R E F E R E N C E PA G E 2

TRIGONOMETRY

Angle Measurement Fundamental Identities

␲ radians 苷 180⬚ 1 1
s csc ␪ 苷 sec ␪ 苷
r sin ␪ cos ␪
␲ 180⬚
1⬚ 苷 rad 1 rad 苷 ¨
180 ␲ sin ␪ cos ␪
r tan ␪ 苷 cot ␪ 苷
s 苷 r␪ cos ␪ sin ␪

共␪ in radians兲 1
cot ␪ 苷 sin 2␪ ⫹ cos 2␪ 苷 1
tan ␪
Right Angle Trigonometry 1 ⫹ tan 2␪ 苷 sec 2␪ 1 ⫹ cot 2␪ 苷 csc 2␪
opp hyp
sin ␪ 苷 csc ␪ 苷 sin共⫺␪兲 苷 ⫺sin ␪ cos共⫺␪兲 苷 cos ␪
hyp opp hyp

冉 冊
opp

cos ␪ 苷
adj
sec ␪ 苷
hyp ¨ ␲
tan共⫺␪兲 苷 ⫺tan ␪ sin ⫺ ␪ 苷 cos ␪
hyp adj 2
adj

冉 冊 冉 冊
opp adj
tan ␪ 苷 cot ␪ 苷 ␲ ␲
adj opp cos ⫺ ␪ 苷 sin ␪ tan ⫺ ␪ 苷 cot ␪
2 2

Trigonometric Functions
The Law of Sines B
y r y
sin ␪ 苷 csc ␪ 苷 sin A sin B sin C
r y 苷 苷
a
(x, y) a b c
x r r
cos ␪ 苷 sec ␪ 苷 C
r x c
¨
tan ␪ 苷
y
cot ␪ 苷
x The Law of Cosines
x
x y b
a 2 苷 b 2 ⫹ c 2 ⫺ 2bc cos A

Graphs of Trigonometric Functions b 2 苷 a 2 ⫹ c 2 ⫺ 2ac cos B

y y y A
y=tan x c 2 苷 a 2 ⫹ b 2 ⫺ 2ab cos C
y=sin x y=cos x
1 1
π 2π 2π Addition and Subtraction Formulas
x π 2π x π x sin共x ⫹ y兲 苷 sin x cos y ⫹ cos x sin y
_1 _1 sin共x ⫺ y兲 苷 sin x cos y ⫺ cos x sin y
cos共x ⫹ y兲 苷 cos x cos y ⫺ sin x sin y
y y=csc x y y=sec x y y=cot x cos共x ⫺ y兲 苷 cos x cos y ⫹ sin x sin y
tan x ⫹ tan y
tan共x ⫹ y兲 苷
1 1 1 ⫺ tan x tan y
tan x ⫺ tan y
π 2π x π 2π x π 2π x tan共x ⫺ y兲 苷
1 ⫹ tan x tan y
_1 _1

Double-Angle Formulas
sin 2x 苷 2 sin x cos x
Trigonometric Functions of Important Angles cos 2x 苷 cos 2x ⫺ sin 2x 苷 2 cos 2x ⫺ 1 苷 1 ⫺ 2 sin 2x
␪ radians sin ␪ cos ␪ tan ␪ 2 tan x
tan 2x 苷
0⬚ 0 0 1 0 1 ⫺ tan2x
30⬚ ␲兾6 1兾2 s3兾2 s3兾3
45⬚ ␲兾4 s2兾2 s2兾2 1 Half-Angle Formulas
60⬚ ␲兾3 s3兾2 1兾2 s3 1 ⫺ cos 2x 1 ⫹ cos 2x
sin 2x 苷 cos 2x 苷
90⬚ ␲兾2 1 0 — 2 2

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