Jainism & Buddhism Terms [Meanings Ajivika Bodhisattva Chaitya Dharma-Chakra-Pravartana Hinayana Stupa Upasikas A heterodox sect closer to Jainism. It prospered at the time of the Buddha An individual who attains nirvana by working for the welfare of the world A Buddhist place of worship Turing of the wheel of the law Literally Lesser vehicle, also known as Abandoned Vehicle or Defective vehicle. It believes in the original teaching of Buddha or Doctrine of elders. Domical structure containing relics of the Buddha. Lay worshippers (disciples of Buddha)Theravada A Buddhist sect Mahavira, Jina, Jitendriya ‘One who conquered his senses Jainism) Nigrantha Free from all bonds(Jainism) Kaivalya Highest spiritual knowledge(Jainism) Digambara A Jain sect believes that to attain Moksha, one must give up the luxury of clothes also Vedic Period Rajan (GopatiJanasya or King Janasyagopa) Gramini Head of the Village Kula The clan or extended family Kulapa also called Dampati Head of the family Senani ‘Commander Vrajapati Officer in Charge of Pastoral Lands Jivagribha and Ugra Police Officers Spasa Spy Vidhatha An assembly meant for secular, religious and military purpose Sabha Assembly (performed judicial functions) Sabhavati Women who attended the assembly Samiti Folk assembly in which people of the tribe gathered for transacting tribal business. Madhyamasi Mediator in Disputes Bhagadugha Tax Collector Sangrahiti Treasurer Mahishi Chief Queen Suta Charioteer Palagala Messenger Akshvapa Accountant Kshata Keeper of the King's household ‘Aranyakas These are Vedic texts composed by hermitsUpanishads Varna Brahmanas cua) Sannidhata Samharta Amatya Rajuka Adhyaksha Akshapataladhyaksha Sitadhyaksha Akaradhyaksha Navadhyaksha Panyadhyaksha Samshadhyaksha Sulkadhyaksha Suradhyaksha Pautavadhyaksha Lakshanadhyaksha Lavananyadhyaksha The philosophical texts included in Vedic literature Four-fold division of Hindu society A collection of ancient Indian texts with annotations on the hymns of the four Vedas Mauryan Empire Treasurer and keeper of the stores. He was in charge of collection of revenue from various parts of the kingdom and looked after the income and expenditure by supervising the works of the akshapataladhyaksha (Accountant General). To collect Revenue both in cash and kind; helped by Bhagadhuk (collector of royal share) + Administrative personnel or civil servants who filled the highest administrative and judicial appointments. = Amatyas kept in touch with all sections of the society and made a highly skilled secretariat divided into several departments. Ashoka appointed a class of officers known as the rajukes, who were vested with authority of not only rewarding people but also punishing them whenever necessary. ‘= Looked after various departments. + Kautilyainthe 2"! book of his Arthasastra, Adhyakshaprachara, gives an account of the working of nearly 27 adhyakshas. Accountant General who was in charge of two offices of currency and accounts. Superintendent of Agriculture Superintendent of Mining Superintendent of Ports Supervisor of Commerce Supervisor of Markets Collector of customs and tolls Superintendent of Excise who controlled the manufacture and sale of liquor Superintendent of weights and measures. Superintendent of the mint Salt superintendent. as the manufacture of salt was a government monopoly.Pradesika Gopa Sthanika Rajukas Yuktas Ayukta Dharmasthiyas Kantakasodhanas Sanghas and Srenis Mantriparishad Adhyaksha Prashasti Senapati Padadhyaksha Asvadhyaksha Hastyadhyaksha Bhritakas Atavivala Maula Guddhapurushas They were the principal police officers, whose duty was to investigate the crimes committed in the region within their jurisdiction Accountant to the unit of 5-10 villages which was an intermediate level of administration between district level and that of village. The tax was collected by the sthanika who worked directly under the Pradesika. Responsible for surveying and assessing land Subordinate revenue officer Title of an officer often used in the Mauryan period Courts