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Detroit
Coordinates: 42°19′53″N 83°02′45″W

Detroit (/dɪˈtrɔɪt/; dih-TROYT, locally also /ˈdiːtrɔɪt/)[7] is the most

populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the largest U.S. city on Detroit
the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne
City
County. Detroit had a population of 639,111 at the 2020 census,[8]
making it the 29th-most populous city in the United States. The Metro
Detroit area, home to 4.3 million people, is the second-largest in the
Midwest after the Chicago metropolitan area and the 14th-largest in the
United States. A significant cultural center, Detroit is known for its
contributions to music, art, architecture and design, in addition to its
historical automotive background.[9][10]

In 1701, Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac and Alphonse de Tonty founded

Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit. During the late 19th and early 20th Downtown Detroit skyline
century, it became an important industrial hub at the center of the Great
Lakes region. The city's population rose to be the fourth-largest in the
nation by 1920, after New York City, Chicago and Philadelphia, with the
expansion of the automotive industry in the early 20th century.[11] The
Detroit River became the busiest commercial hub in the world as it
carried over 65 million tons of shipping commerce each year. In the late
Book Renaissance Center Fisher
20th century, Detroit entered a state of urban decay which has
Tower Building
continued to the present, as a result of industrial restructuring, the loss
of jobs in the auto industry, and rapid suburbanization. Since reaching a
peak of 1.85 million at the 1950 census, Detroit's population has
declined by more than 65 percent.[8] In 2013, Detroit became the largest
U.S. city to file for bankruptcy, which it successfully exited in December
2014.[12]
Comerica Park Ambassador Bridge
Detroit is a port on the Detroit River, one of the four major straits that
connect the Great Lakes system to the St. Lawrence Seaway. The city
anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest and the
14th-largest in the United States.[13] Detroit is best known as the center
of the U.S. automotive industry, and the "Big Three" auto manufacturers
—General Motors, Ford, and Stellantis North America (Chrysler)—are Hitsville U.S.A. Belle Isle Park
all headquartered in Metro Detroit.[14] The Detroit Metropolitan Airport
is among the most important hub airports in the United States. Detroit
and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor constitute the second-
busiest international crossing in North America, after San Diego–
Tijuana.[15]
Flag
Detroit's diverse culture has had both local and international influence, Seal
particularly in music, with the city giving rise to the genres of Motown
and techno and playing an important role in the development of jazz,
hip-hop, rock, and punk. The rapid growth of Detroit in its boom years
resulted in a globally unique stock of architectural monuments and
historic places. Since the 2000s, conservation efforts have managed to
save many architectural pieces and achieve several large-scale
revitalizations, including the restoration of several historic theaters and Logo
entertainment venues, high-rise renovations, new sports stadiums, and
a riverfront revitalization project. Etymology: French: détroit (strait)
Nicknames: The Motor City, Motown, The D,
313, D-Town, Renaissance City, The Town
That Put The World on Wheels, Hockeytown,
Detroit Rock City
Motto(s): Speramus Meliora; Resurget
Cineribus

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An increasingly popular tourist destination, Detroit receives 16 million (Latin: We Hope For Better Things; It Shall
visitors per year.[16] In 2015, Detroit was named a "City of Design" by Rise From the Ashes)
UNESCO, the first U.S. city to receive that designation.[17] Time named
Detroit as one of the fifty World's Greatest Places of 2022 to explore.[18]

History

Toponymy

Detroit is named after the Detroit River, connecting Lake Huron with
Lake Erie. The name comes from the French word détroit meaning
'strait' as the city was situated on a narrow passage of water linking the
two lakes. The river was known as le détroit du Lac Érié in French,
which means 'the strait of Lake Erie'.[19][20] In the historical context, the
strait included the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair and the Detroit Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

River.[21][22] Show Detroit

Show Wayne County
Show Michigan
Early settlement Show the United States
Show all
Paleo-Indians inhabited areas near Detroit as early as 11,000 years ago Coordinates: 42°19′53″N 83°02′45″W[1]
including the culture referred to as the Mound Builders.[23] By the 17th Country United States
century, the region was inhabited by Huron, Odawa, Potawatomi and State Michigan
Iroquois peoples.[24] The area is known by the Anishinaabe people as County Wayne
Waawiiyaataanong, translating to 'where the water curves around'.[25]
Founded July 24, 1701
The first Europeans did not penetrate into the region and reach the Incorporated September 13, 1806
straits of Detroit until French missionaries and traders worked their Government
way around the Iroquois League, with whom they were at war in the • Type Strong Mayor
1630s.[26] The Huron and Neutral people held the north side of Lake • Body Detroit City Council
Erie until the 1650s, when the Iroquois pushed them and the Erie • Mayor Mike Duggan (D)
people away from the lake and its beaver-rich feeder streams in the • Clerk Janice Winfrey
Beaver Wars of 1649–1655.[26] By the 1670s, the war-weakened Iroquois • City council Members [show]
laid claim to as far south as the Ohio River valley in northern Kentucky
Mary D. Waters –
as hunting grounds,[26] and had absorbed many other Iroquoian At Large
peoples after defeating them in war.[26] For the next hundred years, Coleman Young II –
virtually no British or French action was contemplated without At Large
consultation with the Iroquois or consideration of their likely James Tate –
response.[26] When the French and Indian War evicted the Kingdom of District 1 Northwest
France from Canada, it removed one barrier to American colonists Angela Calloway –
migrating west.[27] District 2 Near
Northwest
British negotiations with the Iroquois would both prove critical and lead Scott Benson –
to a Crown policy limiting settlements below the Great Lakes and west District 3 Northeast
of the Alleghenies. Many colonial American would-be migrants resented Latisha Johnson –
this restraint and became supporters of the American Revolution. The District 4 Far East
1778 raids and resultant 1779 decisive Sullivan Expedition reopened the Side
Ohio Country to westward emigration, which began almost Mary Sheffield –
immediately. By 1800 white settlers were pouring westwards.[28] District 5 Central-
Near East Side
Gabriela Santiago-
French settlement Romero – District 6
Southwest
On July 24, 1701, the French explorer Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, Fred Durhal III –
with his lieutenant Alphonse de Tonty and more than a hundred other District 7 West Side
settlers, began constructing a small fort on the north bank of the Detroit Area[2]
River. Cadillac named the settlement Fort Pontchartrain du Détroit,[29] • City 142.89 sq mi
after Louis Phélypeaux, comte de Pontchartrain, Secretary of State of (370.09 km2)
the Navy under Louis XIV.[30] Sainte-Anne-de-Détroit was founded on • Land 138.73 sq mi
July 26 and is the second-oldest continuously operating Roman Catholic (359.31 km2)
parish in the United States.[31] France offered free land to colonists to • Water 4.16 sq mi (10.78 km2)
attract families to Detroit; when it reached a population of 800 in 1765,

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it became the largest European settlement between Montreal and New • Urban 1,284.8 sq mi
Orleans, both also French settlements, in the former colonies of New (3,327.7 km2)
France and La Louisiane, respectively.[32] • Metro 3,888.4 sq mi
(10,071 km2)
By 1773, after the addition of Anglo-American settlers, the population of Elevation[1] 656 ft (200 m)
Detroit was 1,400. By 1778, its population reached 2,144 and it was the
[3]
third-largest city in what was known as the Province of Quebec since the Population (2020)
British takeover of French colonies following their victory in the Seven • City 639,111
Years' War.[33] • Estimate (2021)[3] 632,464
• Rank 63rd in North America
The region's economy was based on the lucrative fur trade, in which 27th in the United
numerous Native American people had important roles as trappers and States
traders. Today the flag of Detroit reflects its French colonial heritage. 1st in Michigan
Descendants of the earliest French and French-Canadian settlers • Density 4,606.84/sq mi
formed a cohesive community, who gradually were superseded as the (1,778.71/km2)
dominant population after more Anglo-American settlers arrived in the • Urban[4] 3,776,890 (US: 12th)
early 19th century with American westward migration. Living along the • Urban density 2,939.6/sq mi
shores of Lake St. Clair and south to Monroe and downriver suburbs, (1,135.0/km2)
the ethnic French Canadians of Detroit, also known as Muskrat French • Metro[5] 4,365,205 (US: 14th)
in reference to the fur trade, remain a subculture in the region in the
Demonym Detroiter
21st century.[34][35]
[6]
GDP
During the French and Indian War (1754–63)—the North American • MSA $305.412 billion (2022)
front of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France—British
Time zone UTC−5 (EST)
troops gained control of the settlement in 1760 and shortened its name
• Summer (DST) UTC−4 (EDT)
to Detroit. Several regional Native American tribes, such as the
Potowatomi, Ojibwe and Huron, launched Pontiac's War in 1763 and ZIP Codes 482XX [show]
laid siege to Fort Detroit but failed to capture it. In defeat, France ceded 48201–48240, 48242-
its territory in North America east of the Mississippi to Britain following 48244, 48255, 48260,
the war.[36] 48264-48269, 48272,
48275, 48277-48279,
Following the American Revolutionary War and the establishment of 48288
the United States as an independent country, Britain ceded Detroit Area code 313
along with other territories in the area under the Jay Treaty which FIPS code 26-22000
established the northern border with its colony of Canada.[37] The Great GNIS feature ID 1617959[1]
Fire of 1805 destroyed most of the Detroit settlement, which had
primarily buildings made of wood. One stone fort, a river warehouse, Major airports Detroit Metropolitan
and brick chimneys of former wooden homes were the sole structures to Airport, Coleman A.
Young International
survive.[38] Of the 600 Detroit residents in this area, none died in the Airport
fire.[39] Mass transit Detroit Department of
Transportation, Detroit
People Mover, QLine
19th century
Website www.detroitmi.gov (htt
p://www.detroitmi.gov/)
From 1805 to 1847, Detroit was the capital of Michigan as a territory
and as a state. William Hull, the United States commander at Detroit,
surrendered without a fight to British troops and their Native American allies
during the War of 1812 in the siege of Detroit, believing his forces were vastly
outnumbered. The Battle of Frenchtown was part of a U.S. effort to retake the city,
and U.S. troops suffered their highest fatalities of any battle in the war. This battle
is commemorated at River Raisin National Battlefield Park south of Detroit in
Monroe County. Detroit was recaptured by the United States later that year.[40]

The settlement was incorporated as a city in 1815.[41] As the city expanded, a

geometric street plan developed by Augustus B. Woodward was followed, featuring
Detroit and adjacent Windsor
grand boulevards as in Paris.[42]
Canada separated by the Detroit
River
Prior to the American Civil War, the city's access to the Canada–US border made it
a key stop for refugee slaves gaining freedom in the North along the Underground
Railroad. Many went across the Detroit River to Canada to escape pursuit
by slave catchers.[43][41] An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 African-American Historical affiliations
refugees settled in Canada.[44] George DeBaptiste was considered to be the Kingdom of France 1701–1760
"president" of the Detroit Underground Railroad, William Lambert the Kingdom of Great Britain 1760–
"vice president" or "secretary", and Laura Smith Haviland the 1783
"superintendent".[45]
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Numerous men from Detroit volunteered to fight for the Union during the United States 1783-1812
Civil War, including the 24th Michigan Infantry Regiment. It was part of United Kingdom 1812–1813
the legendary Iron Brigade, which fought with distinction and suffered United States 1813–present
82% casualties at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863. When the First
Volunteer Infantry Regiment arrived to fortify Washington, D.C.,
President Abraham Lincoln is quoted as saying, "Thank God for Michigan!" George
Armstrong Custer led the Michigan Brigade during the Civil War and called them the
"Wolverines".[46]

During the late 19th century, wealthy industry and shipping magnates commissioned the
design and construction of several Gilded Age mansions east and west of the current
downtown, along the major avenues of the Woodward plan. Most notable among them
was the David Whitney House at 4421 Woodward Avenue, and the grand avenue became
a favored address for mansions. During this period, some referred to Detroit as the "Paris
of the West" for its architecture, grand avenues in the Paris style, and for Washington
Boulevard, recently electrified by Thomas Edison.[41] The city had grown steadily from the
Topographical plan of the
1830s with the rise of shipping, shipbuilding, and manufacturing industries. Strategically
Town of Detroit and Fort
located along the Great Lakes waterway, Detroit emerged as a major port and
Lernoult showing major
transportation hub.
streets, gardens,
fortifications, military
In 1896, a thriving carriage trade prompted Henry Ford to build his first automobile in a
comple­xes, and public
rented workshop on Mack Avenue. During this growth period, Detroit expanded its
buildings (John Jacob
borders by annexing all or part of several surrounding villages and townships.[47]
Ulrich Rivardi, ca. 1800)

