration
D3-Internal Affairs
04-Statistics
D5-Prosecution and Law Divisions
D6-Technical Assistance Division
D7-Gambling/Vice/Secret Societies
D6-Investigation Division/Planning
D9-Special Investigation Division
D10-Forensic Laboratory Division
D11-Sexual Investigation Division
D12-National Centre Bureau-Interpol Division
 4. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division this department’s function is to fight against
Dangerous drugs by enforcing the law to stop and reduce the demand and supply of
dangerous drugs
5. Internal Security and Public Order Department = responsible for traffic control and
Search and Rescue (SAR) operations
6. The Police Field Force (PFF)-organized in battalions and was a para-military units of
the Royal Malaysia Police. Also known as the Jungle Squad
= established in 1948
7. Police Counter-Terrorism Unit an elite unit of RMP responsible in counter-terrorism
operations
8. Marine Combat Unit (MCU) or Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) = was established in
2006 and It was fully operational by the end of 2007

First name was Unit Selom Tempur due to the pressing need to suppress the pirate attack a
longside the coastal area of Malacca Straits and open sea area of South China Sea which were
continuously widespread from time to time despite various efforts done to overcome the
Problem

INDONESIA POLICE SYSTEM

Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia) is the official police
force of Indonesia, organized 1946
also known as Polri Markasbesar/Mabes name of the headquaters of Indonesian National
Police located in Kebayoran Baru, South, Jakarta, Indonesia

POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES

1. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil = regional police
2. Kepolisian Daerah or Polda = provincial police
3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres = city or regency police
4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek = sub-district police

SPECIAL BRANCHES
1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations
=paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and providing security for VIP and
vital facilities
2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) = received special anti-riot training
3. Sea and Air Police = responsible patrolling the airspace
4. Plainclothes Unit = assigned in conducting investigations
5. Maritime Police = responsible in protecting the territorial sea
6. Anti-Terrorist Unit = trained in counter-terrorism 7. Forensics = in-charged of laboratory
examination of evidence

SINGAPORE POLICE SYSTEM

Singapore Police Force (SPF) = is the main agency task with maintaining law and order in the
city- State. It is formerly known as Republic of Singapore Police Organized with split staff (15)
and line functions (13) roughly modeled after the military, Headquarters at New Poenix Park in
Novena

Francis James Bernard = formed the skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore Police
force in 1819

Training in SPF
Police Academy – provides basic training to both new and serving officers of the SPF
6 Months is the duration of training for Constables
10 Months duration of training for Officer Cadet Trainees

THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM

Royal Thai Police (RTP) = is the primary law enforcement agency of Thailand. Formerly known
as Thailand National Police Department (TNPD)
In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly under the
Office of the Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai Police. The position of its supreme Head
was changed from that of the Director-General of the TNPD to the Commissioner-General of the
Royal Thai Police

10 Geographical Regions of RTP

1. Metropolitan Police Bureau
2. Provincial Police Region 1 = central region
3. Provincial Police Region 2 = eastern region
4. Provincial Police Region 3-lower northeastern region
5. Provincial Police Region 4 = upper northeastern region
 6. Provincial Police Region 5 upper northern region
7. Provincial Police Region 6 = lower northern region
8. Provincial Police Region 7 = western region
9. Provincial Police Region 8 = upper southern region
10. Provincial Police Region 9= lower southern region

Different Bureaus of RTP

1. Border Patrol Police = maintenance of the public peace and security along the border
areas
2. Central Investigation Bureau responsible for major criminal cases, specially offenses
committed in breach of national security and integrity
3. Immigration Bureau responsible for immigration proceedings of all country checkpoints,
Alien registration control, prevention and suppression of trafficking of women and
children
4. Narcotics Suppression Bureau in charge of drug prevention and suppression in
Thailand
5. Office of the Royal Court Security Police = provides security for His Majesty the King
and the Queen, the Heir, and His Majesty’s representatives
6. Special Branch police intelligence unit, responsible for acquiring and managing
intelligence concerning national security.

11. Office of Human Resources = responsible for personnel management within the RTP
12. Police Education Bureau = provides training to RTP

Recruitment and Training

Applicants with high school education receive training provided by Police Education Bureau and
become rank-and-file police officers.
Applicants who are college graduate are trained inside the Police Cadet Academy and become
sub-inspectors.
They undergo 4 year course in the academy. No entry is allowed beyond sub-Inspector rank
from outside the agency Age:
Male 14-18 years old for a High School Applicant.
Male or Female 18-35 year old for college graduate applicant.

