Calculus WIs ang

Lecture 1, Limit of sequence

1. The answer isn't as important as the chain of reasoning (clear explanations which include the solution
steps)
2. The tasks in blue are for the ambitious student, all others for the lazy one.

1 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑝 > 0 ∞⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑞 > 1

lim⁡ = { 𝑛
1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑝 = 0⁡⁡ lim 𝑞 = { 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑞 = 1 ⁡⁡
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑝 𝑛→∞
∞⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑝 < 0 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡|𝑞| < 1
𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 > 0,⁡⁡⁡ lim √𝑎 = 1 lim √𝑛 = 1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
𝐴 𝑎𝑛
lim (1 + ) = 𝑒 𝐴
𝑎𝑛 →∞ 𝑎𝑛
Squeeze Principle
Assume that for some⁡𝑛 > 𝑛0 with 𝑎𝑛 ≤ 𝑏𝑛 ≤ 𝑐𝑛 and lim 𝑎𝑛 = lim 𝑐𝑛 = 𝑞, then
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
⁡ lim 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑞
𝑛→∞
Testing for divergence.
1. If 𝑎𝑛 is convergent then it has only one limit.
2. A sequence is convergent if and only if all of its subsequences converge towards the same
limit.

0 ∞
, , ∞ − ∞, 0 ⋅ ∞,⁡⁡⁡1∞ , ⁡00 , ⁡∞0 ⁡⁡⁡⁡indeterminate
0 ∞
1 1 1 ∞ 0
= 0, = ∞, − = −∞, (0+ )∞ = 0, + = ∞, = 0, ∞−∞ = 0
±∞ 0 + 0 0 ∞
𝑛
⁡𝑘 > 2⁡⁡𝑎 > 2:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ln 𝑥 ≺ 𝑛 ≺ 𝑛2 ≺ ⋯ ≺ 𝑛𝑘 ≺ ⋯ ≺ 2𝑛 ≺ ⋯ < 𝑎𝑛 ≺ ⋯ < 𝑛! ≺ 𝑛𝑛 ≺ 𝑛𝑛 ≺ ⋯

Types of limits which you should be able to compute "in your head":
5
3𝑛2 − 5 𝑛2 (3 − 2 ) 3 1 1
𝑖) lim = lim 𝑛 = ,⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡because⁡⁡⁡⁡ lim = 0;⁡ lim = 0,
𝑛→∞⁡ 2𝑛2 + 7𝑛 − 1⁡ 𝑛→∞⁡ 2 7 1 2 𝑛→∞⁡ 𝑛2 𝑛→∞⁡ 𝑛
𝑛 (2 + 𝑛 − 2 )⁡
𝑛

3 1 4
3𝑛3 − 𝑛 + 4 𝑛 4 (𝑛 − 3 + 4 )
𝑖𝑖) lim 4 = lim 𝑛 𝑛 =0
𝑛→∞⁡ 𝑛 + 5𝑛3 − 1⁡ 𝑛→∞⁡ 4 5 1
𝑛 (1 + 𝑛 − 4 )⁡
𝑛
1 2
2𝑛3 + 𝑛2 − 𝑛 − 2 𝑛2 (2𝑛 + 1 − 𝑛 − 2 )
𝑖𝑖𝑖) lim = lim 𝑛 =∞
𝑛→∞⁡ 2
5𝑛 − 𝑛 + 1⁡ 𝑛→∞⁡ 1 1
𝑛2 (5 − 𝑛 + 2 )⁡
𝑛
𝑛+2 𝑛+2
𝑖𝑣)⁡⁡⁡ lim = ⁡ lim =
𝑛→∞ (𝑛
+ 3)(2𝑛 + 3)(4𝑛 − 5) 𝑛→∞ 3 3 5
𝑛 (1 + 𝑛) 𝑛 (2 + 𝑛) 𝑛 (4 − 𝑛)
1 2
𝑛+2 𝑛3 ( 2 + 3 )
= lim = lim 𝑛 𝑛 =0
𝑛→∞ 3 3 3 5 𝑛→∞ 3 3 3 5
𝑛 (1 + 𝑛) (2 + 𝑛) (4 − 𝑛) 𝑛 (1 + 𝑛) (2 + 𝑛) (4 − 𝑛)

1
PROBLEMS

0. Write down the indicated terms of the sequences

𝑛
𝑎)⁡𝑎𝑛 = ⁡⁡write⁡out⁡⁡⁡𝑎2 ⁡⁡and⁡⁡𝑎2𝑛+1⁡⁡ ,⁡⁡
2𝑛 + 3
√𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 1
𝑏)⁡𝑎𝑛 = ⁡⁡⁡write⁡out⁡⁡𝑎2 ⁡⁡and⁡⁡𝑎2𝑛.
2𝑛
𝑐)⁡𝑎𝑚+1 = (𝑚 + 10)! ⁡⁡write⁡out⁡⁡𝑎3 ⁡⁡and⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑚⁡, ⁡⁡⁡
𝑑)⁡𝑎𝑘−1 = (𝑘 + 1)𝑘 ⁡⁡⁡write⁡out⁡⁡𝑎4 ⁡⁡and⁡⁡𝑎1+𝑛⁡ .
2𝑘
𝑒)⁡𝑎𝑘 = ⁡⁡⁡write⁡out⁡⁡⁡𝑎25 ,⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑘
𝑓)⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 = (−1)2𝑛−1⁡ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)⁡write⁡out⁡⁡𝑎17⁡⁡⁡ ⁡and⁡⁡𝑎18
22𝑛+2
𝑔)⁡𝑎𝑛+1 = ⁡⁡⁡write⁡out⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 , and⁡⁡𝑎2𝑛 ⁡⁡
𝑛+2
𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
ℎ)⁡⁡𝑎𝑛+2 = ⁡⁡write⁡out⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 ⁡⁡and⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛−1 .
𝑛+1

