INTRODUCTION
⇒ A matrix is an array of elements (which are usually numbers) set out in a pair of brackets
⇒ You can describe the size of a matrix using the numbers of rows and columns it contains
⇒ A square matrix is one where the numbers of rows and columns are the same
⇒ A zero matrix is one in which all of the elements are zero. The zero matrix is denoted by
0
⇒ an identity matrix is a square matrix in which the elements of the leading diagonal
(starting top left) are all 1 and the remaining elements are 0. I k denotes identity
matrices where k describes the size. The 3 x 3 identity matrix is
There are 17 rows and 11 columns: the size is 17x11.
Example 2. Building
N° Date of Number F2 F3 Number Address
construction of floors Apartment Apartments of people
s
1 1962 6 8 10 25 Jujkk
2
3
4
5
6
There are m rows and n columns: the size is mxn.
Example 3. Drawing
LINE -2,1 3,4
CIRCLE 2,1 1
RECTANGLE 2;4 8.5
1) What are the Elements of Matrix?
The elements of matrix can be numbers, variables, any mathematical
expressions, or any other characters inside the matrix.
For example, the elements of a matrix A:
2) Number of Elements of Matrix.
For example, the number of elements of a matrix with
5 rows and 2 columns is 5 × 2 = 10.
5 rows and 2 columns is 2 × 5 = 10.
3 rows and 4 columns is 3 × 4 = 12.
4 rows and 3 columns is 4 × 3 = 12.
m rows and n columns is m × n = mn.
The size (order) is written as m × n and the number of elements is the product of m
and n (i.e., mn).
3) Positions of Elements of Matrix.
Every element of a matrix has a unique position and is determined by
its row number followed by column number (separated by a comma).
The element of a matrix A that is present in ith row and jth column is
represented as aᵢ,ⱼ.
For example, A= 1 4 (5 2 −2
0 )
5 is the element in the 1st row and 1st column. It is written as a₁,₁.
2 is the element in the 1st row and 2nd column. It is written as a₁,₂.
0 is the element in the 2nd row and 3rd column. It is written as a2,3.
1) Particular matrices
A (1 × 1) matrix is a scalar, which is denoted by an italic letter x = 1.
The null matrix (O) is a matrix all elements equal to zero, i.e. ai,j = 0 for all i = 1. . . n
and j = 1, . . . , m.
( )
0 0 0
0= 0 0 0
0 0 0
A quadratic matrix is a matrix with the same number of columns and rows, i.e. n = m.
( )
0 0 4
A = 2 2 −1
1 3 2
m =n = 3 B= (13 42 ) m =n = 2
A symmetric matrix is a quadratic matrix such that ai,j = aj,i for all i = 1, . . . , n and
j = 1, . . . , m.
( )
0 2 4
S = 2 2 −1
4 −1 2
A diagonal matrix is a quadratic matrix such that the off-diagonal elements are all
equal to zero, i.e. ai,j = 0 for i ≠ j.
( )
0 0 0
D= 0 2 0
0 0 2
The identity matrix is a diagonal matrix with all diagonal elements equal to one. The
identity matrix is denoted by I or In.
( )
1 0 0
I3 = 0 1 0
0 0 1
I2= (10 01)
A square matrix in which all the elements below the diagonal are zero is known as
the upper triangular matrix.
( )
0 0 4
A = 0 2 −1
0 0 2
A square matrix in which all the elements above the diagonal are zero is known as
the upper triangular matrix.
( )
0 0 0
A= 2 2 0
1 3 2
4) Matrix operation.
A+B= ( 43 87) + (15 02) = ( 4+1
3+5
4 +0
7+ 2 ) = (58 89)
Properties of Matrix Addition: If A, B and C are matrices of the same order, then
(a) Commutative Law: A + B = B + A
(b) Associative Law: (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(c) Identity of the Matrix: A + O = O + A = A, where O is a zero matrix which is the
additive identity of the matrix,
(d) Additive Inverse: A + (-A) = 0 = (-A) + A, where (-A) is obtained by changing the
sign of every element of A, which is the additive inverse of the matrix,
(e)
A+B=A+C
B+A=C+A BB = C
(f)
If A + B = 0 = B + A, then B is called the additive inverse of A, and also A is called the
additive inverse of B.
Subtraction of Matrices
If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then we define
A−B=A+(−B).
Consider the two matrices, A and B, of order 2 x 2.
We can subtract the matrices by subtracting each element of one matrix from the
corresponding element of the second matrix, i.e. A – B = [aij – bij]mxn.
A-B= ( 43 87) - (15 02) = ( 4−1
3−5
4−0
7−2 ) = (−23 45)
Scalar Multiplication of Matrices
If A = [aij]m×n is a matrix and k any number, then the matrix which is obtained by
multiplying the elements of A by k is called the scalar multiplication of A by k, and it is
denoted by k A, thus if A = [aij]m×n,
Then
k Amxn = Amxn k = kai,j
A = ( 43 87) 2A = (2.4
2.3
2.8
2.7 ) = (86 1614)
Properties of Scalar Multiplication: If A and B are matrices of the same order and λ
and μ are any two scalars, then,
(a) λ(A + B) = λA + λB
(b) (λ + μ)A = λA + μA
(c) λ(μA) = (λμA) = μ(λA)
(d) (-λA) = -(λA) = λ(-A)
Transpose of a Matrix Definition.
The transpose of a matrix is found by interchanging its rows into columns or columns into rows. The
transpose of the matrix A is denoted by AT.
Properties of Transpose of a Matrix.
Transpose of the Transpose Matrix.
The transpose of a transposed matrix is itself. i.e., for any matrix B, (BT)T = B.
Example:
Addition Property of Transpose.
Transpose of an addition of two matrices A and B obtained will be exactly equal to
the sum of the transpose of individual matrices A and B.
This means: (A+B)T = AT +BT
T T
