Microprocessors & Interfacing

INTRODUCTION
BITS Pilani Dr. Gargi Prabhu
Pilani Campus
Department of CS & IS
Course Details
Course Title: Microprocessors & Interfacing

Course No.: CS F241

Instructor-in-charge: Dr. Gargi Alavani - Prabhu

Instructor: Dr. Diptendu Chatterjee

Class Time: T TH F 12.00-12.50

Tutorial: F 8.00- 9.00

Lab: M 16.00 -18.00

Announcement:
– All notices concerning this course will be updated on the quanta course page.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Text Books

Textbook:

T1 Barry B Brey, The Intel Microprocessors, Pearson, Eight Ed. 2009

Reference Books:
R1 Douglas V Hall, Microprocessor and Interfacing, TMH, Second
Edition
R2 80x86 Manuals

R3 Robert L. Britton, MIPS Assembly Language Programming

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Evaluation Components

Quiz – 10% (Open Book)

Quiz I: 12/02/2024
Quiz II: 26/03/2024
Quiz III: 22/04/2024

Lab – 30 %
Mid Semester – 25% (*Closed Book)
End Semester – 35% (*Closed Book)

Make-up Policy:
• No makeup for quizzes and labs
• Prior permission is needed for genuine cases.
• Health reasons will need a certificate from Medical Centre.
• Granting make-up is the sole discretion of the IC.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
Plan for Lab work

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Course Outline

▪ Microprocessors
▪ Architecture
▪ Assembly Programming
▪ Memory Interface
▪ I/O Interface
▪ Interrupts
▪ DMA Controller
▪ Bus Interface
▪ Advanced Processors : 80286, MIPS

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A historical background
• Blaise Pascal (1642) invented a calculator constructed of
gears and wheels.
• each gear contained 10 teeth
• When moved one complete revolution, a second gear
advances one place.
• same principle used in automobile odometer
• Basis of all mechanical calculators.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A historical background
• One early pioneer of mechanical computing machinery was
Charles Babbage.
• aided by Ada Byron, Countess of Lovelace
• Commissioned in 1823 by Royal Astronomical Society to
build programmable calculating machine.
• to generate Royal Navy navigational tables
• 1800s saw advent of the electric motor.
• conceived by Michael Faraday
• Introduced by Bomar Corporation the Bomar Brain, was a
handheld electronic calculator.
• first appeared in early 1970s
• In 1889, Herman Hollerith developed the punched card for
storing data.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A historical background

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A historical background

• Mechanical-electric machines dominated information

processing world until 1941.
• construction of first electronic calculating machine
• German inventor Konrad Zuse, invented the first modern
electromechanical computer.
• His Z3 calculating computer probably invented for aircraft
and missile design.
• during World War II for the German war effort
• Z3 a relay logic machine clocked at 5.33 Hz.
• far slower than latest multiple GHz microprocessors
• Lacked stored program concept

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A historical background

Figure. The Z3 computer developed by Konrad Zuse uses a 5.33 hertz clocking
frequency.
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
A historical background
• System invented by Alan Turing.
• used vacuum tubes,
• Turing called his machine Colossus.
• A fixed-program computer system
• today often called a special-purpose computer
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
(ENIAC)
• First general-purpose, programmable electronic computer
system developed in1946.
• at University of Pennsylvania
• a huge machine.
• over 17,000 vacuum tubes; 500 miles of wires
• weighed over 30 tons
• about 100,000 operations per second
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
A historical background

ENIAC Machine
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
A historical background
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator (ENIAC)
• Programmed by rewiring its circuits.
• process took many workers several days
• workers changed electrical connections on
plug-boards like early telephone
Vaccum Tube
switchboards
• Required frequent maintenance.
• vacuum tube service life is a problem
• December 23, 1947, John Bardeen, William
Shockley, and Walter Brattain develop the
transistor at Bell Labs.
• Followed by 1958 invention of the integrated
circuit (IC) by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments. Transistor
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
The Microprocessor

• Called the CPU (central processing unit).

• The controlling element in a computer system.
• Controls memory and I/O through connections
called buses.
• buses select an I/O or memory device,
transfer data between I/O devices or memory
and the microprocessor, control I/O and
memory systems
• Memory and I/O controlled via instructions stored
in memory, executed by the microprocessor.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A historical background

• First microprocessor developed at Intel Corporation in

1971.
• Intel engineers Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, and Stan
Mazor developed the 4004 microprocessor.
• U.S. Patent 3,821,715
• Device started the microprocessor revolution continued
today at an ever-accelerating pace.
• The first, machine language, was constructed of ones
and zeros using binary codes.
• stored in the computer memory system as groups of
instructions called a program

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Von Neumann Machines

• More efficient than rewiring a machine to program it.

• still time-consuming to develop a program due
to sheer number of program codes required
• Mathematician John von Neumann first modern person
to develop a system to accept instructions and store them
in memory.
• Computers are often called von Neumann machines in
his honor.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

Von Neumann Machines

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A historical background

• Once systems such as UNIVAC(Universal Automatic

Computer I) became available in early 1950s, assembly
language was used to simplify entering binary code.