dealing with civil matters Courts dealing with criminal cases Merchants and Guilds Head of Council of Ministers Prison head Commander in Chief ‘Army Chief (Infantry) Commander of Cavalry ‘Commander of Elephant Force (War Elephants) Hired troops Troops supplied by forest tribes Hereditary Troops The espionage department was manned by guddhapurushas (secret agents) under the control of mahamatyapasarpa, both stationary (Samsthan) and wandering (Sanchar). Satavahana Empire a Ce Raja, Mahabhoja and Maharathi or Senapati Ahara ‘Amatya Gandhika Uparakshita Three grades of feudatories Districts Ruler of each ahara The traders of perfume Charged with the duty of building caves for monksKataka and Skandhavaras Gaulmika ica Mahabaladhikrita Military camps and settlements Administrator of rural areas who was the head of a military regiment of 9 chariots, 9 elephants, 25 horses and 45 foot soldiers. Gupta Period Dread ‘Commander in Chief Mehadandnayaka Chief Justice Mehapratihar Maintenance of Royal Palaces Mahasandhivigrahika or Minister of War and Peace Sandhivigrahaka Dandpashika Head of Police department Bhadagaradhikreta Head of Royal Treasury Vinaysthitisansthapaka Head of Education Department Sarvadhyaksha Inspector of all central departments Mahashwapati (Commander of the Cavalary Mahamahipalapati ‘Commander of the Elephants (Control & Executor of elephantry) Vinayapura One who represented quests to King’s court Yuktapurusha Officer to keep accounts of war booty Khadyapakika Inspector of Rayal Kitchen Ranbhandagarika Officer in charge of Arms and ammunitions stores Mahanarpati Commander of the Infantry Samanta ‘A neighbouring subsidiary ruler who was a friendly tributary of the Gupta overlords Bhukti or Desa Provinces (Provincial Councils headed by Kumaraamatyas) Pradesha/Adhisthana/Pattana Districts (Each province (bhukti or desa) was divided into districts) Kutumbis and Mahattaras Village level officers Nagarashreshthin Chairman of the city corporations in the towns Sarthavaha Represented trading communities Prathamakulika Represented the crafting communities (artisans) Prathamakayastha Represented Government official communityPustapala Junior (district level) record officers Brahmadeya The religious grants to brahmans, individually or collectively. Devagrahara or Devadana The grants to institutions such as temples and monasteries Nishka, Pala Gold coins Rupaka, Satmana, Panna Silver coins Kakini, Kasharpan Copper coins Kshetra Fertile land Khil Unfertile land Aprabata Forested land Vastu Habitable land Kulika Chief Architect Kanchuki Head of Queen’s Haram Type of Taxes Levied under Gupta Period Kalpita/ Upkilpta Halivakar/ Halidanda Bali Prataya Bhog Bhoga Bhag Bhagkar Bhatta Chat Charasana Hiranya Udakabhag Uparikar Taradaya Raju Sales Tax and Purchase Tax Tax on Ploughing An additional oppressive tax on people Toll Tax King's share of produce General Tribute (the tax in kind of gifts, flowers, woods, fruits etc) Combination of Bhog and Bhaga Police Tax Security Tax Grazing Tax Tax on special produce taken in cash Water Tax Tax collected from all subjects Tax on navigation ‘Tax for measurement of landSarvarishti Forced Tax Bedakbhog Irrigation Tax Uparnik, Tax taken from border area Sangam Age Sangam A college/assembly of literacy figures Devalayam Temple Ko, Mohnam, Iraivan, Korravan, King Vendan_ Vari Tax Variyar Tax collector Korai Land tax Puhar Harbour area Maharum Supreme Court Irabu Offerings to the King Avai Imperial Court Yupas Sacrificial ports Panchvaram Ministerial Council Padai Army Enadi Senapati Duttar Messenger Orar Spies Amaichar Minister Kalbhu Marriage without permission of Parent and without any customary. Karpu Marriage with permission of parents Pinch Tinnal Love marriage Kardhsiyar The title for low caste women. Perur Big Village Sirur Small villageMurdur Old village Salai Highway Muhir Cocktail (Wine) Kanigaichar Prostitutes Aniars Hunters Bellalar Agriculturist (Rich & Poor) Pullain Rope Makers Malvar Thieves Medieval History Chola Empire Vellala Udankuttam Jivitas