2023-2024

Physics Investigatory

Project
On
Transformers

Class:- XII Submitted By:-

Uday Pratap
Roll No:- 12113
 Certificate
This is to certify that Uday Pratap,
student of Class XII,
Kendriya vidyalaya, Gandhidham has
completed the project titled
Transformer during the academic year
2023-24 towards partial fulfillment of
credit for the Physics practical
evaluation of CBSE 2024, and
submitted satisfactory report, as
compiled in the following pages, under
my supervision.

External examiner Physics Lecturer

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my sincere

gratitude to my physics mentor MR.
Jitendra Kumar Jain sir for his vital support,
guidance and encouragement, without
which this project would not have come
forth. I would also like to express my
gratitude to the other staff of the
Department of Physics for their support
during the making of this project.
 CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. OBJECTIVES
3. PRINCIPLE
4. CONSTRUCTION
5. THEORY
6. EFFICIENCY
7. CIRCUITDAIGRAM
8. ENERGY LOSSES INTRANSFORMER
9. USES
10. APPLICATIONS
11. PRECAUTIONS
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION
TRANSFORMER
The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into
a low alternating voltage.

A transformer which increases the A.C. voltage is called a “Step-

up transformer.’
A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltage is called a
“Step-down transformer”
  A STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

A step-down transformer is one whose secondary voltage is

less than its primary voltage. It is designed to reduce the
voltage from the primary winding to the secondary winding.
This kind of transformer “step down” the voltage applied to it.

As a step-down unit, the transformer converts high-voltage,

low- current power into low-voltage, high-current power.
 OBJECTIVE

Prepare a project on “STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER.”

PRINCIPLE

A Transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction.

According to this principle, ‘When the amount of magnetic flux linked
with a coil changing, an e.m.f. is induced in the neighboring coil.’
 CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core

made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one
another. Two coils P1& P2 and S1& S2 are wound on the
same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note
that the both the coils are insulated from the core. The
source of alternating e.m.f. is connected to P1P2, the
primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to S1S2,
the secondary coil through an open switch S. Thus there
can be no current through the secondary coil as long as
the switch is open.

For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance

of the primary & secondary winding is negligible.
Further, the energy loses due to the magnetic iron core
is also negligible.
 THEORY
When an alternating e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil P1P2, an
alternating current starts flowing in it. The alternating current in the
primary coil produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
alternating voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary coil. In a
good transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary coil
is also linked with the secondary coil, and then the induced e.m.f.
induced in each turn of the secondary coil is equal to that induced in
each turn of the primary coil. Thus if Ep and Es be the instantaneous
values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary coil and the secondary
coil and Np and Ns are the number of turns of the primary and
secondary coils of the transformer and

dфь / dt=rate of change of flux in each turn of the coil

At this instant, we have

Ep =-Npdфь/dt------------------------------------------------------------------ (i)

Es =-Nsdфь/dt------------------------------------------------------------------- (ii)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing (ii)
by (i), we get

Es / Ep = - Ns/ Np--------------------------------------------------------- (iii)

As Epis the instantaneous value of back e.m.f. induced in the primary

coil P1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the

difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back

e.m.f. Further if Rpis the resistance ofP1P2coil, then the instantaneous

current Ipin the primary coil is given by

Ip = (E–Ep)/Rp

(E–Ep) = IpRp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ipcan be neglected so

therefore

E–Ep =0orEp= E

Thusback e.m.f. = input e.m.f.

Hence equation (iii) can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step down transformer:-

Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant

And Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant =Ep Ip
And Output power at the same instant =EsIs
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power =Output power
EpIp=EsIs
Es/Ep = Ip/ Is = K

EFFICIENCY
Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to

the input power. i.e.

η = output power /inputpower = Es Is / EpIp

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1.

But in actual practice, there are many power losses, therefore the
efficiency of transformer is less than one.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
 ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.

2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core of
the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron
core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs in spite of best insulations.

Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of
S1S2is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with
each turn of P1P2.

4. Hysteretic loss is the loss of energy due to repeated

magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is
fed toit.

5. Magneto striation i.e. humming noise of at transformer.

 USES OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations:-

1·In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air

conditioner etc.

2. In the induction furnaces.

3. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

4. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

5. In transmission of A.C. over long distance.

 APPLICATIONS
A major application of transformer is to increases voltage before
transmitting electrical energy over long distance through wires. Wires
have resistance and so dissipate electrical energy at a rate
proportional to the square of the current through the wire. By
transforming electrical power to a high-voltage (and there for low-
current) form for transmission and back again afterward,
transformers enable economical transmission of power over long
distance. Consequently, transformers have shaped the electrical
supply industry, permitting generation to be located remotely from
points of demand. All but a tiny fraction of the world’s electrical
power has passed through a series of transforms by the time it
reaches the consumer.

Transformer are also used extensively in electronic products to step

down the supply voltage to a level suitable for the low voltage circuits
they contain.

The transformer also used electrically isolates the end user from
contact with the supply voltage.
Transformer range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer
hidden inside a stage microphone to huge unit weighing.
Hundreds of tons used in power stations, or to interconnect portions
of power grids. All operate on the same basic principles, although the
range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated
The need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers
are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household
(“mains”) voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage
electrical power transmission, which makes long-distance
transmission economically practical.

Single and audio transformers are used to couple stages of amplifier

and to match devices such as microphones and record players to the
input of the amplifiers. Audio transformer allowed telephone circuit
to carry on a two-way conservation over a single pair of wires. A balun
transformer converts a single that is referenced to ground to a signal
that has balanced voltage to ground, such as between external cables
and internal circuits.
 PRECAUTIONS

1. The loss of power in the transmission lines is I2 R, where I is

strength of current and R is the resistance of wires. To reduce the
power loss, a.c. is transmitted over long distance at extremely
high voltages. This reduces I in the same ratio. Therefore, I2R
becomes negligibly low.
2. Permeability of magnetic material of transformer core must be
high.

3. Oiling in transformer provides insulation as well as cooling.

4. The transformer core must be laminated to minimize loss of

energy due to eddy currents.

Safety from high voltage is maintained.

 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Physics textbook for class XII , 1st Edition NCERT

(2007).

2. Concepts of Physics, H.C.VERMA, 1ST Edition,

Bharti Bhawan (1993).

3. NCERT physics lab manual.

4. Google website