ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ

វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា

ិ

EpñkTI2 FnFanEpndI
Earth's Resources

enAkñgú EpñkenH GñknwgsikSaGMBIsarFatusMxan;²rbs;EpndIrgw dUcCasila nigEr:BIRbPBEdlva)anekIt

eLIg. dIenABIeRkameCIgrbs;eyIgKWCakMNb;d¾mhasalEdlmanrUbFatuEr:EdlKYreGaycab;GarmµNC_ aeRcIn
RbePT kñúgenaHEr:mYycMnnY CaEr:mantèmø. Gaf’kM)aMgrbs;GtItkalRtUv)ankb;)at;enAkñúgCMerAd¾eRCArbs;EpndI.
enAkñgú EsSkMNt;eBlevlaenHnwgbgðajGñkBIRBwtþki arN_xøHEdl)anekIteLIgCaRbvtþisaRsþenAeBlEdlGñkviTüa
saRsþmankaryl;kan;Etc,as;GBM IPBrbs;eyIg.
- enAqñaM 1533 elak nIkULÚskUEBrnIk )anCMTas;faRBHGaTitüsßitenAcMkNþalsaklCagEpndIEdl
RbCaCneCOfaEpndIsßitenAcMkNþalsakl b:uEnþeKmin)ane)aHBum<karrkeXIjrbs;Kat;eLIyrhUtdl; 10qñaM
eRkaymkeTot.
- enAqñaM 1680 stVdUdU EdlCastVsøabsøÚtbMputRtUv)anputBUCedayGñkRbmaj;. vaKWCaRbePTdMbUg
Edl)anputBUC ehIyRtUv)ankt;Rtakñgú RbvtþisaRsþ.
- enAqñaM 1735 elak düceRbn eFVIGtþsBaØaNkmµFatufµImYy nigdak;eQµaHvafa kU)al;. enHKWCaEr:
dMbUgbMputEdl)anrkeXIj ebIKittaMgBIsm½yburaN.
- enAqñaM 1848 masRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenAtMbn;kalIhV½rnI. kMLúgeBlrkeXIjmas GñkrukrkEr:RtUv
)aneKcat;Tku CaGñkrukrkEr:49nak;.
- enAqñaM 1861 sMNl;pUsIulrbs; GaekGubetric (Archaeopteryx) KWCastVEdlmanlkçN³cenøaH
rvaglµnÚ nigbkSI EdlRtUv)aneKrkeXIjenARbeTsGaløWm:g;.
- enAqñaM 1936 TMnb;hUvW RtUv)ansagsg;rYcral;. enHKWCaTMnb;varIGKÁsi nId¾FMGs©arüEdlmankm<s;x<s;
CagGKar72Can; ehIyRtUvkarrfynþpÞkú sImu :g;t× 450>000 edIm,IeFVIkarsagsg;.
- enAqñaM 1946 elak vILadeGhVlIb‘Í begàItviFIsaRsþkMNt;Gayuvtßúsm½ymunRbvtþisaRsþedaykareRbI
skmµPaBviTüúskmµkabUn.
- enAqñaM 1955 kareRbIsm<aF 1lanepan nigsItuNðPaBeRcInCag 3000GgSaes eFVIeGaym:asIuGKiÁ
snIbegáIt)anCaeBRCEkécñelIkdMbUgbMputEdlplitecjBIRkaPIt.
- enAqñaM 1969 yanþGab:ULÚTI11 EdlebIkbredayelak eNlGamRsþg nigelak eGdvInb‘sU Gl
RDIn naMsila 20KILÚRkamBIPBRBHc½nÞRtlb;mkkan;EpndI.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 35 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

- enAqñaM 1975 nag cagkUfaeb køayeTACaRsþIdMbUgEdl)aneLIgeTAdl;kMBUlPñeM Gev:ers bnÞab;BI

22qñaeM RkayBIkareLIgPñMeGev:ersdMbUgbMputrbs;elak eGdm:an;hLIu arI nigelak efnsIugNrehÁ enAqñaM
1953.
- enAqñaM 1984 visVkrCnCarusSúICIkrn§xYgmYyEdlmanCMerA 12KILÚEm:RteTAkñgú sMbkEpndI ehIyrn§
xYgenHmanCMerAeRCACagreNþAEr:EdleRCACageK 3dg.
- enAqñaM 1997 yanþ sUdünn½r EdlCayanþedIrsÞg;enAelIPBGgÁar_ ehIyyanþenHeFVIkarGegátpÞaMgsila
m:aeFond¾FMmYyEdleKeGayeQµaHeRkAfa yUKI.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 36 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