From top: Woodward Avenue shopping district in 1865; The City of Detroit (from Canada Shore), 1872, by A. C. Warren; the Belle Isle
Park in 1891

20th century

In 1903, Henry Ford founded the Ford Motor Company. Ford's manufacturing—and those of automotive pioneers
William C. Durant, Horace and John Dodge, James and William Packard, and Walter Chrysler—established Detroit's
status in the early 20th century as the world's automotive capital.[41] The growth of the auto industry was reflected by
changes in businesses throughout the Midwest and nation, with the development of garages to service vehicles and gas
stations, as well as factories for parts and tires. Because of the booming auto industry, Detroit became the fourth-
largest city in the nation by 1920, following New York City, Chicago and Philadelphia.[48]

In 1907, the Detroit River carried 67,292,504 tons of shipping commerce through Detroit to locations all over the
world. For comparison, London shipped 18,727,230 tons, and New York shipped 20,390,953 tons. The river was
dubbed "the Greatest Commercial Artery on Earth" by The Detroit News in 1908. The prohibition of alcohol from
1920 to 1933 resulted in the Detroit River becoming a major conduit for smuggling of illegal Canadian spirits.[11]

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From top: Cadillac Square and Wayne County Building (1902); Cadillac Square (1910s); corner of Michigan Avenue and Griswold
Street (circa 1920)

With the rapid growth of industrial workers in the auto factories, labor unions such as the American Federation of
Labor and the United Auto Workers (UAW) fought to organize workers to gain them better working conditions and
wages. They initiated strikes and other tactics in support of improvements such as the 8-hour day/40-hour work week,
increased wages, greater benefits, and improved working conditions. The labor activism during those years increased
the influence of union leaders in the city such as Jimmy Hoffa of the Teamsters and Walter Reuther of the UAW.[49]

Detroit, like many places in the United States, developed racial conflict and discrimination in the 20th century
following the rapid demographic changes as hundreds of thousands of new workers were attracted to the industrial
city. The Great Migration brought rural blacks from the South; they were outnumbered by southern whites who also
migrated to the city. Immigration brought southern and eastern Europeans of Catholic and Jewish faith; these new
groups competed with native-born whites for jobs and housing in the booming city.

Detroit was one of the major Midwest cities that was a site for the dramatic urban revival of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
beginning in 1915. "By the 1920s the city had become a stronghold of the KKK", whose members primarily opposed
Catholic and Jewish immigrants but also practiced discrimination against Black Americans.[50] Even after the decline
of the KKK in the late 1920s, the Black Legion, a secret vigilante group, was active in the Detroit area in the 1930s.
One-third of its estimated 20,000 to 30,000 members in Michigan were based in the city. It was defeated after
numerous prosecutions following the kidnapping and murder in 1936 of Charles Poole, a Catholic organizer with the
federal Works Progress Administration. Some 49 men of the Black Legion were convicted of numerous crimes, with
many sentenced to life in prison for murder.[51]

By 1940, 80% of Detroit deeds contained restrictive covenants prohibiting African Americans from buying houses they
could afford. These discriminatory tactics were successful as a majority of black people in Detroit resorted to living in
all-black neighborhoods such as Black Bottom and Paradise Valley. At this time, white people still made up about
90.4% of the city's population.[52] White residents attacked black homes: breaking windows, starting fires, and
detonating bombs.[53][54]

In the 1940s the world's "first urban depressed freeway" ever built, the Davison,[55] was constructed. During World
War II, the government encouraged retooling of the American automobile industry in support of the Allied powers,
leading to Detroit's key role in the American Arsenal of Democracy.[56] Jobs expanded so rapidly due to the defense
buildup in World War II that 400,000 people migrated to the city from 1941 to 1943, including 50,000 blacks in the
second wave of the Great Migration, and 350,000 whites, many of them from the South. Whites, including ethnic
Europeans, feared black competition for jobs and scarce housing. The federal government prohibited discrimination
in defense work, but when in June 1943 Packard promoted three black people to work next to whites on its assembly
lines, 25,000 white workers walked off the job.[57] The 1943 Detroit race riot took place in June, three weeks after the
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Packard plant protest, beginning with an altercation at Belle Isle. A total of 34 people were killed, 25 of them black and
most at the hands of the white police force, while 433 were wounded (75% of them black), and property valued at $2
million (worth $30.4 million in 2020) was destroyed. Rioters moved through the city, and young whites traveled
across town to attack more settled blacks in their neighborhood of Paradise Valley.[58][59]

The skyline of Detroit, 1929

Postwar era

Industrial mergers in the 1950s, especially in the automobile sector, increased oligopoly in the American auto
industry. Detroit manufacturers such as Packard and Hudson merged into other companies and eventually
disappeared. At its peak population of 1,849,568, in the 1950 Census, the city was the fifth-largest in the United
States.[60]

From top: Aerial photo of Detroit (1932); Detroit at its population peak in the mid-20th century. Looking south down Woodward Avenue
from the Maccabees Building with the city's skyline in the distance.

In this postwar era, the auto industry continued to create opportunities for many African Americans from the South,
who continued with their Great Migration to Detroit and other northern and western cities to escape the strict Jim
Crow laws and racial discrimination policies of the South. Postwar Detroit was a prosperous industrial center of mass
production. The auto industry comprised about 60% of all industry in the city, allowing space for a plethora of
separate booming businesses including stove making, brewing, furniture building, oil refineries, pharmaceutical
manufacturing, and more. The expansion of jobs created unique opportunities for black Americans, who saw novel
high employment rates: there was a 103% increase in the number of blacks employed in postwar Detroit. Black
Americans who immigrated to northern industrial cities from the south still faced intense racial discrimination in the
employment sector. Racial discrimination kept the workforce and better jobs predominantly white, while many black
Detroiters held lower-paying factory jobs. Despite changes in demographics as the city's black population expanded,
Detroit's police force, fire department, and other city jobs continued to be held by predominantly white residents. This
created an unbalanced racial power dynamic.[61]

Unequal opportunities in employment resulted in unequal housing opportunities for the majority of the black
community: with overall lower incomes and facing the backlash of discriminatory housing policies, the black
community was limited to lower cost, lower quality housing in the city. The surge in the black population augmented
the strain on housing scarcity. The livable areas available to the black community were limited, and as a result,
families often crowded together in unsanitary, unsafe, and illegal quarters. Such discrimination became increasingly
evident in the policies of redlining implemented by banks and federal housing groups, which almost completely
restricted the ability of blacks to improve their housing and encouraged white people to guard the racial divide that
defined their neighborhoods. As a result, black people were often denied bank loans to obtain better housing, and
interest rates and rents were unfairly inflated to prevent their moving into white neighborhoods. White residents and
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political leaders largely opposed the influx of black Detroiters to white neighborhoods, believing that their presence
would lead to neighborhood deterioration (most predominantly black neighborhoods deteriorated due to local and
federal governmental neglect). This perpetuated a cyclical exclusionary process that marginalized the agency of black
Detroiters by trapping them in the unhealthiest, least safe areas of the city.[61]

As in other major American cities in the postwar era, modernist planning ideology drove the construction of a
federally subsidized, extensive highway and freeway system around Detroit, and pent-up demand for new housing
stimulated suburbanization; highways made commuting by car for higher-income residents easier. However, this
construction had negative implications for many lower-income urban residents. Highways were constructed through
and completely demolished neighborhoods of poor residents and black communities who had less political power to
oppose them. The neighborhoods were mostly low income, considered blighted, or made up of older housing where
investment had been lacking due to racial redlining, so the highways were presented as a kind of urban renewal. These
neighborhoods (such as Black Bottom and Paradise Valley) were extremely important to the black communities of
Detroit, providing spaces for independent black businesses and social/cultural organizations. Their destruction
displaced residents with little consideration of the effects of breaking up functioning neighborhoods and
businesses.[61]

In 1956, Detroit's last heavily used electric streetcar line, which traveled along the length of Woodward Avenue, was
removed and replaced with gas-powered buses. It was the last line of what had once been a 534-mile network of
electric streetcars. In 1941, at peak times, a streetcar ran on Woodward Avenue every 60 seconds.[62][63]

All of these changes in the area's transportation system favored low-density, auto-oriented development rather than
high-density urban development. Industry also moved to the suburbs, seeking large plots of land for single-story
factories. By the 21st century, the metro Detroit area had developed as one of the most sprawling job markets in the
United States; combined with poor public transport, this resulted in many new jobs being beyond the reach of urban
low-income workers.[64]

In 1950, the city held about one-third of the state's population. Over the next 60
years, the city's population declined to less than 10 percent of the state's
population. During the same time period, the sprawling metropolitan area grew to
contain more than half of Michigan's population.[41] The shift of population and
jobs eroded Detroit's tax base.

In June 1963, Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. gave a major speech as part of a civil
rights march in Detroit that foreshadowed his "I Have a Dream" speech in
Washington, D.C., two months later. While the civil rights movement gained An electric PCC streetcar in Detroit,
significant federal civil rights laws in 1964 and 1965, longstanding inequities 1953
resulted in confrontations between the police and inner-city black youth who
wanted change.[65]

I have a dream this afternoon that my four little children, that my four little children will not come up in the same
young days that I came up within, but they will be judged on the basis of the content of their character, not the
color of their skin ... I have a dream this evening that one day we will recognize the words of Jefferson that "all men
are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are
Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." I have a dream ...

—Martin Luther King Jr. (June 1963 Speech at the Great March on Detroit)[66]

Longstanding tensions in Detroit culminated in the Twelfth Street riot in July

1967. Governor George W. Romney ordered the Michigan National Guard into
Detroit, and President Lyndon B. Johnson sent in U.S. Army troops. The result
was 43 dead, 467 injured, over 7,200 arrests, and more than 2,000 buildings
destroyed, mostly in black residential and business areas. Thousands of small
businesses closed permanently or relocated to safer neighborhoods. The affected
district lay in ruins for decades.[67] According to the Chicago Tribune, it was the
3rd most costly riot in the United States.[68]

On August 18, 1970, the NAACP filed suit against Michigan state officials, The deadly 1967 Detroit riot resulted
including Governor William Milliken, charging de facto public school segregation. in massive demographic shifts via
The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated, the city of white flight.
Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain racial
segregation in public schools. The NAACP also suggested a direct relationship

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between unfair housing practices and educational segregation, as the composition of students in the schools followed
segregated neighborhoods.[69] The District Court held all levels of government accountable for the segregation in its
ruling. The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed some of the decision, holding that it was the state's responsibility
to integrate across the segregated metropolitan area.[70] The U.S. Supreme Court took up the case February 27,
1974.[69] The subsequent Milliken v. Bradley decision had nationwide influence. In a narrow decision, the Supreme
Court found schools were a subject of local control, and suburbs could not be forced to aid with the desegregation of
the city's school district.[71]

"Milliken was perhaps the greatest missed opportunity of that period", said Myron Orfield, professor of law at the
University of Minnesota Law School. "Had that gone the other way, it would have opened the door to fixing nearly all
of Detroit's current problems."[72] John Mogk, a professor of law and an expert in urban planning at Wayne State
University Law School in Detroit, says,

Everybody thinks that it was the riots [in 1967] that caused the white families to leave. Some people were
leaving at that time but, really, it was after Milliken that you saw mass flight to the suburbs. If the case had
gone the other way, it is likely that Detroit would not have experienced the steep decline in its tax base that
has occurred since then.[72]

1970s and decline

In November 1973, the city elected Coleman Young as its first black
mayor. After taking office, Young emphasized increasing racial diversity
in the police department, which was predominantly white.[73] Young
also worked to improve Detroit's transportation system, but the tension
between Young and his suburban counterparts over regional matters
was problematic throughout his mayoral term.