Upper Perundanam and Lower Sirudanam Variyam, Alunganattar Salabhoga Manigramam Nanadesis Valanjiyar Anjuvanam Taniyur Mandalam Valandu Nadu/Kurram/Kottam Tankurrams Agriculturists Higher officers land The officers, who tended to form a separate class in the society, were organized in two ranks. Committee Executive Committee Tenures meant for educational purpose Great Nagaram Merchant guild having wide network Merchant guild Foreign merchant organization Avery large village, administrated as a Single unit Province District Group of villages Autonomous administration for town and townshipsPuravuvaritinaikalam Nattam Kummanachcheri Paracheri Sudugadu Kaikkolar Nattuppadai Velaikkarars Kadagams Ur Shashak Gana or Ganam Mahasabha Veriyar Department of land revenue The residential part of the village Artisans’ quarters The outcastes hamlet The burning ground Royal troops receiving regular pay from the treasury (comprised infantry, cavalry, elephant corps and navy.) The militia men employed only for local defence: The most dependable troops in the royal service ready to defend the king and his cause with their lives. Cantonments General assembly of the village The members of the executive committee of Ur Gathering of the adult men in the Brahmana villages which were called agraharas. Reporters appointed by the sabha Vijaynagar Empire Mandalams or rajyas Nadus_ Sthalas Gramas Gauda Viprulu Rojulu or rachavaru Matikaratalu or Vaishyas Nalavajativaru or Sudras Naik Provinces: Districts Sub-districts Villages Village headman Brahmins followed the traditional profession of teachers and priests. Generally associated with the ruling dynasty, assisting them in matters of state and warfare. The rulers as well as generals were actually Sudras, but called rachavaru on account of their position. Merchants who carried on trade and commerce. Mainly agriculturists, but some of them carried on several other professions. Governor who administered each Province.Mahanayakacharya Sist Varahas Officer: Central Level Wazir Ariz-i-Mumalik Qazi Wakil-i-dar Barid-iMumalik Amir-i-majlis Majlis-i-am Dahir-i-mumalik Sadr-us-sudur Sadr-i-jahan Amiri-dad Naibwazir Mushrifi-mumalik Amir-i-hazib Qazi-i-mumalik Qazi-ul-kazat Amiri-Akhur Shahne-+-pil Amir Mukti/ Wali Nazir/ Wakuf An officer and the contact point between the villages and the Central administration. Land tax Gold coins issued by Vijyanagara rulers, of 56 grains, issued in their half and quarter denominations Delhi Sultanate Duty Performed Chief Minister; in charge of Revenue &Finances. Head of Military Department Legal Officer; dispensing Sharia law Controller of Royal household Head of state news agency Officer in charge of Royal feasts & festivals Council of friends and officers consulted on important affairs of the state Head of Royal correspondence Dealt with religious matters and endowments Officers in charge of religious matters and endowments Public Prosecutor Deputy Minister Accountant General Officer in charge of the Royal court Chief Justice Head of Chief Judicial Department Officer commanding Royal Horses Superintendent of Royal Elephants Officer in charge of police & transport naval port Function Governor Responsible for law & order and collection of taxes in their iqtas Officials responsible for collecting revenue in the provincesSahib-i-diwan Shigdar Central Department Diwan-i-Risalat Diwan-i-Arz Diwan-i-Bandagan Diwan-i-Qaza-i-Mamalik Diwan-i-Ishtiaq Diwan-i-Mustakhraj Diwan-i-Khairat Diwan-i-Kohi Diwan-i-Insha Diwan-i-Wazriyat State Functionaries Amil Chihalgani Igtadar Khwaja Kotwal Muftis Mubhatasiy Muati/Wali Terms associated with economy Fawazil Ushr Khams Maintained accounts of the provinces and sent them to central administration Officer in charge of land measuring a shiq Function Department of Appeals Department of Military Department of Slaves Department of Justice Department of Pensions Department of Arrears Department of Charity Department of Agriculture Department of Correspondence Department of Finance Revenue officer A select body of