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Rationalised Education Framework 2023-24

This document provides an introduction to the revised textbook for Class 11 Physical Geography. It outlines the rationale for revising NCERT textbooks to align with the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005, which emphasizes connecting students' learning with their lived experiences outside of school. The revised textbook and curriculum aim to overcome compartmentalization of subjects and rote learning of information. It is hoped that these steps will help move education in the direction of a child-centered system as envisioned in the National Policy on Education (1986). The success of this endeavor now depends on teachers and educators providing students opportunities for imaginative activities, questioning, and learning through their own experiences and reflections.

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anurag singh
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© © All Rights Reserved
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
71 views10 pages

Rationalised Education Framework 2023-24

This document provides an introduction to the revised textbook for Class 11 Physical Geography. It outlines the rationale for revising NCERT textbooks to align with the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005, which emphasizes connecting students' learning with their lived experiences outside of school. The revised textbook and curriculum aim to overcome compartmentalization of subjects and rote learning of information. It is hoped that these steps will help move education in the direction of a child-centered system as envisioned in the National Policy on Education (1986). The success of this endeavor now depends on teachers and educators providing students opportunities for imaginative activities, questioning, and learning through their own experiences and reflections.

Uploaded by

anurag singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ

ewy fl¼kar
d{kk 11 osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd

Rationalised 2023-24
11093 – HkkSfrd Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar ISBN 81-7450-531-8
d{kk 11 OksQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd

çFke laLdj.k lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr


çdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl çdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk
ekpZ 2006 pS=k 1928 q
bysDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksçfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% ç;ksx
i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok çlkj.k oftZr gSA
iqueqæZ .k q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd çdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk
;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; çdkj ls O;kikj }kjk
tuojh 2007] vDrwcj 2007] tuojh 2009] m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA
tuojh 2010] twu 2011] tuojh 2012] q bl çdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ
(fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU;
vDrwcj 2012] uoacj 2013] uoacj 2014] ugha gksxkA
fnlacj 2015] fnlacj 2016] fnlacj 2017]
+ ,u lh bZ vkj Vh osQ izdk'ku izHkkx osQ dk;kZy;
fnlacj 2018] IkQjojh 2019] vDrwcj 2019]
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
vxLr 2021 vkSj uoacj 2021 Jh vjfoan ekxZ
u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708
la'kksf/r laLdj.k 108] 100 iQhV jksM
gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs
uoacj 2022 dkfrZd 1944 cuk'kadjh III bLVst
cSaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740
uothou VªLV Hkou
PD 25T RPS Mkd?kj uothou
vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil
fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh
© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/
a ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454

2006] 2022 lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl


ekyhxkao
xqokgkVh 781 021 iQksu % 0361&2674869

çdk'ku lg;ksx
vè;{k] çdk'ku izHkkx % vuwi OkqQekj jktiwr
eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % v#.k fprdkjk
` 70.00
eq[; O;kikj çca/d % fofiu fnoku
eq[; laiknd (izHkkjh) % fcKku lqrkj
laiknd % js[kk vxzoky
mRiknu lgk;d % vkse izdk'k

vkoj.k
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- isij
'osrk jko
ij eqfnzrA
fp=kkadu dkVksZxzkiQh
çdk'ku izHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj fuf/ ok/ok dkVksZxzkfiQd fM”kkbUl
çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110016
osQ-,u- i`Foh jktw ,tsl
a h
}kjk çdkf'kr rFkk xkslisy izSl] lh-,-&2 ls lh-,-&6]
fnyhi oqQekj
,aflyjh bLVsV] Uknjxat vekSlh] y[kuÅ & 226 008
(m-iz-) }kjk eqfnzrA

Rationalised 2023-24
vkeq[k

jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls
tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ izHkkoo'k gekjh
O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk;s gq, gSA ubZ jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr
ikB~;ozQe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk iz;kl gSA bl iz;kl esa gj fo"k;
dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh izo`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS
fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) eas [Link] cky&osaQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd
ys tk,¡xsA
bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks
dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj lh[kus osQ nkSjku vius vuqHkoksa ij fopkj
djus dk volj nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa
}kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u;s Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lkèkuksa
,oa lzksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh
izo`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh izfozQ;k
esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA
;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”kanxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkIk+ Qh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud
le;&[Link] esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruh okf"kZd [Link] osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k
osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks
r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh
dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh izHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;ozQe
fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu [Link] esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy,
miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus
osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr ,oa cgl vkSj gkFk ls dh
tkus okyh xfrfof/;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ
fy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku ikB~;iqLrd lykgdkj lfefr osQ vè;{k izksI+ksQlj
gfj oklqnsou vkSj bl ikB~;iqLrd lfefr osQ eq[; lykgdkj izksI+ksQlj ,e- ,p- oqQjS'kh dh fo'ks"k

