Lab # 4
Flow Through a Venturi & Discharge Through an
Orifice
Flow Through a Venturi
Flow Through a Venturi
Determines flow rate like
weirs.
Has a very small head loss.
Suitable for many
applications like in metering
& mixing devices.
Eliminates any jet
contraction.
Equipment
The picture shows the arrangement
of Venturi meter:
Water enters through flexible
hose to the meter.
A control valve downstream
controls flow.
After the valve the hose leads to
the hydraulic bench.
Equipment
11 tubes connect to pressure
tappings along Venturi wall. At their top end to a common
manifold with a small air valve.
Those tubes are connected to
manometer tubes.
Theory
Theory
Finding the Coefficient of
Discharge:
After you obtain your
experimental Q and hn plot
against against Q *10^4.
The coefficient of discharge C is
the inverse gradient of the line
times 1000.
Also C can be obtained by:
Data/Results
Dimensionless Calculations of pressure:
Ideal or theoretical dimensionless
pressure difference is given from the
area ratios: (a2/a1)2-(a2/an)2
Fill the table 2.3 in the datasheets.
The actual or experimental
dimensionless pressure difference are
found from : hn-h1/(u2^2/2g)
Fill the table 2.4.
Compare theoretical ones to the
and experimental ones.
Data/Results
Discussion
Question for discussion :
1. How to improve the device
2. Use the average value C for the experiments to determine
the throat diameter of a venturi meter which would
measure flow of 0.4 m3/sec in a pipe of 0.6 m diameter
with the differential head of 0.8m
Discharge Through an
Orifice
Discharge Through an Orifice
An orifice is a simple & cheap way to measure flow rate.
Can work as a flow regulator because they develop
substantial head loss.
When a fluid passes through an orifice the fluid stream
contracts.
The contraction reduces the overall flow.
Equipment
The main parts:
1. A transparent cylindrical
tank held between a top
and a bottom plate.
2. A water inlet on the top.
3. An overflow pipe.
4. An outlet hole in the
middle of the bottom plate.
5. The orifice that fits into the
the hole in the bottom of
the tank
6. Manometer.
7. A Pitot tube and
micrometer.
Procedure
How it works:
Water enters the top of the
apparatus through a vertical inlet
pipe.
The bottom of the inlet pipe has
a water diffuser which sits below
the normal water level & helps to
stabilize the flow that enters the
tank.
The overflow pipe directs the
surplus to drain & helps to keep
the water level constant.
Procedure
The rest of water passes out
through the orifice fitted in the
bottom of the tank.
The jet passes over the Pitot tube,
which measure the total jet head &
back in the hydraulic bench.
The Pitot assembly includes a
micrometer which allows you to
accurately measure the width of
the jet.
One manometer tube fitted at the
bottom of the tank show the water
level in the tank.
Procedure
Procedure
Experimental Procedure:
Nozzle to be examined: Standard Sharp-edged orifice.
Procedure
In the first part, water is admitted to fill to height of the overflow
pipe. This ensure that level remains constant.
Discharge is obtained through the hydraulic bench, Q.
And Ho through the manometer attached on the apparatus
To measure values of stagnation head Hc, the stagnation tube is
inserted into the emerging jet close to the underside of the apparatus.
Finally it is necessary to find the diameter of the jet.
Data/Results
Data/Results
How to calculate Cu, Cc, Cd:
Coefficient of velocity, Cu: the ration of actual velocity uc
and ideal uo.
Coefficient of contraction, Cc: the ratio of the cross-section
of vena contracta Ac, to the cross-section of the orifice Ao.
Data/Results
Finally the coefficient of discharge Cd: the ratio of the
actual discharge to that which would take place if the jet
discharged at the ideal velocity without any reduction of
area.
Actual :
Ideal: Ao : orifice area.
Data/Results
If we rearrange the previous equation
we will have:
If we set:
From the slope of a chart of Q against
H1/2 you can find k, which you can use Q ×104 vs. H00.5
to find a mean value of Cd
Finally between the 3 coefficients the
following relation exists:
Discussion
Discussion of results:
Compare the Cu, Cc, Cd with the typical values of the circular
sharp-edged orifice, given by the manufacturer:
Cu Cc Cd
0.97 to 0.99 0.61 to 0.66 0.6 to 0.65
Check your work if
Reasonable estimates of maximum errors:
1. For Cd +- 2.1%
2. For Cu +- 1.0%
3. For Cc +- 1.8%