CMBUkTI2 Er:énsMbkEpndI
Minerals of the Earth's Crust

karRsém:Kit>>>
RbsinebIGkñ manGl½gø áarRKb;RbePTTaMgGs;dUcEdlmanbgðajenAelITMB½resovePAenH enaHGñknwgkøay
eTACamhaesdæmI ñak;. t,ÚgmantMélTaMgGs;enHmandUcCa t,ÚgeBRC ( diamond ) t,ÚgTTwmB½NR’ khmQam
RCUk ( rubies ) t,ÚgkeNÐóg (sapphires) nigt,Úgmrkt (emeralds) suT§EtCat,ÚgEdlmantémøcab;BI 1>000 $
dl; 50>000 $ kñúg 1kar:at; ¬1kar:at; = 200 m>Rk¦.
GñkRbEhlCaminmankarPJak;ep¥IleTfat,ÚgTaMgGs;enHmantémøéføEbbenH. b:uEnþetIGñk)andwgfatémø
rbs;t,ÚgTaMgGs;enHmantémøefakNas;ebIeRbobeFobeTAnwgkarplitvaeLIg. ]TahrN_ t,ÚgTTwm nig
t,ÚgkeNÐóg KWCaRbePTEr:BIrRbePTepSgKñaEdlRtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IplitCaRkdasxat;. t,ÚgeBRCTaMgGs;
ekIteLIgBIsarFatuEdldUcKñaeTAnwgRkaPItenAkñúgexµAéd. eTaHCadUecñHk¾eday manexµAédmYykþab;minGaceFVI
eGayGñkkøayeTACaGñkmandUcEdlEdlGñkmant,ÚgmYykþab;enaHeLIy.
t,ÚgCavtßúmantémøminEmnedaysarEtFatuEdlpÞúkenaHeLIy b:uEnþedaysarEtlkçN³teRmobGatUm
rbs;va. enAeRkaml½kxç ½NmÐ YycMnYn GatUmFmµtaRtUv)anteRmobCaTMrg;RkamkMr. t,ÚgminsUvsMbUredaysar

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 37 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

l½kçx½NéÐ nkarkekIteLIgmanEtenAkEnøgmYycMnYnb:ueNÑaHenAkñúgBiPBelak. RkamEdlkøayeTACat,ÚgRtUv)an

eKeGaytèmøGaRs½yeTAelI ry³eBl BN’ nigBnøWedjrbs;RKab;t,Úg. enAeBlEdlt,ÚgRtUv)anècñrYc
t,ÚgTaMgenaH)anbeB©ajBnWeø djd¾EcgcaMg.
etIGñkKitdUcemþc?
GanedIm,IeqøYIysMNYr ³
enAkñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk cUrBüayameqøIynUvsMNYrdUcxageRkamenHeTAtamGVIEdl
Gñk)anecHrYcehIy ³
1> etI Er: CaGVI?
2> etI Er: ekIteLIgy:agdUcemþc?
cUrGegát !
stV rukçCati b¤ Er:?
t,ÚgRKb;RbePTEdl)anbgðajenATMB½rxagedImKWCa Er: . manEr:eRcInCag #000 RbePTxus²Kña)an
ekIteLIgedayFmµCatienAelIEpndI ehIyt,ÚgekIteLIgBIcMnYnd¾tci tYcénEr:TaMgenaH. etIEr:KWCaGVI? cUreFVItam
karGegát nig rkeGayeXIjcemøIyénsMNYrxagelI.
dMeNIrkar ³
1- cUrbegáItkUeLanBIrkñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk -- kUeLanmYysMrab;Er: nigkUeLan
mYyeTotsMrab;FatuminEmnEr:. Ep¥keTAelIGVIEdlGñk)andwgrYcehIyGMBIEr: cUrEckfñak;énvtßúTaMgGs;EdlGñk
)aneXIjenAelITMB½renHeGaycUleTAkñgú vtßúGVEI dlplitecjBIEr: nigGVIEdlmin)anplitecjBIEr:.
2- cUrsYrmitþrYmfñak;rbs;Gñkfa etIBYkeKKitdUcemþcGMBIEr:EdleKykeTAplitecjCaeTacRkyanþ. rYc
kt;RtanUvB½tm’ anEdlGñkRbmUl)an. GñkGacbEnßmnUvB½tm’ anepSgeToteTAkñúgtaragrbs;GñkenAeBleRkay
eTot.
viPaK ³
3- Ep¥keTAelItaragrbs;Gñk etIEr:RbePTGVIxøHEdleKeRcInykeTAplitCaeTacRkyanþynþ -- CaEr: b¤
minEmnEr:?
4- etIGñkKitfaEr:EdlplitCaEpñkelah³rbs;eTacRkyanþynþenaHRtUv)anykecjmkBINa?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 38 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI1 Er:
matikasikSa
- Er: ( mineral ) - Rkam ( crystal )
- Fatu ( element ) - Er:suIlIkat ( silicate mineral )