In 1976, the federal government offered $600 million (~$2.41 billion in

2022) for building a regional rapid transit system, under a single
First Williams Block in 1915 (left) and 1989 (right)
regional authority.[74] But the inability of Detroit and its suburban
neighbors to solve conflicts over transit planning resulted in the region
losing the majority of funding for rapid transit. The city then moved
forward with construction of the elevated downtown circulator portion of the
system, which became known as the Detroit People Mover.[75]

The gasoline crises of 1973 and 1979 affected auto industry. Buyers chose smaller,
more fuel-efficient cars made by foreign makers as the price of gas rose. Efforts to
revive the city were stymied by the struggles of the auto industry, as their sales and
market share declined. Automakers laid off thousands of employees and closed
plants in the city, further eroding the tax base. To counteract this, the city used
eminent domain to build two large new auto assembly plants in the city.[76] The former Packard Automotive
Plant, closed since 1958
Young sought to revive the city by seeking to increase investment in the city's
declining downtown. The Renaissance Center, a mixed-use office and retail
complex, opened in 1977. This group of skyscrapers was an attempt to keep businesses in downtown.[41][77][78] Young
also gave city support to other large developments to attract middle and upper-class residents back to the city. Despite
the Renaissance Center and other projects, the downtown area continued to lose businesses to the automobile-
dependent suburbs. Major stores and hotels closed, and many large office buildings went vacant. Young was criticized
for being too focused on downtown development and not doing enough to lower the city's high crime rate and improve
city services to residents.

High unemployment was compounded by middle-class flight to the suburbs, and some residents leaving the state to
find work. The result for the city was a higher proportion of poor in its population, reduced tax base, depressed
property values, abandoned buildings, abandoned neighborhoods, and high crime rates.

1980s

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On August 16, 1987, Northwest Airlines Flight 255 crashed near Detroit Metro airport, killing all but one of the 155
people on board, as well as two people on the ground.[79]

1990s & 2000s

In 1993, Young retired as Detroit's longest-serving mayor, deciding not to seek a sixth term, with Dennis Archer
succeeding him. Archer prioritized downtown development, easing tensions with its suburban neighbors. A
referendum to allow casino gambling in the city passed in 1996; several temporary casino facilities opened in 1999,
and permanent downtown casinos with hotels opened in 2007–08.[80]

Campus Martius, a reconfiguration of downtown's main intersection as a new park, was opened in 2004. The park has
been cited as one of the best public spaces in the United States.[81][82][83] In 2001, the first portion of the International
Riverfront redevelopment was completed as a part of the city's 300th-anniversary celebration.[84]

2010s

In September 2008, Mayor Kwame Kilpatrick (who had served for six years) resigned following felony convictions. In
2013, Kilpatrick was convicted on 24 federal felony counts, including mail fraud, wire fraud, and racketeering,[85] and
was sentenced to 28 years in federal prison.[86] The former mayor's activities cost the city an estimated
$20 million.[87] Roughly half of the owners of Detroit's 305,000 properties failed to pay their 2011 tax bills, resulting
in about $246 million (~$317 million in 2022) in taxes and fees going uncollected, nearly half of which was due to
Detroit. The rest of the money would have been earmarked for Wayne County, Detroit Public Schools, and the library
system.[88]

The city's financial crisis resulted in Michigan taking over administrative control of its government.[89] Governor Rick
Snyder declared a financial emergency in March 2013, stating the city had a $327 million budget deficit and faced
more than $14 billion in long-term debt. It had been making ends meet on a month-to-month basis with the help of
bond money held in a state escrow account and had instituted mandatory unpaid days off for many city workers.
Those troubles, along with underfunded city services, such as police and fire departments, and ineffective turnaround
plans from Mayor Bing and the City Council[90] led the state of Michigan to appoint an emergency manager for
Detroit. On June 14, 2013, Detroit defaulted on $2.5 billion of debt by withholding $39.7 million in interest payments,
while Emergency Manager Kevyn Orr met with bondholders and other creditors in an attempt to restructure the city's
$18.5 billion debt and avoid bankruptcy.[91] On July 18, 2013, Detroit became the largest U.S. city to file for
bankruptcy.[92] It was declared bankrupt by U.S. District Court on December 3, with its $18.5 billion debt.[93] On
November 7, 2014, the city's plan for exiting bankruptcy was approved. On December 11 the city officially exited
bankruptcy. The plan allowed the city to eliminate $7 billion in debt and invest $1.7 billion into improved city
services.[94]

One way the city obtained this money was through the Detroit Institute of Arts (DIA). Holding over 60,000 pieces of
art worth billions of dollars, some saw it as the key to funding this investment. The city came up with a plan to
monetize the art and sell it, leading to the DIA becoming a private organization. After months of legal battles, the city
finally got hundreds of millions of dollars towards funding a new Detroit.[95]

One of the largest post-bankruptcy efforts to improve city services has been to fix the city's broken street lighting
system. At one time it was estimated that 40% of lights were not working, which resulted in public safety issues and
abandonment of housing. The plan called for replacing outdated high-pressure sodium lights with 65,000 LED lights.
Construction began in late 2014 and finished in December 2016; Detroit is the largest U.S. city with all LED street
lighting.[96]

In the 2010s, several initiatives were taken by Detroit's citizens and new residents
to improve the cityscape by renovating and revitalizing neighborhoods. Such
projects include volunteer renovation groups[97] and various urban gardening
movements.[98] Miles of associated parks and landscaping have been completed in
recent years. In 2011, the Port Authority Passenger Terminal opened, with the
riverwalk connecting Hart Plaza to the Renaissance Center.[78]

One symbol of the city's decades-long decline, the Michigan Central Station, was
long vacant. The city renovated it with new windows, elevators and facilities,
completing the work in December 2015.[99] In 2018, Ford Motor Company Construction progress at Hudson's
purchased the building and plans to use it for mobility testing with a potential Site in 2021
return of train service.[100] Several other landmark buildings have been privately
renovated and adapted as condominiums, hotels, offices, or for cultural uses.
Detroit was mentioned as a city of renaissance and has reversed many of the trends of the prior decades.[101][102]

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The city has seen a rise in gentrification.[103]

In downtown, for example, the construction of Little Caesars Arena
brought with it high class shops and restaurants along Woodward Avenue. Office tower and condominium
construction has led to an influx of wealthy families but also a displacement of long-time residents and
culture.[104][105] Areas outside of downtown and other recently revived areas have an average household income of
about 25% less than the gentrified areas, a gap that is continuing to grow.[106] Rents and cost of living in these
gentrified areas rise every year, pushing minorities and the poor out, causing more and more racial disparity and
separation in the city. In 2019, the cost of a one-bedroom loft in Rivertown reached $300,000 (~$340,352 in 2022),
with a five-year sale price change of over 500% and average income rising by 18%.[107]

Geography

Metropolitan area

Detroit is the center of a three-county urban area (with a population of 3,734,090

within an area of 1,337 square miles (3,460 km2) according to the 2010 United
States Census), six-county metropolitan statistical area (population of 5,322,219 in
an area of 3,913 square miles [10,130 km2] as of the 2010 census), and a nine-
county Combined Statistical Area (population of 5.3 million within 5,814 square
miles [15,060 km2] as of 2010).[108][109][110]

Topography
A satellite image from Sentinel-2
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 142.87 square taken in September 2021 of Detroit
miles (370.03 km2), of which 138.75 square miles (359.36 km2) is land and 4.12 and its surrounding metropolitan
area with Windsor across the river
square miles (10.67 km2) is water.[111] Detroit is the principal city in Metro Detroit
and Southeast Michigan. It is situated in the Midwestern United States and the
Great Lakes region.[112]

The Detroit River International Wildlife Refuge is the only international wildlife preserve in North America and is
uniquely located in the heart of a major metropolitan area. The refuge includes islands, coastal wetlands, marshes,
shoals, and waterfront lands along 48 miles (77 km) of the Detroit River and western Lake Erie shoreline.[113]

The city slopes gently from the northwest to southeast on a till plain composed largely of glacial and lake clay. The
most notable topographical feature in the city is the Detroit Moraine, a broad clay ridge on which the older portions of
Detroit and Windsor are located, rising approximately 62 feet (19 m) above the river at its highest point.[114] The
highest elevation in the city is directly north of Gorham Playground on the northwest side approximately three blocks
south of 8 Mile Road, at a height of 675 to 680 feet (206 to 207 m).[115] Detroit's lowest elevation is along the Detroit
River, at a surface height of 572 feet (174 m).[116]

Belle Isle Park is a 982-acre (1.534 sq mi; 397 ha) island park in the Detroit River, between Detroit and Windsor,
Ontario. It is connected to the mainland by the MacArthur Bridge. Belle Isle Park contains such attractions as the
James Scott Memorial Fountain, the Belle Isle Conservatory, the Detroit Yacht Club on an adjacent island, a half-mile
(800 m) beach, a golf course, a nature center, monuments, and gardens. Both the Detroit and Windsor skylines can be
viewed at the island's Sunset Point.[117]

Three road systems cross the city: the original French template, with avenues radiating from the waterfront, and true
north–south roads based on the Northwest Ordinance township system. The city is north of Windsor, Ontario. Detroit
is the only major city along the Canada–U.S. border in which one travels south in order to cross into Canada.[118]

Detroit has four border crossings: the Ambassador Bridge and the Detroit–Windsor tunnel provide motor vehicle
thoroughfares, with the Michigan Central Railway Tunnel providing railroad access to and from Canada. The fourth
border crossing is the Detroit–Windsor Truck Ferry, near the Windsor Salt Mine and Zug Island. Near Zug Island, the
southwest part of the city was developed over a 1,500-acre (610 ha) salt mine that is 1,100 feet (340 m) below the
surface. The Detroit salt mine run by the Detroit Salt Company has over 100 miles (160 km) of roads within.[119][120]

Climate

Detroit and the rest of southeastern Michigan have a hot- Detroit, Michigan
summer humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfa) which is Climate chart (explanation)
influenced by the Great Lakes like other places in the
J F M A M J J A S O N D
state;[121][122][123] the city and close-in suburbs are part of USDA
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Hardiness zone 6b, while the more distant northern and western 83
suburbs generally are included in zone 6a.[124] Winters are cold, 79 81
74
70
with moderate snowfall and temperatures not rising above 59 62
freezing on an average 44 days annually, while dropping to or 46 60
64 63 49
55
below 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 4.4 days a year; summers are 32 35 49
43
36
39
warm to hot with temperatures exceeding 90 °F (32 °C) on 29
34

12 days.[125] The warm season runs from May to September. The 19 21 24

monthly daily mean temperature ranges from 25.6 °F (−3.6 °C)

in January to 73.6 °F (23.1 °C) in July. Official temperature
extremes range from 105 °F (41 °C) on July 24, 1934, down to 2 2 2.3 2.9 3.4 3.5 3.4 3 3.3 2.5 2.8 2.5

−21 °F (−29 °C) on January 21, 1984; the record low maximum is
█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
−4 °F (−20 °C) on January 19, 1994, while, conversely the record
high minimum is 80 °F (27 °C) on August 1, 2006, the most █ Precipitation totals in inches
recent of five occurrences.[125] A decade or two may pass between Metric conversion [show]
readings of 100 °F (38 °C) or higher, which last occurred July 17,
J F M A M J J A S O N D
2012. The average window for freezing temperatures is October
20 thru April 22, allowing a growing season of 180 days.[125]
26 29 27
Precipitation is moderate and somewhat evenly distributed 21
23
16
throughout the year, although the warmer months such as May 15
18 17 9
and June average more, averaging 33.5 inches (850 mm) 8 15
13
2 10 2
annually, but historically ranging from 20.49 in (520 mm) in 0
4
6

1963 to 47.70 in (1,212 mm) in 2011.[125] Snowfall, which

1
−2
−6 −4
−7
typically falls in measurable amounts between November 15
through April 4 (occasionally in October and very rarely in
May),[125] averages 42.5 inches (108 cm) per season, although
50 51 58 74 86 89 86 76 83 64 71 62
historically ranging from 11.5 in (29 cm) in 1881–82 to 94.9 in
(241 cm) in 2013–14.[125] A thick snowpack is not often seen, █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
with an average of only 27.5 days with 3 in (7.6 cm) or more of █ Precipitation totals in mm
snow cover.[125] Thunderstorms are frequent in the Detroit area.
These usually occur during spring and summer.[126]

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Climate data for Detroit (DTW), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1874–present[b] [show]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high °F 67 70 86 89 95 104 105 104 100 92 81 69 105

(°C) (19) (21) (30) (32) (35) (40) (41) (40) (38) (33) (27) (21) (41)

Mean maximum 53.0 55.3 69.3 79.6 87.2 92.6 93.8 92.1 89.3 80.6 66.7 56.1 95.4
°F (°C) (11.7) (12.9) (20.7) (26.4) (30.7) (33.7) (34.3) (33.4) (31.8) (27.0) (19.3) (13.4) (35.2)