Rationalised 2023-24
iv

vkHkkjh gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fd;k] bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus
osQ fy, ge muosQ izkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSAa ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa osQ izfr o`QrK gSa ftUgksua s vius
lalkèkuks]a lkexzh vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwod
Z lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp
f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk izkIs +kQs lj e`.kky ehjh ,oa izkIs +kQs lj th-ih- ns'kikaMs dh
vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax desVh) osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx
nsus osQ fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius izdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ izfr lefiZr
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa ,oa lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn yh tk losQA

funs'kd
ubZ fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku
20 fnlacj 2005 vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~

Rationalised 2023-24
ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ikB~; lkexzh dk iqul±;kstu

dksfoM&19 egkekjh dks ns•rs gq,] fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ Åij ls ikB~; lkexzh dk cks> de djuk
vfuok;Z gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr] 2020 esa Hkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, ikB~; lkexzh dk cks> de djus
vkSj jpukRed uT+kfj, ls vuqHkokRed vf/xe osQ volj çnku djus ij T+kksj fn;k x;k gSA
bl i`"BHkwfe esa] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj çf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ us lHkh d{kkvksa esa ikB~;iqLrdksa
dks iqulZa;ksftr djus dh 'kq#vkr dh gSA bl çfØ;k esa jk-'kS-v-ç-i- }kjk igys ls gh fodflr
d{kkokj lh•us osQ çfriQyksa dks è;ku esa j•k x;k gSA
ikB~; lkefxz;ksa osQ iqulZa;kstu esa fuEufyf•r fcanqvksa dks è;ku esa j•k x;k gS &&
• ,d gh d{kk esa vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa osQ varxZr leku ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk_
• ,d d{kk osQ fdlh fo"k; esa mlls fupyh d{kk ;k Åij dh d{kk esa leku ikB~; lkexzh
dk gksuk_
• dfBukbZ Lrj_
• fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, lgt :i ls lqyHk ikB~; lkexzh dk gksuk] ftls f'k{kdksa osQ vf/d
gLr{ksi osQ fcuk] os •qn ls ;k lgikfB;ksa osQ lkFk ikjLifjd :i ls lh• ldrs gksa_
• orZeku lanHkZ esa vçklafxd lkexzh dk gksukA
orZeku laLdj.k] Åij fn, x, ifjorZuksa dks 'kkfey djrs gq, rS;kj fd;k x;k
iqul±;ksftr laLdj.k gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
Rationalised 2023-24
ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr

vè;{k] lkekftd foKku ikB~;iqLrd lykgdkj lfefr


gfj oklqnsou] izksI+ksQlj] bfrgkl foHkkx] dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrk

eq[; lykgdkj
,e-,p- oqQjS'kh] izksI+ksQlj] {ks=kh; fodkl vè;;u osaQnz] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyh

lnL;
banq 'kekZ] ih-th-Vh-] Mh-,e- LowQy] {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku] vtesj
,y- dkth] jhMj] Hkwxksy foHkkx] ukWFkZ&bZLVuZ fgy ;wfuoflZVh] f'kyk¡x
,l- vkj- tksx] izksI+ksQlj (vodk'k izkIr)] Hkwxksy foHkkx] [Link] fo'ofo|ky;] [Link]
osQ- oqQekjkLokeh] izksI+ksQlj] Hkwxksy foHkkx] Hkkjrhnklu fo'ofo|ky;] fr:fpjkiYyh
osQ- ,u- i`èoh jktw] izksI+ksQlj] Hkwxksy foHkkx] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;] [Link]
osQ- ,l- floklkeh] izksIk+ Qs lj (vodk'k izkIr)] {ks=kh; fodkl vè;;u
+ osQa nz] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;]
u;h fnYyh
ih- osQ- efyd] ysDpjj] xouZesaV dkWyst] rkoM+]w xqM+xk¡o

fganh vuqokn
v'kksd fnokdj] ysDpjj] xouZesaV ih-th- dkWyst] xqM+xk¡o_ LisDVªe dE;wfuosQ'kal] ubZ fnYyh
Mh- ,u- flag] izksI+ksQlj (vodk'k izkIr)] Hkwxksy foHkkx] dk'kh fganw fo'ofo|ky;] [Link]
jkts'ojh tkxyku] ysDpjj] xouZesaV ih-th- dkWyst] djuky

lnL;&leUo;d
[Link] [Link];] ysDpjj] lkekftd foKku f'k{kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyh

Rationalised 2023-24
vkHkkj
jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx nsus gsrq v'kksd
fnokdj] ysDpjj (Hkwxksy)] xouZeVas ih-th- dkWyt s ] xqMx+ k¡o dk vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gSA
ifj"kn~ buoQh Hkh vkHkkjh gSa% use flag] mi&izèkkukpk;Z (vodk'k izkIr)] xouZesaV loksZn; cky
fo|ky;] fdju fogkj] fnYyh_ lSÕ;n ”kghu vkye] ysDpjj (Hkwxksy)] n;ky flag dkWyst]
fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh_ ohj flag vk;Z] iz/ku oSKkfud vf/dkjh (vodk'k izkIr)]
oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vk;ksx] Hkkjr ljdkj_ Mh- Mh- pkSfu;ky] jhMj] Hkwxksy foHkkx]
,p-,u-ch-] x<+oky fo'ofo|ky;] Jhuxj ftUgksaus vuqokn osQ iqujh{k.k gsrq vk;ksftr dk;Z'kkykvksa
esa Hkkx fy;k vkSj viuk cgqewY; ;ksxnku fn;kA
ifj"kn~ izLrqr iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa fuEufyf[kr lHkh O;fDRk;ksa ,oa laxBuksa dk vkHkkj O;Dr
djrh gS] ftUgksaus bl iqLrd dks lgt cukus gsrq fofHkUu iQksVksxzkiQ ,oa vU; ikB~; lkexzh
miyC/ djokbZ %& vkj- oS|uk/u (fp=k 6-1)_ ,u-osQ- lSuh (fp=k 5-3 ,oa 6-4)_ okbZ- jes'k ,oa
o`Q".ke jktw] oh-,l-oh-th- (;w-,l-,-) (fp=k 6-10)_ osQ-,u- i`èoh jktw (fp=k 6-2] 6-5]
6-7] 6-11 rFkk 6-14)_ vkbZ-Vh-Mh-lh-@i;ZVu ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj (fp=k 10-1 rFkk 10-2)_
i;kZoj.k ,oa ou ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj (fp=k 14-1] 14-2] 14-3 rFkk 14-4)_ n VkbEl vkWiQ
bafM;k] ubZ fnYyh (HkwoaQi }kjk gq, fouk'k dk fp=k rFkk lqukeh ,oa HkweMa yh; mQ"eu ij dksykt
i`"B la[;k 23 ,oa 103)_ ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] lkekftd foKku] ikB~;iqLrd] d{kk&8] Hkkx&2
(Tokykeq[kh ls lacaf/r fp=k i`"B la[;k 25 vkSj 26)A
ifj"kn~] lfork flUgk] izksI+ksQlj ,oa foHkkxkè;{k] lkekftd foKku ,oa ekufodh f'k{kk foHkkx
osQ izfr Hkh viuh o`QrKrk vfiZr djrh gS] ftUgksaus izR;sd Lrj ij bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k
esa viuk vewY; lg;ksx fn;kA
ifj"kn~ ikB~;iqLrd esa bZ'oj flag] vjfoan 'kekZ] Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj_ vjfoUn lkjLor] dkWih
,fMVj_ vkuUn fcgkjh oekZ] izwiQ jhMj_ fnus'k oqQekj] oaQI;wVj LVs'ku izHkkjh osQ lg;ksx gsrq viuk
gkfnZd vkHkkj Kkfir djrh gS] ftUgksaus bl ikB~;iqLrd dks [Link] :i nsus esa viuk egÙ[Link]
;ksxnku fn;kA blh lanHkZ esa izdk'ku foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dk lg;ksx Hkh mYys[kuh; gSA
ifj"kn~] bl laLdj.k osQ iqul±;kstu osQ fy, ikB~;Øeksa] ikB~;iqLrdksa ,oa fo"k; lkexzh osQ
fo'ys"k.k gsrq fn, x, [Link] lg;ksx osQ fy, oqQyçhr flag] ih-th-Vh- Hkwxksy] uo;qx LowQy]
fou; ekxZ] [Link]; iqjh] u;h fnYyh_ iq"isaæ flag] ih-th-Vh- Hkwxksy] çwMsal Ldwy] v'kksd fogkj]
u;h fnYyh_ [Link] ikaMs; ,oa ruq efyd] çksI+ksQlj] Mh-bZ-,l-,l-] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ çfr
vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gSA