MYANMAR POLICE SYSTEM

Myanmar Police Force = formally known as The People’s Police Force (Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae
Tup Pwe)
Its command structure is based on established civil jurisdictions. Each of Myanmar’s seven
states And seven divisions has their own Police Forces with headquarters in the respective
capital cities.

State and Division of Police Forces

There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional State/Division Police
Forces commanded by Police Colonels. Their jurisdictions are divided according to the Civil
Administration.
Each State and Divisional Police Force consist of four components.
1. Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
2. Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
3. Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
4. Police Stations The District Police Forces are classified into two classes depending on
the area, population and development, namely A and B Class.
a. Class A District Police Forces = commanders are Police Lieutenant Colonels
b. Class B District Police Forces = commanders are Police Majors.
c. Township Police Forces commanders are Police Majors
d. Police Station Officers commanders are Police Lieutenants.

Special Departments
There are four Special Departments, in which the first two Departments are headed by the
Police Brigadier Generals and the remaining two are by Police Colonels
1. Special Intelligence Department (Special Branch)
2. Criminal Investigation Department (CID)
3. Railways Police Department
4 City Development Police Department
5. Myanmar Traffic Police

Others Major Departments

1. Aviation Police Department
2. Coastal and River Patrol Police Department
3. Highway Patrol Police Department
4. Tourist Police Department
TRAINING CENTERS
1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force
2. No.1 Police Training Depot = undertakes Basic Training Course for Police Sergeant for 2
years; Warrant Officer and Police Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and Basic Training Course
for Constables for 6 Month
3.No. 2 Police Training Depot = undertakes only Basic Training Course for Constables, which
normally takes around 6 months to complete

CAMBODIA POLICE SYSTEM

Cambodian National Police is the primary law enforcement agency in Cambodia
The Cambodian National Police is divided into four autonomous units, headed collectively by
the First Deputy Director of National Police, and five central departments, each managed by a
Chief of Department and Deputy Director:

Four Autonomous Units ((headed by First Deputy Director)

1. Interpol unit
2. Headquarters unit
3. Intervention unit
4. Drug Enforcement unit
Five Central Departments (each managed by a Chief of Department and Deputy Director)
1. Border department
2. Public Order department
3. Judicial department
4. Security department
5. Central Department of Means (support office)
Border Department
The border police department is divided into three sub-departments:
1. Land border
2. Marine border
3. Logistics and technical
Public Order Department
1. Social Security
 2. Defense
3. Administration
4. Public order
Judicial Department
The judicial police force is divided into three sub-departments:
1. Criminal police
2. Economic police
3. Scientific and technical
Security Department
The security police department is divided into four sub-departments
1. General information
2. Anti-terrorism police
3. Body-guards
4. Foreigners

Central Department of Means

1. Personnel
2. Training
3. Logistics and material

HONG KONG POLICE SYSTEM

Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF) = is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau
of Hong Kong. It is the world’s second, and Asia’s first, police agency to operate with a modern
policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844.
In 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force for their
handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots - renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
Following the transfer of sovereignty, the Force is once again named the Hong Kong Police
Force

The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two deputy
commissioners:

 Deputy Commissioner - Operations = supervises all operational matters including crime

and
  Deputy Commissioner - Management is responsible for the direction and coordination of
force management including personnel, training, and management services.

Motto We Serve with Pride and Care

The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six Regions:
1. Hong Kong Island
2. Kowloon East
3. Kowloon West
4. New Territories North
5. New Territories South
6. Marine Region
The Force Headquarters (Management) is made up of five departments:
1. Operations & Support
2. Crime & Security
3. Personnel & Training

4. Management Services
5. Finance, Administration and Planning
Operations Wing
The Operations Wing consists of three sections: Operations Bureau, the Police Tactical Unit
and the Explosive Ordnance Disposal Bureau.
Operations Bureau
Regional Command and Control Centre provides the means for exercising control over
resources both at regional and district levels. It also acts as an information centre for the
passage of information to the Headquarters CCC and other agencies.
e. Emergency Unit comprises the ordinary uniformed policemen. The unit is primarily
tasked with regular patrol beats as well as providing quick responses to emergency
situations such as 999 calls
Police Tactical Unit
a. Special Duties Unit (SDU)
b. Emergency Unit
c. Airport Security Unit (ATU)
 d. Counter Terrorism Response Unit (CTRU) created in 2009 as a means to deal
with terror threats in Hong Kong. The unit initially trained with the NYPD Hercules
Team.