• Assembler allows programmer to use mnemonic codes…

• such as ADD for addition

• In place of a binary number.

• such as 0100 0111

• Assembly language an aid to programming.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

A historical background

• 1957 Grace Hopper developed first high-level

programming language called FLOWMATIC.
• computers became easier to program
• In same year, IBM developed FORTRAN
FORmula TRANslator) for its systems.
• Allowed programmers to develop programs that used
formulas to solve mathematical problems.
• FORTRAN is still used by some scientists for computer
programming.
• Similar language, ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language)
introduced about a year later

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

The Microprocessor Age

• World’s first microprocessor the Intel 4004.

• A 4-bit microprocessor-programmable controller
on a chip.
• Addressed 4096, 4-bit-wide memory locations.
• a bit is a binary digit with a value of one or
zero
• 4-bit-wide memory location often called a
nibble
• The 4004 instruction set contained 45
instructions.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

 Data Size
Data size in a microprocessor, referred to as the "word size" or "data bus width"

Nibble 4 bit

Byte 8 bit

Word 16 bit

Long word 32 bit

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

The Microprocessor Age

• Main problems with early microprocessor were speed,

word width, and memory size.
• Evolution of 4-bit microprocessor ended when Intel
released the 4040, an updated 4004.
• operated at a higher speed; lacked improvements in
word width and memory size
• Texas Instruments and others also produced 4-bit
microprocessors.
• still survives in low-end applications such as
microwave ovens and small control systems
• Calculators still based on 4-bit BCD (binary-coded
decimal) codes

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

The Microprocessor Age

• Intel released 8008 in 1971.

• extended 8-bit version of 4004 microprocessor
• Addressed expanded memory of 16K bytes.
• A byte is generally an 8-bit-wide binary number and a
K is 1024.
• memory size often specified in K bytes
• Contained additional instructions, 48 total.
• Provided opportunity for application in more advanced
systems.
• engineers developed demanding uses for 8008

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

The Microprocessor Age

• Intel introduced 8080 microprocessor in 1973.

• first of the modem 8-bit microprocessors
• Motorola Corporation introduced MC6800 microprocessor
about six months later.
• 8080 addressed four times more memory.
• 64K bytes vs l6K bytes for 8008
• Executed additional instructions; 10x faster.
• addition taking 20 µs on an 8008-based system
required only 2.0 µs on an 8080-based system
• TTL (transistor-transistor logic) compatible.
• the 8008 was not directly compatible
• Interfacing made easier and less expensive.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

The Modern Microprocessor

• In 1977 Intel Corporation introduced an updated

version of the 8080—the 8085.
• Last 8-bit, general-purpose microprocessor
developed by Intel.
• Slightly more advanced than 8080; executed
software at an even higher speed.
• 769,230 instructions per second vs 500,000 per
second on the 8080).

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

The Modern Microprocessor

• In 1978 Intel released the 8086; a year or so later, it

released the 8088.
• Both devices are 16-bit microprocessors.
• executed instructions in as little as 400 ns (2.5 millions
of instructions per second)
• major improvement over execution speed of 8085
• 8086 & 8088 addressed 1M byte of memory.
• 16 times more memory than the 8085
• 1M-byte memory contains 1024K byte-sized memory
locations or 1,048,576 bytes
• Number of instructions increased.
• from 45 on the 4004, to 246 on the 8085
• over 20,000 variations on the 8086 & 8088
BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956
The 80286 Microprocessor

• Even the 1M-byte memory system proved limiting for

databases and other applications.
• Intel introduced the 80286 in 1983
• an updated 8086
• Almost identical to the 8086/8088.
• addressed 16M-byte memory system instead
of a 1M-byte system
• Instruction set almost identical except for a few additional
instructions.
• managed the extra 15M bytes of memory

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

The 32-Bit Microprocessor

• Applications demanded faster microprocessor speeds,

more memory, and wider data paths.
• Led to the 80386 in 1986 by Intel.
• Intel’s first practical microprocessor to contain a 32-bit data
bus and 32-bit memory address.
• Through 32-bit buses, 80386 addressed up
to 4G bytes of memory.
• 1G memory = 1024M, or 1,073,741,824 locations
• In 1989 Intel released the 80486, highly integrated
package.
• 8K-byte cache memory system.

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

The Pentium Microprocessor

• Introduced 1993, Pentium was similar to 80386 and 80486

microprocessors.
• Originally labeled the P5 or 80586.
• Intel decided not to use a number because it appeared
to be impossible to copyright a number
• Introductory versions operated with a clocking frequency of
60 MHz & 66 MHz, and a speed of 110 MIPs.
• Pentium 2,3,4, Xeon and Core2, 64-bit and Multiple
Core Microprocessors

BITS Pilani, Deemed to be University under Section 3 of UGC Act, 1956

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Pilani Campus

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