Mean daily
32.3 35.2 45.9 58.7 70.3 79.7 83.7 81.4 74.4 62.0 48.6 37.2 59.1
maximum °F
(0.2) (1.8) (7.7) (14.8) (21.3) (26.5) (28.7) (27.4) (23.6) (16.7) (9.2) (2.9) (15.1)
(°C)

Daily mean °F 25.8 28.0 37.2 48.9 60.3 69.9 74.1 72.3 64.9 53.0 41.2 31.3 50.6
(°C) (−3.4) (−2.2) (2.9) (9.4) (15.7) (21.1) (23.4) (22.4) (18.3) (11.7) (5.1) (−0.4) (10.3)

Mean daily
19.2 20.8 28.6 39.1 50.2 60.2 64.4 63.2 55.5 44.0 33.9 25.3 42.0
minimum °F
(−7.1) (−6.2) (−1.9) (3.9) (10.1) (15.7) (18.0) (17.3) (13.1) (6.7) (1.1) (−3.7) (5.6)
(°C)

Mean minimum 0.1 3.5 12.0 25.5 36.3 47.3 54.1 53.4 41.6 31.0 19.8 8.8 −3.7
°F (°C) (−17.7) (−15.8) (−11.1) (−3.6) (2.4) (8.5) (12.3) (11.9) (5.3) (−0.6) (−6.8) (−12.9) (−19.8)

Record low °F −21 −20 −4 8 25 36 42 38 29 17 0 −11 −21

(°C) (−29) (−29) (−20) (−13) (−4) (2) (6) (3) (−2) (−8) (−18) (−24) (−29)

Average
2.23 2.08 2.43 3.26 3.72 3.26 3.51 3.26 3.22 2.53 2.57 2.25 34.32
precipitation
(57) (53) (62) (83) (94) (83) (89) (83) (82) (64) (65) (57) (872)
inches (mm)

Average
14.0 12.5 6.2 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 8.9 45.0
snowfall inches
(36) (32) (16) (3.8) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (4.8) (23) (114)
(cm)

Average
precipitation 13.4 11.0 11.1 12.5 12.9 10.7 10.5 9.7 9.5 10.6 11.0 13.1 136.0
days (≥ 0.01 in)

Average snowy
10.7 9.2 5.3 1.5 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 2.6 8.0 37.6
days (≥ 0.1 in)

Average
relative 74.7 72.5 70.0 66.0 65.3 67.3 68.5 71.5 73.4 71.6 74.6 76.7 71.0
humidity (%)

Average dew 16.2 17.6 25.9 35.1 45.7 55.6 60.4 59.7 53.2 41.4 32.4 21.9 38.7
point °F (°C) (−8.8) (−8.0) (−3.4) (1.7) (7.6) (13.1) (15.8) (15.4) (11.8) (5.2) (0.2) (−5.6) (3.7)

Mean monthly
119.9 138.3 184.9 217.0 275.9 301.8 317.0 283.5 227.6 176.0 106.3 87.7 2,435.9
sunshine hours

Percent
possible 41 47 50 54 61 66 69 66 61 51 36 31 55
sunshine

Average
ultraviolet 1.2 2.0 3.6 5.4 6.9 8.0 8.2 7.1 5.3 3.1 1.6 1.1 4.4
index

Source 1: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)[125][127][128]

Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)[129]

See or edit raw graph data.

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Climate data for Detroit [show]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average sea temperature °F 33.6 32.7 33.4 39.7 48.9 63.9 74.7 75.4 70.5 60.3 48.6 38.1 51.7
(°C) (0.9) (0.4) (0.8) (4.3) (9.4) (17.7) (23.7) (24.1) (21.4) (15.7) (9.2) (3.4) (10.9)

Mean daily daylight hours 9.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 12.2

Average Ultraviolet index 1 2 4 6 7 8 9 8 6 4 2 1 4.8

Source: Weather Atlas [130]

Architecture

Seen in panorama, Detroit's waterfront shows a variety of architectural styles. The

postmodern Neo-Gothic spires of Ally Detroit Center were designed to refer to the
city's Art Deco skyscrapers. Together with the Renaissance Center, these buildings
form a distinctive and recognizable skyline. Examples of the Art Deco style include
the Guardian Building and Penobscot Building downtown, as well as the Fisher
Building and Cadillac Place in the New Center area near Wayne State University.
Among the city's prominent structures are United States' largest Fox Theatre, the
Detroit Opera House, and the Detroit Institute of Arts, all built in the early 20th
century.[131][132]
Ally Detroit Center and the Michigan
While the Downtown and New Center areas contain high-rise buildings, the
Labor Legacy Monument
majority of the surrounding city consists of low-rise structures and single-family
homes. Outside of the city's core, residential high-rises are found in upper-class
neighborhoods such as the East Riverfront, extending toward Grosse Pointe, and
the Palmer Park neighborhood just west of Woodward. The University Commons-
Palmer Park district in northwest Detroit, near the University of Detroit Mercy and
Marygrove College, anchors historic neighborhoods including Palmer Woods,
Sherwood Forest, and the University District.

Forty-two significant structures or sites are listed on the National Register of

Historic Places. Neighborhoods constructed prior to World War II feature the
architecture of the times, with wood-frame and brick houses in the working-class
neighborhoods, larger brick homes in middle-class neighborhoods, and ornate
mansions in upper-class neighborhoods such as Brush Park, Woodbridge, Indian
Village, Palmer Woods, Boston-Edison, and others.
The Detroit Financial District viewed
Some of the oldest neighborhoods are along the major Woodward and East from across the Detroit River
Jefferson corridors, which formed spines of the city. Some newer residential
construction may also be found along the Woodward corridor and in the far west
and northeast. The oldest extant neighborhoods include West Canfield and Brush Park. There have been multi-million
dollar restorations of existing homes and construction of new homes and condominiums here.[77][133]

The city has one of the United States' largest surviving collections of late 19th- and early 20th-century buildings.[132]
Architecturally significant churches and cathedrals in the city include St. Joseph's, Old St. Mary's, the Sweetest Heart
of Mary, and the Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament.[131]

The city has substantial activity in urban design, historic preservation, and architecture.[134] A number of downtown
redevelopment projects—of which Campus Martius Park is one of the most notable—have revitalized parts of the city.
Grand Circus Park and historic district is near the city's theater district; Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions, and
Comerica Park, home of the Detroit Tigers.[131] Little Caesars Arena, a new home for the Detroit Red Wings and the
Detroit Pistons, with attached residential, hotel, and retail use, opened in 2017.[135] The plans for the project call for
mixed-use residential on the blocks surrounding the arena and the renovation of the vacant 14-story Eddystone Hotel.
It will be a part of The District Detroit, a group of places owned by Olympia Entertainment Inc., including Comerica
Park and the Detroit Opera House, among others.

The Detroit International Riverfront includes a partially completed three-and-one-half-mile riverfront promenade
with a combination of parks, residential buildings, and commercial areas. It extends from Hart Plaza to the MacArthur
Bridge, which connects to Belle Isle Park, the largest island park in a U.S. city. The riverfront includes Tri-Centennial
State Park and Harbor, Michigan's first urban state park. The second phase is a two-mile (3.2-kilometer) extension
from Hart Plaza to the Ambassador Bridge for a total of five miles (8.0 kilometres) of parkway from bridge to bridge.
Civic planners envision the pedestrian parks will stimulate residential redevelopment of riverfront properties
condemned under eminent domain.[136]
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Other major parks include River Rouge (in the southwest side), the largest park in Detroit; Palmer (north of Highland
Park) and Chene Park (on the east river downtown).[137]

Neighborhoods

Detroit has a variety of neighborhood types. The revitalized Downtown, Midtown,

Corktown, New Center areas feature many historic buildings and are high density,
while further out, particularly in the northeast and on the fringes,[138] high
vacancy levels are problematic, for which a number of solutions have been
proposed. In 2007, Downtown Detroit was recognized as the best city
neighborhood in which to retire among the United States' largest metro areas by
The Midtown Woodward Historic CNNMoney editors.[139]
District
Lafayette Park is a revitalized neighborhood on the city's east side, part of the
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe residential district.[140] The 78-acre (32 ha)
development was originally called the Gratiot Park. Planned by Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig Hilberseimer and Alfred
Caldwell it includes a landscaped, 19-acre (7.7 ha) park with no through traffic, in which these and other low-rise
apartment buildings are situated.[140] Immigrants have contributed to the city's neighborhood revitalization,
especially in southwest Detroit.[141] Southwest Detroit has experienced a thriving economy in recent years, as
evidenced by new housing, increased business openings and the recently opened Mexicantown International Welcome
Center.[142]

The city has numerous neighborhoods consisting of vacant properties resulting in low inhabited density in those areas,
stretching city services and infrastructure. These neighborhoods are concentrated in the northeast and on the city's
fringes.[138] A 2009 parcel survey found about a quarter of residential lots in the city to be undeveloped or vacant, and
about 10% of the city's housing to be unoccupied.[138][143][144] The survey also reported that most (86%) of the city's
homes are in good condition with a minority (9%) in fair condition needing only minor repairs.[143][144][145][146]

To deal with vacancy issues, the city has begun demolishing the derelict houses,
razing 3,000 of the total 10,000 in 2010,[147] but the resulting low density creates
a strain on the city's infrastructure. To remedy this, a number of solutions have
been proposed including resident relocation from more sparsely populated
neighborhoods and converting unused space to urban agricultural use, including
Hantz Woodlands, though the city expects to be in the planning stages for up to
another two years.[148][149]

Public funding and private investment have been made with promises to
rehabilitate neighborhoods. In April 2008, the city announced a $300 million The Cass Park Historic District in
(~$402 million in 2022) stimulus plan to create jobs and revitalize neighborhoods, Midtown
financed by city bonds and paid for by earmarking about 15% of the wagering
tax.[148] The city's working plans for neighborhood revitalizations include 7-
Mile/Livernois, Brightmoor, East English Village, Grand River/Greenfield, North
End, and Osborn.[148] Private organizations have pledged substantial funding to
the efforts.[150][151] Additionally, the city has cleared a 1,200-acre (490 ha) section
of land for large-scale neighborhood construction, which the city is calling the Far
Eastside Plan.[152] In 2011, Mayor Dave Bing announced a plan to categorize
neighborhoods by their needs and prioritize the most needed services for those
neighborhoods.[153]

Demographics New Center

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1820 1,422 —
1830 2,222 56.3%
1840 9,102 309.6%
1850 21,019 130.9%
1860 45,619 117.0%
1870 79,577 74.4%
1880 116,340 46.2%
1890 205,876 77.0%
1900 285,704 38.8%

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1910 465,766 63.0%
1920 993,678 113.3%
1930 1,568,662 57.9%
1940 1,623,452 3.5%
1950 1,849,568 13.9%
1960 1,670,144 −9.7%
1970 1,514,063 −9.3%
1980 1,203,368 −20.5%
1990 1,027,974 −14.6%
2000 951,270 −7.5% Population pyramid of Detroit in
2010 713,777 −25.0% 2021
2020 639,111 −10.5%
2022 (est.) 620,376 [3] −2.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[154]
2010–2020[8]

In the 2020 United States Census, the city had 639,111 residents, ranking it the 27th most populous city in the United
States.[155][156] Of the large shrinking cities in the United States, Detroit has had the most dramatic decline in the
population of the past 70 years (down 1,210,457) and the second-largest percentage decline (down 65.4%). While the
drop in Detroit's population has been ongoing since 1950, the most dramatic period was the significant 25% decline
between the 2000 and 2010 Census.[156]

Detroit's 639,111 residents represent 269,445 households, and 162,924 families

residing in the city. The population density was 5,144.3 people per square mile
(1,986.2 people/km2). There were 349,170 housing units at an average density of
2,516.5 units per square mile (971.6 units/km2). Of the 269,445 households, 34.4%
had children under the age of 18 living with them, 21.5% were married couples
living together, 31.4% had a female householder with no husband present, 39.5%
were non-families, 34.0% were made up of individuals, and 3.9% had someone
living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59,
and the average family size was 3.36. Ethnic origins in Detroit

There was a wide distribution of age in the city, with 31.1% under the age of 18,
9.7% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 19.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% 65 years of age or older. The median age was
31 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.5 males.

Religion

According to a 2014 study, 67% of the population of the city identified themselves as Christians, with 49% professing
attendance at Protestant churches, and 16% professing Roman Catholic beliefs,[157][158] while 24% claim no religious
affiliation. Other religions collectively make up about 8% of the population.