Rationalised 2023-24
fo"k;&lwph

vkeq[k iii

ikB~;iqLrdksa esa ikB~; lkexzh dk iqul±;kstu v

bdkbZ I % Hkwxksy ,d fo"k; osQ :i esa 1-12


1- Hkwxksy ,d fo"k; osQ :i esa 2
bdkbZ II % i`Foh 13-38
2- i`Foh dh mRifÙk ,oa fodkl 14
3- i`Foh dh vkarfjd lajpuk 19
4- egklkxjksa vkSj egk}hiksa dk forj.k 29
bdkbZ III % Hkw&vko`Qfr;k¡ 39-68
5- Hkw&vko`Qfrd izfozQ;k,¡ 40
6- Hkw&vko`Qfr;k¡ rFkk mudk fodkl 51
bdkbZ IV % tyok;q 69-105
7- ok;qeaMy dk la?kVu rFkk lajpuk 70
8- lkSj fofdj.k] mQ"ek larqyu ,oa rkieku 73
9- ok;qeaMyh; ifjlapj.k rFkk ekSle [Link];k¡ 82
10- ok;qeaMy esa ty 92
11- fo'o dh tyok;q ,oa tyok;q ifjorZu 97
bdkbZ V % ty (egklkxj) 106-122
12- egklkxjh; ty 107
13- egklkxjh; ty lapyu 116
bdkbZ VI % i`Foh ij thou 123-129
14- tSo&fofo/rk ,oa laj{k.k 124
'kCnkoyh 130-133

Rationalised 2023-24
Hkkjr dk lafo/ku
Hkkx 4d

ukxfjdksa osQ ewy drZO;


vuqPNsn 51 d
ewy drZO; & Hkkjr osQ izR;sd ukxfjd dk ;g drZO; gksxk fd og &
(d) lafo/ku dk ikyu djs vkSj mlosQ vkn'kks±] laLFkkvksa] jk"Vªèot vkSj jk"Vªxku dk vknj
djs_
([k) Lora=krk osQ fy, gekjs jk"Vªh; vkanksyu dks izsfjr djus okys mPp vkn'kks± dks ân;
esa latks, j[ks vkSj mudk ikyu djs_
(x) Hkkjr dh laizHkqrk] ,drk vkSj v[kaMrk dh j{kk djs vkSj mls v{kq..k cuk, j[ks_
(?k) ns'k dh j{kk djs vkSj vkg~oku fd, tkus ij jk"Vª dh lsok djs_
(Ä) Hkkjr osQ lHkh yksxksa esa lejlrk vkSj leku Hkzkr`Ro dh Hkkouk dk fuekZ.k djs tks
/eZ] Hkk"kk vkSj izns'k ;k oxZ ij vkèkkfjr lHkh HksnHkkoksa ls ijs gks] ,slh izFkkvksa dk
R;kx djs tks efgykvksa osQ lEeku osQ fo#n~/ gkas_
(p) gekjh lkekfld laLd̀fr dh xkSjo'kkyh ijaijk dk egRRo le>s vkSj mldk ifjj{k.k
djs_
(N) izkd̀frd i;kZoj.k dh] ftlds varxZr ou] >hy] unh vkSj oU; tho gSa] j{kk djs vkSj
mldk laoèkZu djs rFkk [Link]=k osQ izfr n;kHkko j[ks_
(t) oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k] ekuookn vkSj KkuktZu rFkk lq/kj dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djs_
(>) lkoZtfud laifRr daaks lqjf{kr j[ks vkSj fgalk ls nwj jgs_
(×k) O;fDrxr vkSj lkewfgd xfrfof/;ksa osQ lHkh {ks=kksa esa mRd"kZ dh vksj c<+us dk lrr~
iz;kl djs] ftlls jk"Vª fujarj c<+rs gq, iz;Ru vkSj miyfC/ dh ubZ m¡Qpkb;ksa dks Nw
losQ_ vkSj
(V) ;fn ekrk&firk ;k laj{kd gS] Ng o"kZ ls pkSng o"kZ rd dh vk;q okys vius]
;FkkfLFkfr] ckyd ;k izfrikY; dks f'k{kk osQ volj iznku djsA

Rationalised 2023-24

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