Explosive Ordnance Disposal Bureau is a special standalone unit within the Operations and
Wing. Its main responsibilities are bomb disposal work both on land and underwater. It also
trains officers on explosives related matters and inspects storage of ammunition and explosives.
Anti-Illegal Immigration Control Centre is responsible for collecting intelligence and
monitoring operations in respect to illegal immigrants from the Mainland and Vietnam
Administration Formation implements policies laid down by the Regional Commander and is
responsible for the Region’s general administration. Its responsibilities include community
relations, staff relations, and magistrates.
Crime Formation investigates serious and inter-district crimes. In addition, it collects, collates
an evaluates intelligence on criminals and criminal activity within the Region.
Traffic Branch Headquarters covers traffic control, enforcement of traffic legislation and
regulations, investigation of traffic accidents, promotion of road safety, and implementing Force
and Regional traffic policies.

Crime Wing

1. Organized Crime and Triad Bureau (OCTB) investigates major organized and serious
crime involving all types of activities such as theft/smuggling of vehicles, human
trafficking, firearms, vice, debt collection, syndicated gambling and extortion.
2. Criminal Intelligence Bureau (CIB) is the Force’s central co-ordinating body for
Intelligence on crime and criminality which, after analysis and assessment, is
disseminated to Crime investigation units as required.
3. Commercial Crime Bureau (CCB) investigates serious commercial and business fraud,
computer-related crimes, the forgery of monetary instruments, identity documents and
payment Cards, and the counterfeiting of currency and coins.
4. Narcotics Bureau (NB) investigates serious drug cases such as importation and
manufacture of illicit drugs, and gathers intelligence in relation to major drug activities.
5. Support Group is made up of units which provide a technical and professional service to
Support criminal investigation, including Criminal Records Bureau, Identification Bureau,
Forensic Firearms Examination Bureau and Child Protection Policy Unit. The group also
fulfils a liaison responsibility for the Forensic Pathology Service and the Forensic Science
Division.
Hong Kong Police College is responsible for all matters relating to training within the Hong
Kong Police except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine Police training.

 Training provided by the Police College includes recruit and continuation training, crime
investigation training, police driver training and weapon tactics training.
 The information technology training, command training, local and overseas management
training, some specialist courses and periodic courses on firearms and first aid are also
provided by the Police College.
Service Quality Wing is responsible for spearheading initiatives to improve services provided
to force customers both external and internal. The wing comprises three branches: Performance
Review, Research and Inspections and Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&I)
Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II)
= includes the Complaints against Police Office (CAPO) oversees the investigation and
successful resolution of all complaints made both externally and internally against members of
the force.
Recruitment and Training
Inspector= holder of a Bachelor degree from a Hong Kong university
Constable = Level 2 or equivalent (Note 1) or above in five subjects in the Hong Kong Diploma
of Secondary Education Examination (HKDSEE) (Note 2), or equivalent; or Level 2 (Note
3)/Grade E or above in five subjects in the Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination
(HKCEE) (Note 2), or equivalent.

For Inspector, 36 weeks of basic training which covers leadership, staff management, police
procedures, laws, foot drill, physical training, weapon handling etc.
For Constable, 27 weeks of basic training which includes police procedures, laws, foot drill,
physical training, weapon handling and first aid, etc.
Physique
Male candidate, should be at least 163cm tall and weigh 50kg. Female candidate, must be at
least 152cm tall and weigh 42kg.
CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
Kinds of Police System in China
1. Chinese People’s Armed Police Force (commonly known as People’s Armed Police
<PAP>)= is a paramilitary force primarily responsible for civilian policing and fire rescue
duties in the People’s Republic of China
2. State Security Police = safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage
And conspiracies. Under the Ministry of State Security and directly accountable to the
State Council.
3. Prison Police = a part of the correctional arm of the overall police system stationed in
Prisons and correction units. This is under the leadership of the Ministry of Justice.
 4. Judicial Police = responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and serving
Instruments and some also executing death sentences.
5. Quasi-Parapolice = operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out some
unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and fines and ousting peasants from seized
land.
3 Important Ministry of China
1. Ministry of National Defense = is the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security
Agencies such as Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of State Security.
2. Ministry of Public Security is the principal police authority of the mainland of the People’s
Republic of China which oversee the day to day law enforcement. (It is the equivalent of
the NAPOLCOM in the Philippines).
3. Ministry of State Security = the Chinese government’s largest and most active foreign
Intelligence agency, though it is also involved in domestic security matters.
Other Important Government Agencies
1. Special Police College = conducts nationwide recruitment once a year. 2. Central Military
Commission = appoints police in China
2. People’s Liberation Army = Chinese Armed forces.
3. Civil Service Promotion Examinations basis for regulation of the rank promotion for
police Officer.
Recruitment and Training
Under the Police Law of 1995, an applicant must be over 18 years old and must be high school
Graduate.