Income and employment

The loss of industrial and working-class jobs in the city has resulted in high rates of poverty and associated
problems.[159] From 2000 to 2009, the city's estimated median household income fell from $29,526 to $26,098.[160]
As of 2010, the mean income of Detroit is below the overall U.S. average by several thousand dollars. Of every three
Detroit residents, one lives in poverty. Luke Bergmann, author of Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle
for the Soul of an American City, said in 2010, "Detroit is now one of the poorest big cities in the country".[161]

In the 2018 American Community Survey, median household income in the city was $31,283, compared with the
median for Michigan of $56,697.[162] The median income for a family was $36,842, well below the state median of
$72,036.[163] 33.4% of families had income at or below the federally defined poverty level. Out of the total population,
47.3% of those under the age of 18 and 21.0% of those 65 and older had income at or below the federally defined
poverty line.[164]

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Median income in Detroit (as of July 1, 2019)[165]

Median
Number Per Percent-
House-
Area of house- Capita age in
hold
holds Income poverty
Income
Detroit City 263,688 $30,894 ( ) $18,621 ( ) 35.0% ( )

Wayne County, MI 682,282 $47,301 $27,282 19.8%

United States 120,756,048 $62,843 $34,103 11.4%

Race and ethnicity

Historical Racial Composition of the City of Detroit [hide]

Self-
identified 2020[166] 2010[167] 1990[52] 1970[52] 1950[52] 1940[52] 1930[52] 1920[52] 1910[52]
race
White 14.7% 10.6% 21.6% 55.5% 83.6% 90.7% 92.2% 95.8% 98.7%

—Non-
11% 7.8% 20.7% 54.0%[c] — 90.4% — — —
Hispanic
Black or
African 77.7% 82.7% 75.7% 43.7% 16.2% 9.2% 7.7% 4.1% 1.2%
American

Hispanic or
Latino (of 8.0% 6.8% 2.8% 1.8%[c] — 0.3% — — —
any race)
Asian 1.6% 1.1% 0.8% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% —

Beginning with the rise of the automobile industry, Detroit's population increased
more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century as an influx of European,
Middle Eastern (Lebanese, Assyrian/Chaldean), and Southern migrants brought
their families to the city.[168] With this economic boom following World War I, the
African American population grew from a mere 6,000 in 1910[169] to more than
120,000 by 1930.[170] Perhaps one of the most overt examples of neighborhood
discrimination occurred in 1925 when African American physician Ossian Sweet
found his home surrounded by an angry mob of his hostile white neighbors
violently protesting his new move into a traditionally white neighborhood. Sweet
and ten of his family members and friends were put on trial for murder as one of
the mob members throwing rocks at the newly purchased house was shot and
killed by someone firing out of a second-floor window.[171]
Map of racial distribution in Detroit,
Detroit has a relatively large Mexican-American population. In the early 20th 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25
century, thousands of Mexicans came to Detroit to work in agricultural, people: ⬤ White ⬤ Black
automotive, and steel jobs. During the Mexican Repatriation of the 1930s many ⬤ Asian ⬤ Hispanic ⬤ Other
Mexicans in Detroit were willingly repatriated or forced to repatriate. By the 1940s
much of the Mexican community began to settle what is now Mexicantown.[172]
Immigration from Jalisco significantly increased the Latino population in the 1990s. By 2010 Detroit had 48,679
Hispanics, including 36,452 Mexicans: a 70% increase from 1990.[173]

After World War II, many people from Appalachia also settled in Detroit.
Appalachians formed communities and their children acquired southern
accents.[174] Many Lithuanians also settled in Detroit during the World War II era,
especially on the city's Southwest side in the West Vernor area,[175] where the
renovated Lithuanian Hall reopened in 2006.[176][177]

While African Americans previously comprised only 13% of Michigan's population,

by 2010 they made up nearly 82% of Detroit's population. The next largest
population groups were white people, at 10%, and Hispanics, at 6%.[178] In 2001,
103,000 Jews, or about 1.9% of the population, were living in the Detroit area.[179] Greektown Historic District in Detroit
According to the 2010 census, segregation in Detroit has decreased in absolute and
relative terms and in the first decade of the 21st century, about two-thirds of the
total black population in the metropolitan area resided within the city limits of Detroit.[180][181] The number of

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integrated neighborhoods increased from 100 in 2000 to 204 in 2010. Detroit also moved down the ranking from
number one most segregated city to number four.[182] A 2011 op-ed in The New York Times attributed the decreased
segregation rating to the overall exodus from the city, cautioning that these areas may soon become more segregated.

As of 2002, Detroit's percentage of Asians was 1%.[183] There are four areas in
Detroit with significant Asian and Asian American populations. Northeast Detroit
has a large population of Hmong[184] with a smaller group of Lao people. A portion
of Detroit next to eastern Hamtramck includes Bangladeshi Americans, Indian
Americans, and Pakistani Americans; nearly all of the Bangladeshi population in
Detroit lives in that area. The area north of downtown has transient Asian national
origin residents who are university students or hospital workers. Few of them have
permanent residency after schooling ends. They are mostly Chinese and Indian but
the population also includes Filipinos, Koreans, and Pakistanis. In Southwest Chaldean Town, a historically
Detroit and western Detroit there are smaller, scattered Asian Chaldean neighborhood in Detroit
communities.[183][185]

Economy
Several major corporations are based in the city, including three
Top city employers
Fortune 500 companies. The most heavily represented sectors Source: Crain's Detroit Business[186]
are manufacturing (particularly automotive), finance,
technology, and health care. The most significant companies Rank Company or organization #
based in Detroit include General Motors, Rocket Mortgage, Ally 1 Detroit Medical Center 11,497
Financial, Compuware, Shinola, American Axle, Little Caesars,
DTE Energy, Lowe Campbell Ewald, Blue Cross Blue Shield of 2 City of Detroit 9,591
Michigan, and Rossetti Architects. 3 Quicken Loans 9,192
About 80,500 people work in downtown Detroit, comprising 4 Henry Ford Health System 8,807
one-fifth of the city's employment base.[187][188] Aside from the 5 Detroit Public Schools 6,586
numerous Detroit-based companies listed above, downtown
contains large offices for Comerica, Chrysler, Fifth Third Bank, 6 U.S. Government 6,308
HP Enterprise, Deloitte, PricewaterhouseCoopers, KPMG, and
7 Wayne State University 6,023
Ernst & Young. Ford Motor Company is in the adjacent city of
Dearborn.[189] 8 Chrysler 5,426

9 Blue Cross Blue Shield 5,415

Thousands more employees work in Midtown, north of the
central business district. Midtown's anchors are the city's largest 10 General Motors 4,327
single employer Detroit Medical Center, Wayne State University,
11 State of Michigan 3,911
and the Henry Ford Health System in New Center. Midtown is
also home to watchmaker Shinola and an array of small and 12 DTE Energy 3,700
startup companies. New Center bases TechTown, a research and
13 St. John Providence Health System 3,566
business incubator hub that is part of the Wayne State University
system.[190] Like downtown, Corktown Is experiencing growth 14 U.S. Postal Service 2,643
with the new Ford Corktown Campus under 15 Wayne County 2,566
development.[191][192]
16 MGM Grand Detroit 2,551
Many downtown employers 17 MotorCity Casino 1,973
are relatively new, as there
has been a marked trend of 18 Compuware 1,912
companies moving from 19 Detroit Diesel 1,685
satellite suburbs into the
downtown core.[193] 20 Greektown Casino 1,521
Compuware completed its 21 Comerica 1,194
world headquarters in
downtown in 2003. OnStar, 22 Deloitte 942

The First National Building, a class- Blue Cross Blue Shield, and 23 Johnson Controls 760
A office center within the Detroit HP Enterprise Services are at
the Renaissance Center. 24 PwC 756
Financial District
PricewaterhouseCoopers 25 Ally Financial 715
Plaza offices are adjacent to
Ford Field, and Ernst & Young completed its office building at
One Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage

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lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown
Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices.[194] In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and
Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the
Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington, D.C.'s
metropolitan area.[195]

In April 2014, the United States Department of Labor reported the city's
unemployment rate at 14.5%.[196]

The city of Detroit and other public–private

The Detroit River is one of the
partnerships have attempted to catalyze the
busiest straits in the world. Lake
freighter MV American Courage
region's growth by facilitating the building and
passing the strait.
historical rehabilitation of residential high-rises
in the downtown, creating a zone that offers many
business tax incentives, creating recreational
spaces such as the Detroit RiverWalk, Campus Martius Park, Dequindre Cut
Greenway, and Green Alleys in Midtown. The city has cleared sections of land while
retaining some historically significant vacant buildings in order to spur
redevelopment;[197] even though it has struggled with finances, the city issued bonds
in 2008 to provide funding for ongoing work to demolish blighted properties.[148]
Two years earlier, downtown reported $1.3 billion in restorations and new Labor force distribution in Detroit
developments which increased the number of construction jobs in the city.[77] In the by category:
decade prior to 2006, downtown gained more than $15 billion in new investment Construction
from private and public sectors.[198] Manufacturing
Trade, transportation, utilities
Despite the city's recent financial issues, many developers remain unfazed by Information
Detroit's problems.[199] Midtown is one of the most successful areas within Detroit to Finance
have a residential occupancy rate of 96%.[200] Numerous developments have been Professional and business
recently completed or are in various stages of construction. These include the services
$82 million reconstruction of downtown's David Whitney Building (now an Aloft Education and health
Hotel and luxury residences), the Woodward Garden Block Development in Midtown, services
the residential conversion of the David Broderick Tower in downtown, the
Leisure and hospitality
rehabilitation of the Book Cadillac Hotel (now a Westin and luxury condos) and Fort
Other services
Shelby Hotel (now Doubletree) also in downtown, and various smaller
Government
projects.[201][77]

Downtown's population of young professionals is growing, and retail is

expanding.[202][203] A study in 2007 found out that Downtown's new residents are predominantly young professionals
(57% are ages 25 to 34, 45% have bachelor's degrees, and 34% have a master's or professional degree),[187][202][204] a
trend which has hastened over the last decade. Since 2006, $9 billion has been invested in downtown and surrounding
neighborhoods; $5.2 billion of which has come in 2013 and 2014.[205] Construction activity, particularly rehabilitation
of historic downtown buildings, has increased markedly. As of 2014, the number of vacant downtown buildings has
dropped from nearly 50 to around 13.[206]

In 2013 Meijer, a midwestern retail chain, opened its first supercenter store in Detroit;[207] this was a $20 million,
190,000-square-foot store in the northern portion of the city and it also is the centerpiece of a new $72 million
shopping center named Gateway Marketplace.[208] In 2015 Meijer opened its second supercenter store in the city.[209]
In 2019 JPMorgan Chase announced plans to invest $50 million more in affordable housing, job training and
entrepreneurship by the end of 2022, growing its investment to $200 million.[210]

Arts and culture

In the central portions of Detroit, the population of young professionals, artists,
and other transplants is growing and retail is expanding.[202] This dynamic is
luring additional new residents, and former residents returning from other cities,
to the city's Downtown along with the revitalized Midtown and New Center
areas.[187][202][204]

A desire to be closer to the urban scene has attracted some young professionals to
reside in inner ring suburbs such as Ferndale and Royal Oak.[211] The proximity to
Windsor provides for views and nightlife, along with Ontario's minimum drinking
March for Science

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age of 19.[212]
A 2011 study by Walk Score recognized Detroit for its above average
walkability among large U.S. cities.[213] About two-thirds of suburban residents
occasionally dine and attend cultural events or take in professional games in the
city.[214]

Nicknames

Known as the world's automotive center,[215] "Detroit" is a metonym for that North American International Auto
industry.[216] It is an important source of popular music legacies celebrated by the Show
city's two familiar nicknames, the Motor City and Motown.[217] Other nicknames
arose in the 20th century, including City of Champions, beginning in the 1930s for
its successes in individual and team sport;[218] The D; Hockeytown (a trademark owned by the Detroit Red Wings);
Rock City (after the Kiss song "Detroit Rock City"); and The 313 (its telephone area code).[d][219]

Music

Live music has been a prominent feature of Detroit's nightlife since the late 1940s,
bringing the city recognition under the nickname "Motown".[220] The metropolitan
area has many nationally prominent live music venues. Concerts hosted by Live
Nation perform throughout the Detroit area. The theater venue circuit is the
United States' second largest and hosts Broadway performances.[221][222]