Turkish nobility originally slaves of Iitumish which came into existence during the period of Iitumish to be destroyed by Balban later Governor, a person in whose charge an Iqta has been placed. Keeping accounts and sending information to sultan, the office was created by by Balban Head of city administration. Expounder of law ‘An officer appointed to maintain law and order in @ municipality Provincial governor/ holder of Iqta Excess amount of surplus of revenue appropriated fromlgta after detraying salary (of the Iqta holder) and meeting expenditure of troops. This amount was to be deposited with the state exchequer. However this trend ceased to exist from the time of Firoz Shah Tughlaq Aland tax, charged on the land held by a Muslim and wantered by natural means. These lands were knowUshri. Booty captured in war.Zakat Jizya Ghari Charaj Kharaj Masahat Biswa Khalisha, Sondhar Central Officers Wazir Diwan Mir Bakshi Mir Saman Diwan-i-Bayutat Mir Manshi Sadr-us-Sadr Qazi-ul-Quzat Muhtasib Mushrif--Mumalik Mustauf-i-Mumalik Daroga-i-dak-Chauki Miri-arz Wagia Navis Officer: Provincial Level A religious tax, paid by Muslims as 2 charity for the welfare of their co-religionists. A tax levied on non-Muslims in their capacity as protected subjected. House tax Cattle tax levied on grazing. Land revenue, realized form non-Muslims, such lands were known as Kharaji. Also known as Kharaj-I-Jiziya or mal. Measurement of land ‘A.common measure of area in northern India, equivalent to 1/20 of a bigha. The area whose revenue was reserved for the Sultan's treasury. It was not given in Iqtas.. Loan given to the Peasants. Mughals Head of Revenue Department Responsible for all income and expenditure; control over Khalisa & Jagir Headed ry Department, nobility, information and intelligence agencies In charge of Imperial Households (Karkhanas) Maintained Roads, Government buildings Royal Correspondence In charge of charitable & religious endowments Head of Judicial Department Censor of Public Morals Accountant General Auditor General Officer in Charge of Imperial Post Officer in Charge of Petition News Reporters FunctionsSipahsalar Diwan Bakshi Sadr Officer: District (Sarkar) level Fauzdar ‘Amal/Amalguzar Kotwal Officer: Pargana Shiqdar Amin, Quanungo Officer: Village Mugaddam Patwari Important Departments Diwan-i-Wazarat Diwan-i-Arz Diwan-i-Rasalatmuhtasib Diwan-i-insha Diwan-i-quza Diwan-i-Barid Diwan-i-Saman Se eee ata oad AshtPradhari Mamlatdar or Viceroy Deshpande or Patel Sar-i- 'Karkun’ or the ‘Prantpati’ Chauth The Head Executive In charge of Revenue Department In charge of Military Department In charge of Judicial Department Functions: Administrative Head Revenue Collection Maintenance of Law &Order Functions Administrative Head Revenue Officials Functions Headman Accountant Functions Department of Revenue &Finances Military Department Foreign Affairs Department Custodian of Govt. Papers Justice Department Intelligence Department Department in charge of royal household Marathas Council of Ministers Head of Provinces Chief of Village Head of the Province The tax levied by Shivaji on those regions which were alien to his kingdom. It was one fourth of the tax that was given by the people to the Deccan or the Mughal kingdoms,Sardeshmukhi Peshwa Sari-nabuat Nayayadhish Amatya or Mazumdar Wagia-Navis Samant or Dabir Sachiv PanditRao HazatMajils Bargis Silhadars Karkhani Chitnis Fadnis Mazumdar Jamdar Potnis Daftardar Sardeshmukhi means claim to one-tenth of standard land revenue imposed on entire population of the villages or town as a mark of their recognition of Maratha king as their Sardeshmukh (Chief Headman). Prime Minister Army Affairs Judiciary Finance Minister Home Minister Dealing with the outsiders The Official Correspondence The official religious officer Highest Court or Court of the King Category of Horsemen which were paid from the State Exchange They were casual soldiers Commissary Correspondence Clerk. Deputy Auditor Auditor ‘Treasurer Cash Keeper Chief Officer of Records Department Tee Ik