Once recruited, new recruits are required to undergo 1 year probationary period in which they
Received training in police academics. Only those who performed satisfactorily and passed and
end-term exams will be formally hired as police officer.

TAIWAN (Republic of China)

NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY = is the unified police force of Taiwan
= under the supervision of MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
= effective civilian control
ORG. OF NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY IN TAIWAN
1. Administration Police are generally referred to those who are required to wear uniforms
to carry out duties of household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding duty officer, and reserves
2. Traffic Police the primary duties of the Traffic Police are to keep traffic order, to ensure
traffic safety, to prevent traffic accidents, and to smooth traffic flow.
 3. Special Police = are those who are responsible for protecting the Central Government,
establishing contingent plans and assisting local and specialized police units in
maintaining public order.
4. Criminal Investigation Police = the primary duties of the criminal investigation police are
to prevent and detect crimes.
5. Specialized Police = main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities
like railways, highways, airports, harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan
MODULE 10
UNITED NATIONS

United Nations = officially came into existence on October 24, 1945 Coined by Winston
Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation. This declaration was
made to officially state the Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United States, and the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF UN
The six official languages of the United Nations, used in intergovernmental meetings and
documents, are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish. Branches of United
Nations
1. UN general Assembly is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of
the United Nations.
2. Comprising all 193 Members of the United Nations, it provides a unique forum for
multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered by the Charter,
is headed by a president elected from the member states and 21 vice-presidents, and
meets from September to December

= makes final decision on admission to UN upon recommendation of Security Council Functions

of General Assembly

a. Deliberative = initiating studies and making recommendations for the development of

international law
b. Supervisory = receiving and considering annual and special reports from another organs
c. Financial approval and apportionment of budget
d. Elective = election of non-permanent members of the security council e. Constituent =
admissions of members and the amendments of charter
John W. Ashe President of the 68th session of the General Assembly
Term of Office
The President and the 21 Vice-Presidents so elected will assume their functions only at the
beginning of the session for which they are elected and shall hold office until the close of that
session [Rule based directly on a provision of the Charter (Art. 21, second sentence)) 2. UN
Security Council is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most powerful of all
the branches.
The presidency of the Council is held by each of the members in turn for one month, following
the English alphabetical order of the Member States names
FUNCTIONS
a. Preventive Action = consist of provisional measures to prevent a conflict from worsening, and
may involve the deployment of PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER missions
b. Enforcement Action consist of deployment of air, sea and land forces:
Five Permanent Members of Security Council with Veto Power
1. China
2. France
3. Russia
4. United Kingdom
5. United States
*The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of two years by the
General Assembly
4. International Court of Justice Located in the Hague, Netherlands. Universal court for
international law. Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction and
issues Legal opinions
Its 15 judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine-year terms. It renders judgment
with relative majority.
5. Secretariat = Administrative organ of the UN. Supports the other UN bodies
Administratively, e.g., in the organization of conferences, writing reports and studies, and
the preparation of the budget-plan.
Its chairperson-the UN Secretary General – is elected by the General Assembly for a fiveyear
mandate and is the most important representative of the UN.
Ban Ki-moon = current secretary-general from South Korea 5. Economic and Social Council
consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for A 3 year term.
Martin Sajdik became President of the Economic and Social Council on 14 January 2014.
Efforts are Towards the Following:
b. Higher standards of living
c. Condition of economic and social progress and development
 d. Solutions of international economic, social, health and related problems
e. Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
6. Trusteeship Council task of supervising the administration of Trust Territories placed
under The Trusteeship System.
7. It is made up of the five permanent members of the Security Council China, France,
Russian Federation, United Kingdom and United States.
Its goal is to promote the advancement of the inhabitants of Trust Territories and their
progressive development towards self-government or independence.
UN CHARTER = it is closest to a constitution that basically governs the relations of international
persons. Technically, it is a Treaty.
TREATY = an international agreement concluded between states in written form and sworn by
international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more instruments and
whatever its particular designation.