The city has a rich musical heritage and has contributed to many genres over the "Motown Mansion" in Boston-Edison
Historic District; former home of
decades.[219] Important music events include the Detroit International Jazz
Berry Gordy, founder of Motown
Festival, the Detroit Electronic Music Festival, the Motor City Music Conference
Records
(MC2), the Urban Organic Music Conference, the Concert of Colors, and the hip-
hop Summer Jamz festival.[219]

In the 1940s, Detroit blues artist John Lee Hooker became a long-term resident in
the Delray neighborhood. Hooker, among other important blues musicians,
migrated from his home in Mississippi, bringing the Delta blues to Detroit. Hooker
recorded for Fortune Records, the biggest pre-Motown blues/soul label. During
the 1950s, the city became a center for jazz, with stars performing in the Black
Bottom neighborhood.[41] Prominent emerging jazz musicians included trumpeter
Donald Byrd (who attended Cass Tech and performed with Art Blakey and The
Jazz Messengers early in his career) and saxophonist Pepper Adams (who enjoyed
a solo career and accompanied Byrd on several albums). The Graystone Detroit Electronic Music Festival
International Jazz Museum documents jazz in Detroit.[223]

Other prominent Motor City R&B stars in the 1950s and early 1960s were Nolan
Strong, Andre Williams and Nathaniel Mayer—who all scored local and national
hits on the Fortune Records label. According to Smokey Robinson, Strong was a
primary influence on his voice as a teenager. The Fortune label, a family-operated
label on Third Avenue, was owned by the husband-and-wife team of Jack Brown
and Devora Brown. Fortune—which also released country, gospel and rockabilly
LPs and 45s—laid the groundwork for Motown, which became Detroit's most
legendary record label.[224]

Berry Gordy, Jr. founded Motown Records, which rose to prominence during the
1960s and early 1970s with acts such as Stevie Wonder, the Temptations, the Four Detroit Institute of Music Education
Tops, Smokey Robinson & The Miracles, Diana Ross & The Supremes, the Jackson
5, Martha and the Vandellas, the Spinners, Gladys Knight & the Pips, the
Marvelettes, the Elgins, the Monitors, the Velvelettes and Marvin Gaye. Artists were backed by in-house vocalists[225]
The Andantes and The Funk Brothers.

"The Motown sound" played an important role in the crossover appeal with popular music, since it was the first
African American–owned record label to primarily feature African-American artists. Gordy moved Motown to Los
Angeles in 1972 to pursue film production, but the company has since returned to Detroit. Aretha Franklin, another
Detroit R&B star, carried the Motown sound; however, she did not record with Berry's Motown label.[219]

Local artists and bands rose to prominence in the 1960s and 70s, including the MC5, Glenn Frey, the Stooges, Bob
Seger, Amboy Dukes featuring Ted Nugent, Mitch Ryder and The Detroit Wheels, Rare Earth, Alice Cooper, and Suzi
Quatro. The group Kiss emphasized the city's connection with rock in the song "Detroit Rock City" and the movie
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produced in 1999. In the 1980s, Detroit was an important center of the hardcore punk rock underground with many
nationally known bands coming out of the city and its suburbs, such as the Necros, the Meatmen, and Negative
Approach.[224]

In the 1990s and 2000s, the city produced many influential hip hop artists, including Eminem, the hip-hop artist with
the highest cumulative sales, his rap group D12, hip-hop rapper and producer Royce da 5'9", hip-hop producer
Denaun Porter, hip-hop producer J Dilla, rapper and musician Kid Rock and rappers Big Sean and Danny Brown. The
band Sponge toured and produced music.[219][224] The city also has an active garage rock scene that has generated
national attention with acts such as the White Stripes, the Von Bondies, the Detroit Cobras, the Dirtbombs, Electric
Six, and the Hard Lessons.[219]Detroit is cited as the birthplace of techno music in the early 1980s.[226] The city also
lends its name to an early and pioneering genre of electronic dance music, "Detroit techno". Featuring science fiction
imagery and robotic themes, its futuristic style was greatly influenced by the geography of Detroit's urban decline and
its industrial past.[41] Prominent Detroit techno artists include Juan Atkins, Derrick May, Kevin Saunderson, and Jeff
Mills. The Detroit Electronic Music Festival, now known as Movement, occurs annually in late May on Memorial Day
Weekend, and takes place in Hart Plaza.

Performing arts

Major theaters in Detroit include the Fox Theatre (5,174 seats), Music Hall Center
for the Performing Arts (1,770 seats), the Gem Theatre (451 seats), Masonic
Temple Theatre (4,404 seats), the Detroit Opera House (2,765 seats), the Fisher
Theatre (2,089 seats), The Fillmore Detroit (2,200 seats), Saint Andrew's Hall, the
Majestic Theater, and Orchestra Hall (2,286 seats), which hosts the renowned
Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The Nederlander Organization, the largest controller
of Broadway productions in New York City, originated with the purchase of the
Detroit Opera House in 1922 by the Nederlander family.[219]
The Detroit Fox Theatre in
Downtown
Motown Motion Picture Studios with 535,000 square feet (49,700 m2)
produces
movies in Detroit and the surrounding area based at the Pontiac Centerpoint
Business Campus for a film industry expected to employ over 4,000 people in the
metro area.[227]

Tourism

Because of its unique culture, distinctive architecture, and revitalization and urban
renewal efforts in the 21st century, Detroit has enjoyed increased prominence as a
tourist destination in recent years. The New York Times listed Detroit as the ninth-
best destination in its list of 52 Places to Go in 2017,[228] while travel guide
publisher Lonely Planet named Detroit the second-best city in the world to visit in
2018.[229]Time named Detroit as one of the 50 World's Greatest Places of 2022 to
explore.[18]
Detroit Institute of Arts
Many of the area's prominent museums are in the historic cultural center
neighborhood around Wayne State University and the College for Creative Studies.
These museums include the Detroit Institute of Arts, the Detroit Historical Museum, Charles H. Wright Museum of
African American History, the Detroit Science Center, as well as the main branch of the Detroit Public Library. Other
cultural highlights include Motown Historical Museum, the Ford Piquette Avenue Plant museum, the Pewabic Pottery
studio and school, the Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Fort Wayne, the Dossin Great Lakes Museum, the Museum of
Contemporary Art Detroit, the Contemporary Art Institute of Detroit, and the Belle Isle Conservatory.

In 2010, the G.R. N'Namdi Gallery opened in a 16,000-square-foot (1,500 m2) complex in Midtown. Important history
of America and the Detroit area are exhibited at The Henry Ford in Dearborn, the United States' largest indoor-
outdoor museum complex.[230] The Detroit Historical Society provides information about tours of area churches,
skyscrapers, and mansions. Inside Detroit hosts tours, educational programming, and a downtown welcome center.
Other sites of interest are the Detroit Zoo in Royal Oak, the Cranbrook Art Museum in Bloomfield Hills, the Anna
Scripps Whitcomb Conservatory on Belle Isle, and Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills.[131]

Greektown and three downtown casino resort hotels serve as part of an entertainment hub. The Eastern Market
farmer's distribution center is the largest open-air flowerbed market in the United States and has more than 150 foods
and specialty businesses.[231] On Saturdays, about 45,000 people shop there.[232] The annual Detroit Festival of the
Arts in Midtown draws about 350,000 people.[233]

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Annual summer events include the Electronic Music Festival, International Jazz
Festival, the Woodward Dream Cruise, the African World Festival, the country
music Hoedown, Noel Night, and Dally in the Alley. Within downtown, Campus
Martius Park hosts large events, including the annual Motown Winter Blast. As the
world's traditional automotive center, the city hosts the North American
International Auto Show. Held since 1924, America's Thanksgiving Parade is one
of the nation's largest.[234] River Days, a five-day summer festival on the
International Riverfront lead up to the Windsor–Detroit International Freedom The Ford Piquette Avenue Plant,
Festival fireworks, which draw super sized-crowds ranging from hundreds of birthplace of the Ford Model T and
thousands to over three million people.[214][219][235] the world's oldest car factory
building open to the public
An important civic sculpture is The Spirit of Detroit by Marshall Fredericks at the
Coleman Young Municipal Center. The image is often used as a symbol of Detroit,
and the statue is occasionally dressed in sports jerseys to celebrate when a Detroit team is doing well.[236] A memorial
to Joe Louis is located at the intersection of Jefferson and Woodward Avenues. The sculpture, commissioned by
Sports Illustrated and executed by Robert Graham, is a 24-foot (7.3 m) long arm with a fisted hand suspended by a
pyramidal framework.

Sports

Top: Comerica Park, home of the American League Detroit Tigers; middle: Ford Field, home of the Detroit Lions; bottom: Little Caesars
Arena, home of the Detroit Red Wings and the Detroit Pistons

Detroit is one of 3 U.S. cities that is home to professional teams with venues within the city representing the four
major sports in North America. Detroit is the only city to have its four major sports teams play within its downtown
district.[237] Venues include: Comerica Park (home of MLB's Detroit Tigers), Ford Field (home of the NFL's Detroit
Lions), and Little Caesars Arena (home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings and the NBA's Detroit Pistons).

Detroit has won titles in all four of the major professional sports leagues. The Tigers have won four World Series titles
(1935, 1945, 1968, and 1984). The Red Wings have won 11 Stanley Cups (1935–36, 1936–37, 1942–43, 1949–50, 1951–
52, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1996–97, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2007–08) (the most by an American NHL franchise).[238] The
Lions have won 4 NFL titles (1935, 1952, 1953, 1957) . The Pistons have won three NBA titles (1989, 1990, 2004).[219]
In the years following the mid-1930s, Detroit was referred to as the "City of Champions" after the Tigers, Lions, and
Red Wings captured the three major professional sports championships in existence at the time in a seven-month
period (the Tigers won the World Series in October 1935; the Lions won the NFL championship in December 1935; the
Red Wings won the Stanley Cup in April 1936).[218]

Founded in 2012 as a semi-professional soccer club, Detroit City FC plays professional soccer in the USL
Championship. Nicknamed, Le Rouge, the club are two-time champions of NISA since joining in 2020. They play their
home matches in Keyworth Stadium, which is located in the enclave of Hamtramck.[239]

In college sports, Detroit's central location within the Mid-American Conference (MAC) has made it a frequent site for
the league's championship events. While the MAC Basketball Tournament moved permanently to Cleveland starting in
2000, the MAC Football Championship Game has been played at Ford Field since 2004 and annually attracts 25,000
to 30,000 fans. The University of Detroit Mercy has an NCAA Division I program, and Wayne State University has
both NCAA Division I and II programs. The NCAA football Quick Lane Bowl is held at Ford Field each December.

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The city hosted the 2005 MLB All-Star Game, Super Bowl XL in 2006, the 2006 and 2012 World Series, WrestleMania
23 in 2007, and the NCAA Final Four in April 2009. The Detroit Indy Grand Prix is held in Belle Isle Park. In 2007,
open-wheel racing returned to Belle Isle with both Indy Racing League and American Le Mans Series Racing.[240]
From 1982 to 1988, Detroit held the Detroit Grand Prix, at the Detroit street circuit.

In 1932, Eddie "The Midnight Express" Tolan from Detroit won the 100- and 200-meter races and two gold medals at
the 1932 Summer Olympics. Joe Louis won the heavyweight championship of the world in 1937. Detroit has made the
most bids to host the Summer Olympics without ever being awarded the games, with seven unsuccessful bids for the
1944, 1952, 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, and 1972 summer games.[219]

Government
The city is governed pursuant to the home rule Charter of the City of Detroit. The
government is run by a mayor, the nine-member Detroit City Council, the eleven-member
Board of Police Commissioners, and a clerk. All of these officers are elected on a
nonpartisan ballot, with the exception of four of the police commissioners, who are
appointed by the mayor. Detroit has a "strong mayoral" system, with the mayor approving
departmental appointments. The council approves budgets, but the mayor is not obligated
to adhere to any earmarking. The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged
with the maintenance of municipal records. City ordinances and substantially large
contracts must be approved by the council.[241][242] The Detroit City Code is the
codification of Detroit's local ordinances.

Presently three Community Advisory Councils advise City Council representatives.