For the next sequences write an expression for the most apparent 𝑛 − 𝑡ℎ term of the sequence
1 2 1 2
𝑔)⁡1, 4, 7, 10, 13, … .⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ℎ)⁡3, 7, 11, 15, 19, … ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖)⁡⁡⁡2⁡, , , , , …⁡⁡⁡⁡
2 9 8 25
1 1 1 1 1 1 3 7 15 31
𝑗)⁡⁡ , − ⁡, , − , , … ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘)⁡⁡1 + , 1 + , 1 + , 1 + ,1 + , …⁡⁡
2 4 8 16 32 2 4 8 16 32
1. Find the limits
3𝑘 1000 + 4𝑘 97 + 97𝑘 4 √𝑛2 + 𝑛 + 𝑛 𝑛−1
𝑎) lim ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑏)⁡⁡⁡ lim ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐)⁡⁡⁡⁡ lim arcsin (ln (𝑒 𝑛+1 )⁡)⁡⁡
𝑘→⁡∞ 4𝑘 9997 + 97𝑘 4 𝑛→⁡∞ √𝑛 + 1 + 1 𝑛→⁡∞

arctan⁡(𝑛!) 3𝑛
𝑑) lim ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑒)⁡⁡⁡ lim √𝑘 + 1 − √𝑘 − 1 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓)⁡⁡⁡⁡ lim ⁡⁡
𝑛→⁡∞ 𝑛+1 𝑘→⁡∞ 𝑛→⁡∞ √𝑛 − 𝑛 − √𝑛 2 + 𝑛
2

√1 + 4𝑛2 − √1 + 9𝑛2
𝑎) lim √𝑙⁡(√𝑙 + 1 + √𝑙) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑏)⁡⁡⁡ lim ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐)⁡⁡⁡⁡ lim (7𝑘 − 6𝑘 − 5𝑘 )⁡⁡
𝑙→⁡∞ 𝑛→⁡∞ 2𝑛 𝑘→⁡∞

3
4 5
2𝑛 + 3⁡𝑛2
𝑗)⁡⁡ lim (⁡ln(2𝑛 − 2𝑛 + 1) − ln(𝑛 − 2𝑛 + 1)⁡)⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘)⁡ lim 2
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
(𝑛 + 2√𝑛)

2. Find the limits of the following sequences lim 𝑎𝑛

𝑛→∞
3 ⋅ 23𝑛−2 − 8 5 ⋅ 33𝑛 − 1 (𝑛4 + 4)𝑛! + (𝑛 − 1)!⁡
𝑎)⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛+1 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑏)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐)⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 = ⁡
8 + 16 9𝑛 + 1 𝑛(𝑛 + 1)!⁡

2
3. Use the Squeeze Principle to find the limits
𝑛
√4𝑛 + 5𝑛 𝑛 𝑘
𝑎)⁡⁡ lim 𝑛 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑏)⁡⁡ lim √5𝑛+2 + 23𝑛−1 + 3𝑛+2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐)⁡ lim ⁡ √𝑘 2 + 𝑘 ⁡
𝑛→∞ √ 6𝑛 + 7𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑘→∞

𝑛 𝑘 ⋅ sin(𝑘!) 4𝑛 + (−1)𝑛 ⁡2𝑛

𝑑)⁡⁡ lim √4𝑛 + 5 ⋅ 32𝑛 + 2𝑛+1 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑒)⁡⁡ lim ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓)⁡ lim ⁡ ⁡
𝑛→∞ 𝑘→∞ 𝑘 2 + 1 𝑛→∞ 3 ⋅ 4𝑛 + 1

2𝑛2 + sin(𝑛!) 5𝑛 + (−2)𝑛 𝑛 sin(𝑛2 ) − 𝑛3

𝑔)⁡ lim ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ℎ)⁡⁡ lim ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖)⁡⁡ lim ⁡⁡
𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 2 − 4 cos(𝑛!) 𝑛→∞ 3𝑛 + 4 𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1

𝑛+1 𝑛+1
𝑗)⁡ lim (𝑛2 + 2𝑛 cos 𝑛)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑘 ∗ )⁡⁡ lim √3𝑛 + 4𝑛+1 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑙 ∗ )⁡⁡ lim √2𝑛 + 3
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞
2𝑛 𝑛
𝑚)⁡⁡ lim √32𝑛−1 + 𝑛2 ⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑛)⁡⁡ lim √4𝑛+1 + cos(𝑛4 + 3𝑛!)⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑜)⁡ lim √𝑛 ⋅ (25𝑛 + 5 )
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞

4. Find the limits (hint: the ‘e’ limit)

3𝑛2 +2𝑛−3
2𝑛 − 5 5𝑛 3𝑛 + 2 3𝑛+1 3𝑛2 + 2
𝑎)⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 = ( ) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑏)⁡𝑎𝑛 = ( ) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑐)⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 = ( 2 )
2𝑛 + 7 3𝑛 − 3 3𝑛 − 3
2 +1
3𝑛 + 1 −3𝑛 1 1 3𝑛
𝑑)⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 = ( ) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑒)∗ ⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛(ln(𝑛 + 1) − ln 𝑛)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑓)∗ ⁡⁡⁡𝑎𝑛 = (1 + + ) ⁡
3𝑛 − 1 𝑛 𝑛2

∗
1 𝑛
𝑔) ⁡⁡⁡ lim (0.99 + )
𝑛→∞ 𝑛