NON IDEAL OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIERS
Presented by
Nway Theint Khin
VEC-2
16.2.24
CLASSIC FEEDBACK SYSTEMS
In a classic feedback system with a nonideal amplifier, the goal is often to improve certain
characteristics of the system, such as bandwidth, distortion, and noise, by applying feedback.
1. Block Diagram: consists of three main components: the input signal (Vin), the amplifier (A),
and the feedback network (β).
2. Non Ideal Amplifier: It may have imperfections and limitations. Nonidealities can include
finite bandwidth, distortion, noise, and other deviations from an ideal amplifier.
3. Open-Loop Gain (A): represents the amplification factor of the nonideal amplifier without
feedback. It is the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage when feedback is not
applied.
4. Feedback Network (β):It determines the amount of feedback
applied to the system. The feedback factor (β) is the ratio of the
feedback signal to the output signal.
ANALYSIS OF CIRCUITS CONTAINING NON-IDEAL
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
1. Finite Loop gain
For an non-inverting amplifier:
For an inverting amplifier
2. Finite Input Resistance
● When analyzing operational amplifiers (op-amps), it is common to consider the input
resistance as infinite in ideal conditions. However, in real-world scenarios, operational
amplifiers have finite input resistances that can impact the performance of the circuits in which
they are used.
Non-Inverting Amplifier :
Inverting Amplifier:
SERIES AND SHUNT FEEDBACK CIRCUITS
11.3.1 FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER CATEGORIES
1. VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS—SERIES-SHUNT FEEDBACK: A voltage amplifier should have a high
input resistance to measure the desired voltage and a low output resistance to drive the
external load. The input ports of the amplifier and feedback network are connected in
series, and the output ports are connected in parallel (shunt).
2. TRANSIMPEDANCE AMPLIFIERS—SHUNT-SHUNT FEEDBACK: A transimpedance amplifier
converts an input current to an output voltage. Thus it should have a low input resistance
to sink the desired current and a low output resistance to drive the external load. the input
ports of the amplifier and feedback network are connected in parallel, and the output ports
are connected in parallel.
3. CURRENT AMPLIFIERS—SHUNT-SERIES FEEDBACK: A current amplifier should provide a
low resistance current sink at the input and a high resistance current source at its output.
The input ports of the amplifier and feedback network are connected in parallel, and the
output ports are connected in series.
4. TRANSCONDUCTANCE AMPLIFIERS—SERIES-SERIES FEEDBACK: the transconductance
amplifier that converts an input voltage to an output current. This amplifier should have a
high input resistance and a high output resistance. Both the input ports and the output
ports of the amplifier and feedback networks are connected in series.
UNIFIED APPROACH TO FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER GAIN CALCULATION
CLOSED-LOOP GAIN ANALYSIS:
RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS USING BLACKMAN’S THEOREM: R. B. Blackman was one of a group
of individuals who first investigated the properties of feedback amplifiers at Bell Laboratories in
the 1930s and 1940s. Blackman’s theorem provides a unified way to calculate impedances in
feedback circuits.
In this equation, RX is the resistance of the closed-loop feedback amplifier looking into one of
its ports (any terminal pair), R D X is the resistance looking into the same pair of terminals with the
feedback loop disabled, TSC is the loop-gain with a short circuit applied to the selected port, and
TOC is the loop gain with the same port open-circuited.
In order to apply Blackman’s theorem, first we select
the terminals where we desire to find the resistance.
SERIES-SHUNT FEEDBACK—VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS
On the left side, applied input voltage vi equals the sum of the op amp input voltage and
the feedback network voltage: vi = vid + vi f . Thus there is series feedback at the input because
the amplifier input and feedback network voltages are in series.
At the output, we see that the feedback network voltage equals the op amp output voltage:
vof = vo. Thus the amplifier and feedback network are connected in parallel, or shunt, at the
output, so we have shunt feedback at the output.
CLOSED-LOOP GAIN CALCULATION:
INPUT RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS:
OUTPUT RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS:
SHUNT-SHUNT FEEDBACK—TRANSRESISTANCE AMPLIFIERS
On the input side, the feedback network voltage equals the op amp input voltage: vi f = −vid . Thus the
amplifier and feedback network are connected in parallel, so we have shunt feedback at the input. At
the output, vof = vo, so we also have shunt feedback at the output. We refer to this overall
configuration as a shunt-shunt feedback amplifier.
CLOSED-LOOP GAIN CALCULATION:
INPUT RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS:
OUTPUT RESISTANCE CALCULATIONS:
If (RF + R1 ll Rid ) >>Ro, then Rout
approaches Ro/(1 + T ). For infinite T ,
Rout becomes zero.