Residents of each of Detroit's seven districts have the option of electing Community The Guardian Building
Advisory Councils.[243] The city clerk supervises elections and is formally charged with serves as the headquarters
the maintenance of municipal records. Municipal elections for mayor, city council and city of Wayne County.
clerk are held at four-year intervals, in the year after presidential elections.[242] Following
a November 2009 referendum, seven council members will be elected from districts
beginning in 2013 while two will continue to be elected at-large.[244]

Detroit's courts are state-administered and elections are nonpartisan. The Probate Court for Wayne County is in the
Coleman A. Young Municipal Center in downtown. The Circuit Court is across Gratiot Avenue in the Frank Murphy
Hall of Justice. The city is home to the Thirty-Sixth District Court, as well as the First District of the Michigan Court of
Appeals and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan. The city provides law enforcement
through the Detroit Police Department and emergency services through the Detroit Fire Department.[245][246]

Politics

Beginning with its incorporation in 1802, Detroit has had a total of 74 mayors. Detroit's last mayor from the
Republican Party was Louis Miriani, who served from 1957 to 1962. In 1973, the city elected its first black mayor,
Coleman Young. Despite development efforts, his combative style during his five terms in office was not well received
by many suburban residents.[247] Mayor Dennis Archer, a former Michigan Supreme Court Justice, refocused the
city's attention on redevelopment with a plan to permit three casinos downtown. By 2008, three major casino resort
hotels established operations in the city.[248]

In 2000, the city requested an investigation by the United States Justice Department into the Detroit Police
Department which was concluded in 2003 over allegations regarding its use of force and civil rights violations. The
city proceeded with a major reorganization of the Detroit Police Department.[249] In 2013, felony bribery charges were
brought against seven building inspectors.[250] In 2016, further corruption charges were brought against 12 principals,
a former school superintendent and supply vendor[251] for a $12 million (~$14.4 million in 2022) kickback
scheme.[252][253] However, law professor Peter Henning argues Detroit's corruption is not unusual for a city its size,
especially when compared with Chicago.[254]

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Detroit is sometimes referred to as a sanctuary city because it has "anti-profiling ordinances that generally prohibit
local police from asking about the immigration status of people who are not suspected of any crime".[255] The city in
recent years has been a stronghold for the Democratic Party, with around 94% of votes in the city going to Joe Biden,
the Democratic candidate in the 2020 Presidential election.

Education

Colleges and universities

Detroit is home to several institutions of higher learning including Wayne State

University, a national research university with medical and law schools in the Midtown
area offering hundreds of academic degrees and programs. The University of Detroit
Mercy, in northwest Detroit in the University District, is a prominent Roman Catholic co-
educational university affiliated with the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) and the Sisters of
Mercy. The University of Detroit Mercy School of Law is downtown across from the
Renaissance Center.[256]

Grand Valley State University's Detroit Center hosts workshops, seminars, professional
development, and other large gatherings. Located in the heart of downtown next to
Comerica Park and the Detroit Athletic Club, the center has become a key component for
educational activity in the city.[257]
College of Business
Sacred Heart Major Seminary, founded in 1919, is affiliated with Pontifical University of Administration, University of
Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum in Rome and offers pontifical degrees as well as civil Detroit Mercy
undergraduate and graduate degrees. Other institutions in the city include the College for
Creative Studies and Wayne County Community College. In June 2009, the
Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine which is based in East
Lansing opened a satellite campus at the Detroit Medical Center.

Primary and secondary schools

As of 2016 many K-12 students in Detroit frequently change schools, with some
children having been enrolled in seven schools before finishing their K-12 careers. DeRoy Auditorium at Wayne State
There is a concentration of senior high schools and charter schools in the University, by Minoru Yamasaki
downtown area, which had wealthier residents and more gentrification relative to
other parts of Detroit: Downtown, northwest Detroit, and northeast Detroit have
1,894, 3,742, and 6,018 students of high school age, respectively, while they have 11, three, and two high schools,
respectively.[258] As of 2016 because of the lack of public transportation and the lack of school bus services, many
Detroit families have to rely on themselves to transport children to school.[258]

Public schools and charter schools

With about 66,000 public school students (2011–12), the Detroit Public Schools
(DPS) district is the largest school district in Michigan. Detroit has an additional
56,000 charter school students for a combined enrollment of about 122,000
students.[259][260] As of 2009 there are about as many students in charter schools
as there are in district schools.[261] As of 2016 DPS continues to have the majority
of the special education pupils. In addition, some Detroit students, as of 2016,
attend public schools in other municipalities.[258] Western International High School

In 1999, the Michigan Legislature removed the locally elected board of education
amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a reform board appointed
by the mayor and governor. The elected board of education was re-established
following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new 11-member board
of education occurred on November 8, 2005.[262]

With growing charter schools enrollment as well as a continued exodus of

population, the city planned to close many public schools.[259] State officials report
a 68% graduation rate for Detroit's public schools adjusted for those who change
schools.[263][264] Traditional public and charter school students in the city have Cass Technical High School
performed poorly on standardized tests. c. 2009 and 2011, while Detroit traditional
public schools scored a record low on national tests, the publicly funded charter
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schools did even worse than the traditional public schools.[265][266] As of 2016 there were 30,000 excess openings in
Detroit traditional public and charter schools, bearing in mind the number of K-12-aged children in the city. In 2016,
Kate Zernike of The New York Times stated school performance did not improve despite the proliferation of charters,
describing the situation as "lots of choice, with no good choice".[258]

Detroit public schools students scored the lowest on tests of reading and writing of all major cities in the United States
in 2015. Among eighth-graders, only 27% showed basic proficiency in math and 44% in reading.[267] Nearly half of
Detroit's adults are functionally illiterate.[268]

Private schools

Detroit is served by various private schools, as well as parochial Roman Catholic schools operated by the Archdiocese
of Detroit. As of 2013 there are four Catholic grade schools and three Catholic high schools in the City of Detroit, with
all of them in the city's west side.[269] The Archdiocese of Detroit lists a number of primary and secondary schools in
the metro area as Catholic education has emigrated to the suburbs.[270][271] Of the three Catholic high schools, two are
operated by the Society of Jesus and the third is co-sponsored by the Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of
Mary and the Congregation of St. Basil.[272][273]

Media
The Detroit Free Press and The Detroit News are the major daily newspapers, both
broadsheet publications published together under a joint operating agreement
called the Detroit Media Partnership. Media philanthropy includes the Detroit
Free Press high school journalism program and the Old Newsboys' Goodfellow
Fund of Detroit.[274] In March 2009, the two newspapers reduced home delivery
to three days per week, print reduced newsstand issues of the papers on non-
delivery days and focus resources on Internet-based news delivery.[275] The Metro
Times, founded in 1980, is a weekly publication, covering news, arts &
entertainment.[276]

Founded in 1935 and based in Detroit, the Michigan Chronicle is one of the oldest Offices of the Detroit Free Press
and most respected African-American weekly newspapers in America, covering and Detroit News
politics, entertainment, sports and community events. [277] The Detroit television
market is the 11th largest in the United States; [278] according to estimates that do
not include audiences in large areas of Ontario (Windsor and its surrounding area on broadcast and cable TV, as well
as several other cable markets in Ontario, such as Ottawa) which receive and watch Detroit television stations.[278]

Detroit has the 11th largest radio market in the United States,[279] though this ranking does not take into account
Canadian audiences.[279] Nearby Canadian stations such as Windsor's CKLW (whose jingles formerly proclaimed
"CKLW-the Motor City") are popular in Detroit.[280]

Crime
Detroit has gained notoriety for its high amount of crime, having struggled with it Detroit
for decades. The number of homicides in 1974 was 714.[281][282] The homicide rate
Crime rates* (2019)
in 2022 was the third highest in the nation at 50.0 per 100,000.[283] Downtown
typically has lower crime than national and state averages.[284] According to a Violent crimes
2007 analysis, Detroit officials note about 65 to 70 percent of homicides in the city Homicide 41.4
were drug related,[285] with the rate of unsolved murders roughly 70%.[159] Rape 143.4

Although the rate of violent crime dropped 11% in 2008,[286] violent crime in Robbery 353.3
Detroit has not declined as much as the national average from 2007 to 2011.[287] Aggravated assault 1,425.8
The violent crime rate is one of the highest in the United States.
Total violent crime 1,965.3
Neighborhoodscout.com reported a crime rate of 62.18 per 1,000 residents for
property crimes, and 16.73 per 1,000 for violent crimes (compared to national Property crimes
figures of 32 per 1,000 for property crimes and 5 per 1,000 for violent crime in Burglary 1,027.1
2008).[288] In 2012, crime in the city was among the reasons for more expensive
Larceny-theft 2,235.5
car insurance.[289]
Motor vehicle theft 1,037.0
Areas of the city adjacent to the Detroit River are also patrolled by the United Total property crime 4,299.7
States Border Patrol.[290]

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Notes
*Number of reported crimes per 100,000
population.
Source: FBI 2019 UCR data (https://ucr.f
bi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2019/crime-in-the-
u.s.-2019/topic-pages/tables/table-6)

Infrastructure

Health systems

There are over a dozen major hospitals, which include the Detroit Medical Center
(DMC), Henry Ford Health System, St. John Health System, and the John D.
Dingell VA Medical Center. DMC, a regional Level I trauma center, consists of
Detroit Receiving Hospital and University Health Center, Children's Hospital of
Michigan, Harper University Hospital, Hutzel Women's Hospital, Kresge Eye
Institute, Rehabilitation Institute of Michigan, Sinai-Grace Hospital, and the The Detroit Public Library in 2018
Karmanos Cancer Institute. DMC has more than 2,000 licensed beds and 3,000
affiliated physicians. It is the largest private employer in the city.[291] The center is
staffed by physicians from the Wayne State University School of Medicine, the largest single-campus medical school in
the United States and the fourth largest medical school overall.[291]

DMC formally became a part of Vanguard Health Systems on December 30, 2010,
as a for-profit corporation. Vanguard has agreed to invest nearly $1.5 B in the
DMC complex.[292][293] Vanguard has agreed to assume all debts and pension
obligations.[292] The metro area has many other hospitals including William
Beaumont Hospital, St. Joseph's, and University of Michigan Medical Center.

In 2011, DMC and Henry Ford Health System substantially increased investments
in medical research facilities and hospitals in the city's Midtown and New
Center.[292][294] In 2012, two major construction projects were begun in New Harper Hospital and Hutzel
Center. The Henry Ford Health System started the first phase of a $500 million, Women's Hospital
300-acre revitalization project, with the construction of a new $30 million,
275,000-square-foot, Medical Distribution Center for Cardinal Health,
Inc.[295][296] and Wayne State University started construction on a new $93 million, 207,000-square-foot, Integrative
Biosciences Center (IBio).[297][298] As many as 500 researchers and staff will work out of the IBio Center.[299]

Transportation

With its proximity to Canada and its facilities, ports, major highways, rail
connections and international airports, Detroit is an important transportation hub.
The city has three international border crossings, the Ambassador Bridge, Detroit–
Windsor Tunnel and Michigan Central Railway Tunnel, linking Detroit to
Windsor. The Ambassador Bridge is the single busiest border crossing in North
America, carrying 27% of the total trade between the U.S. and Canada.[300]

In 2015 Canadian Transport Minister Lisa Raitt announced Canada agreed to pay
A QLine streetcar at Campus
the entire cost to build a $250 million U.S. Customs plaza adjacent to the planned
Martius station
new Detroit–Windsor bridge, now the Gordie Howe International Bridge. Canada
had already planned to pay for 95% of the bridge, which will cost $2.1 billion and is
expected to open in 2024.[301] "This allows Canada and Michigan to move the
project forward immediately to its next steps which include further design work and property acquisition on the U.S.
side of the border", Raitt said in a statement issued after she spoke in the House of Commons. [302]

Transit systems

Mass transit in the region is provided by bus services. The Detroit Department of Transportation provides service
within city limits up to the outer edges of the city. From there, the Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional
Transportation (SMART) provides service to the suburbs and the city regionally with local routes and SMART's FAST
service. FAST is a new service provided by SMART which offers limited stops along major corridors throughout the

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Detroit metropolitan area connecting the suburbs to downtown. The new high-
frequency service travels along three of Detroit's busiest corridors, Gratiot,
Woodward, and Michigan, and only stops at designated FAST stops. Cross border
service between the downtown areas of Windsor and Detroit is provided by Transit
Windsor via the Tunnel Bus.[303]

An elevated rail system known as the People Mover, completed in 1987, provides
daily service around a 2.94-mile (4.73 km) loop downtown. The QLINE serves as a
link between the People Mover and the Amtrak station via Woodward Avenue.[304] The Detroit People Mover (DPM)
The Ann Arbor–Detroit Regional Rail line will extend from New Center,
elevated railway in Bricktown
connecting to Ann Arbor via Dearborn, Wayne, and Ypsilanti when it is
opened.[305]

The Regional Transit Authority (RTA) was established by an act of the Michigan legislature in 2012 to oversee and
coordinate all existing regional mass transit operations, and to develop new transit services in the region. The RTA's
first project was the introduction of RelfeX, a limited-stop, cross-county bus service connecting downtown and
midtown Detroit with Oakland county via Woodward avenue.[306]

Amtrak provides service to Detroit, operating its Wolverine service between

Chicago and Pontiac. The Amtrak station is in New Center north of downtown.
Intercity bus service is offered at the Detroit Bus Station. Greyhound Lines,
Flixbus, Indian Trails, and Barons Bus Lines connect Detroit with numerous cities
across the Midwest.

Car ownership

The city of Detroit has a higher than average percentage of households without a
Amtrak Wolverine at Detroit station
car. In 2016, 24.7% of Detroit households lacked a car, much higher than the
national average of 8.7%. Detroit averaged 1.15 cars per household in 2016,
compared to a national average of 1.8.[307]

Freight railroads

Freight railroad operations in the city of Detroit are provided by Canadian National Railway, Canadian Pacific
Railway, Conrail Shared Assets, CSX Transportation and Norfolk Southern Railway, each of which have local yards
within the city. Detroit is also served by the Delray Connecting Railroad and Detroit Connecting Railroad
shortlines.[308]

Airports

Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (DTW), the principal airport serving
Detroit, is in nearby Romulus. DTW is a primary hub for Delta Air Lines (following
its acquisition of Northwest Airlines), and a secondary hub for Spirit Airlines. The
airport is connected to Downtown Detroit by the Suburban Mobility Authority for
Regional Transportation (SMART) FAST Michigan route.[309]

Coleman A. Young International Airport (DET), previously called Detroit City

Airport, is on Detroit's northeast side; the airport now maintains only charter
service and general aviation.[310] Willow Run Airport, in western Wayne County
Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County
near Ypsilanti, is a general aviation and cargo airport.[311]
Airport (DTW), the principal airport
serving Detroit, is located in nearby
Freeways Romulus.

Metro Detroit has an extensive toll-free network of freeways administered by the

Michigan Department of Transportation. Four major Interstate Highways surround the city. Detroit is connected via
Interstate 75 (I-75) and I-96 to Kings Highway 401 and to major Southern Ontario cities such as London, Ontario and
the Greater Toronto Area. I-75 (Chrysler and Fisher freeways) is the region's main north–south route, serving Flint,
Pontiac, Troy, and Detroit, before continuing south (as the Detroit–Toledo and Seaway Freeways) to serve many of the
communities along the shore of Lake Erie.[312]

I-94 (Edsel Ford Freeway) runs east–west through Detroit and serves Ann Arbor to the west (where it continues to
Chicago) and Port Huron to the northeast. The stretch of the I-94 freeway from Ypsilanti to Detroit was one of
America's earlier limited-access highways. Henry Ford built it to link the factories at Willow Run and Dearborn during
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World War II. A portion was known as the Willow Run Expressway. The I-96 freeway runs northwest–southeast
through Livingston, Oakland and Wayne counties and (as the Jeffries Freeway through Wayne County) has its eastern
terminus in downtown Detroit.[312]

I-275 runs north–south from I-75 in the south to the junction of I-96 and I-696 in the north, providing a bypass
through the western suburbs of Detroit. I-375 is a short spur route in downtown Detroit, an extension of the Chrysler
Freeway. I-696 (Reuther Freeway) runs east–west from the junction of I-96 and I-275, providing a route through the
northern suburbs of Detroit. Taken together, I-275 and I-696 form a semicircle around Detroit. Michigan state
highways designated with the letter M serve to connect major freeways.[312]

Floating post office

Detroit has a floating post office, the J. W. Westcott II, which serves lake freighters
along the Detroit River. Its ZIP Code is 48222.[313] The ZIP Code is used
exclusively for the J. W. Westcott II, which makes it the only floating ZIP Code in
the United States. It has a land-based office at 12 24th Street, just south of the
Ambassador Bridge. The J.W. Westcott Company was established in 1874 by
Captain John Ward Westcott as a maritime reporting agency to inform other
vessels about port conditions,[314] and the J. W. Westcott II vessel began service in
1949 and is still in operation today.[315] J.W. Westcott II on the Detroit River
in front of the Ambassador Bridge
Notable people

Sister cities
Detroit's sister cities include the following:[316]

Chongqing, China
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Kitwe, Zambia
Minsk, Belarus
Nassau, Bahamas
Toyota, Japan[317]
Turin, Italy[318]

See also
USS Detroit, at least 6 ships

Notes
a. Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or
year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
b. Official records for Detroit were kept at downtown from January 1874 to December 1933, Detroit City Airport from
February 1934 to March 1966, and at DTW since April 1966. For more information, see ThreadEx (http://threadex.r
cc-acis.org).
c. From 15% sample
d. Commemorated in the movie 8 Mile (2002)

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Further reading
Arnaud, Michel (2017). Detroit: the dream is now: the design, art, and resurgence of an American city. Abrams.
Babson, Steve (1984). Working Detroit. Adama Books.
Bak, Richard (2001). Detroit Across Three Centuries. Thomson Gale. ISBN 1-58536-001-5.
Barrow, Heather B. Henry Ford's Plan for the American Suburb: Dearborn and Detroit. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois
University Press, 2015.
Bates, Beth Tompkins. The Making of Black Detroit in the Age of Henry Ford. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North
Carolina Press, 2012.
Bergmann, Luke (September 8, 2010). Getting Ghost: Two Young Lives and the Struggle for the Soul of an
American City. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03436-9.
Berman, Lila Corwin (2016). Metropolitan Jews : politics, race, and religion in postwar Detroit. University of
Chicago Press.
Bjorn, Lars; Jim Gallert (2001). Before Motown: a history of Jazz in Detroit. University of Michigan Press.
Boland, S. R.; Marilyn Bond (2002). The birth of Detroit sound. Arcadia.
Borden, Ernest H. (2003). Detroit's Paradise Valley. Arcadia.
Bolkosky, Sidney M (1991). Harmony & dissonance: voices of Jewish identity in Detroit. Wayne State University
Press.
Burton, Clarence M (1896). Cadillac's Village: A History of the Settlement, 1701–1710. Detroit Society for
Genealogical Research. ISBN 0-943112-21-4.
Burton, Clarence M (1912). Early Detroit: A sketch of some of the interesting affairs of the olden time. Burton
Abstracts. OCLC 926958 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/926958).
Cangany, Catherine (2014). Frontier Seaport: Detroit's Transformation into an Atlantic Entrepôt. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
Catlin, George B. (1923). The Story of Detroit (http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=micounty;idno=APK10
36.0001.001). The Detroit News Association.
Chafets, Zeʼev (1990). Devil's Night and Other True Tales of Detroit. Random House.
Clemens, Paul (2005). Made in Detroit: a south of 8 Mile memoir. Doubleday.
Dunnigan, Brian Leigh (2001). Frontier Metropolis, Picturing Early Detroit, 1701–1838. Great Lakes Books.
ISBN 0-8143-2767-2.
Farley, Reynolds; et al. (2002). Detroit Divided (https://archive.org/details/detroitdivided0000farl). Russell Sage
Foundation Publications. ISBN 0-87154-281-1.
Foley, Aaron (2017). The Detroit neighborhood guidebook. Belt Publishing.
Foley, Aaron (2015). How to live in Detroit without being a Jackass. Belt Publishing.
Farmer, Silas. (1884) (July 1969) The history of Detroit and Michigan, or, The metropolis illustrated: a
chronological cyclopaedia of the past and present: including a full record of territorial days in Michigan, and the
annuals of Wayne County, in various formats at (https://openlibrary.org/works/OL161750W/The_history_of_Detroit
_and_Michigan_or_The_metropolis_illustrat) Open Library.
Farmer, Silas (1889). History of Detroit and Wayne County and Early Michigan. Omnigraphics Inc; Reprint edition
(October 1998). ISBN 1-55888-991-4.
Gallagher, John (2010). Reimagining Detroit: opportunities for redefining an American city. Wayne State University
Press.
Galster, George. (2012). Driving Detroit: The Quest for Respect in the Motor City University of Pennsylvania Press
Gavrilovich, Peter; Bill McGraw (2006). The Detroit Almanac, 2nd edition. Detroit Free Press. ISBN 978-0-937247-
48-8.
Godzak, Roman (2004). Catholic Churches of Detroit. Arcadia.
Goldstein, Laurence, ed. (1986). "Detroit: An American City". Special Issue of Michigan Quarterly Review. Spring
1986. Arcadia.
Hartigan, John (1999). Racial Situations: Class Predicaments of Whiteness in Detroit. Princeton University Press.
Hill, Eric J.; John Gallagher (2002). AIA Detroit: The American Institute of Architects Guide to Detroit Architecture
(https://archive.org/details/aiadetroitameric0000hill). Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3120-3.
Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds. Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980 (Greenwood
Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980. online (https://archive.org/details/
biographicaldict0000unse_r8s1); see index at p. 408 for list.
Ibbotson, Patricia (2007). Detroit's historic hotels and restaurants. Arcadia.
Jarvis, Donna (2008). Detroit Police Department. Arcadia.
LeDuff, Charlie (2014). Detroit: An American Autopsy. Penguin Books.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit 43/44
1/16/24, 12:39 AM Detroit - Wikipedia

Lichtenstein, Nelson (1995). The most dangerous man in Detroit. Basic Books.
Locke, Hubert G. (1969). The Detroit Riot of 1967. Wayne State University Press.
Maraniss, David (2015). Once in a great city: A Detroit story. Simon & Schuster.
Martelle, Scott (2012). Detroit (a biography). Chicago Review Press.
Morrison, Jeff (2019). Guardians of Detroit: Architectural Sculpture in the Motor City. Wayne State University
Press.
Philp, Drew (2017). A $500 house in Detroit: rebuilding an abandoned home and an American city. (http://drewphil
p.com) Scribner.
Poremba, David Lee (2001). Detroit in Its World Setting (https://archive.org/details/detroitinitsworl0000unse).
Wayne State University. ISBN 0-8143-2870-9.
Poremba, David Lee (2003). Detroit: A Motor City History (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 0-7385-
2435-2.
Posner, Gerald (2002). Motown. Random House.
Powell, L. P (1901). "Detroit, the Queen City", Historic Towns of the Western States (New York).
Sharoff, Robert (2005). American City: Detroit Architecture. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-3270-6.
Sobocinski, Melanie Grunow (2005). Detroit and Rome: building on the past. Regents of the University of
Michigan. ISBN 0-933691-09-2.
Stahl, Kenneth (2009). Detroit's Great Rebellion. Kenneth Stahl. ISBN 978-0-9799157-0-3.
Taylor, Paul (2013). "Old Slow Town": Detroit during the Civil War. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-
8143-3603-8.
Vergara, Camilo José (2016). Detroit Is No Dry Bones: The Eternal City of the Industrial Age. University of
Michigan Press.
Whitall, Susan (1998). Women of Motown. Avon.
Widick, J.J. (1972). Detroit: City of race and class violence. Wayne State University Press.
Woodford, Arthur M. (2001). This is Detroit 1701–2001. Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2914-4.

Primary sources
Moon, Elaine Latzman (1994). Untold tales, unsung heroes: an oral history of Detroit's African American
community, 1918-1967, online (https://archive.org/details/untoldtalesunsun0000moon).

External links
Official website (http://www.detroitmi.gov/)
Detroit Regional Chamber (http://www.detroitchamber.com/)
Labor, Urban Affairs and Detroit History archival collections (http://reuther.wayne.edu) at the Walter P. Reuther
Library
Virtual Motor City Collection (https://digital.library.wayne.edu/item/wayne:collectionvmc) at Wayne State University
Library, contains over 30,000 images of Detroit from 1890 to 1980
"In Energized Detroit, Savoring an Architectural Legacy" (https://mobile.nytimes.com/2018/03/26/travel/architectur
e-detroit-albert-kahn.html). The New York Times. March 26, 2018.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Detroit&oldid=1195467822"

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