- GatUm ( atom ) - Er:KµansIulIkat ( non-silicate mineral )

- smasFatu ( compound )
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
 Bnül;BIlkçN³TaMg4rbs;Er:
 eFVIcMENkfñak;Er:eTAtamsmasFatuRkumsMxan;²TaMg2

tamBitEr:TaMgGs;mindUct,ÚgeT Er:TaMgGs;emIleTARbhak;RbEhlnwgsila. b:uEnþetIEr:TaMgGs;dUcsila

Emnb¤? mindUecñaHeT. dUecñHetImanGVIEdlxusKña? PaBxusKñamYyKWsila)anekIteLIgBIEr: b:uEnþEr:min)anekIt
eLIgBIsilaeT. dUcenHetIEr:BitR)akdCaGVI? edayecaTnUvsMNYr4dUcxageRkamenH enaHGñkR)akdCaGaceqøIy
)anfa etIGCVI aEr:?
sMNYrTI1- etIvamanTMrg;Rkamb¤? Er:CaRkamEdlmanTMrg;pøatEpñkxagkñúgEdlcaMgCaTMrg;Rkam. Ca
FmµtaEr:mansmasFatuKImIdcU Kña.
sMNYrTI2- etIvaCasarFaturwgb¤? Er:minGacCasarFatu]sµ½n b¤sarFaturavenaHeT.
sMNYrTI3- etIvaekIteLIgedayFmµCatib¤? sarFatuCaRkamEdlbegáIteLIgedaymnusSminRtUv)an
cat;fñak;faCaEr:eT ?
sMNYrTI4- etIvaCasarFatuKµanCIvitb¤? Er:CasarFatuGsrIragÁEdlmann½yfavaminRtUv)anekIteLIgBI
Pav³rs;)aneT.
Er: ( mineral ) KWekIteLIgedayFmµCatiEdlCasarFatuGsrIragÁ rwg nigmanTMrg;Rkam. ebIsinCaGñk
minGaceqøIyfa : BitEmn : )ancMeBaHsMNYrTaMg4xagelIenH enaHminEmnCaEr:eT.

1>Er: ³ TMrg;rbs;Er:
sMNYr3kñúgcMeNamsMNYrTaMg4TMngCagayRsYleqøIy. sMNrY mYyGMBITMrg;RkamTMngCaBi)akeqøIy.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 39 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&
ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

edIm,Iyl;faGVCI aTMrg;RkamenaHcaM)ac;GñkRtUvdwgy:agehacNas;GMBIFatuTaMgLayEdlbegáItEr:. Fatu

( elements ) KWCasarFatusuT§EdlminGacRtUv)aneKbMEbkeGayeTACasarFatuFmµtaedaymeFüa)ayKImI
Fmµta . Er:TaMgGs;suT§EtmanpÞúkFatumYy b¤elIsBImYyénFatuTaMg 92 EdlmanenAkñgú sMbkEpndI.
1>1>GatUm nig smasFatu ( Atoms and Compounds ) GatUmsUdüÚm GatUmkør
RKb;FatuTaMgGs;KWekIteLIgBIGatUmEtmYyRbePTEtb:ueNÑaH.
GatUm ( atom ) KWCaEpñktUcbMputrbs;FatuEdlmanRKb;lkçN³
rbs;FatuenaH. dUcCasarFatuepSgÉeTotEdr Er:RtUv)anekIteLIgBIGatUm
TaMgLayrbs;FatumYy b¤eRcIn. Er:PaKeRcInekIteLIgBIcgsm<½n§énFatuxus
KñabI b¤bYn. smasFatu ( compound ) KWCasarFatumYyEdlekIt
eLIgBIFatuBIr b¤eRcInEdlP¢ab;KñaedaylkçN³KImI b¤cgP¢ab;CamYyKña .
]TahrN_ halItKWCakarcgP¢ab;KñaénFatusUdüÚm nigkør rUbTI1. Er:RbePT rUbTI1 ³ GatUmsUdüÚm nigkør)ancg
P¢ab;KñaCasmasFatuFmµta/ sila
xøHeTotdUcCaEr:mas nigEr:R)ak;KWpSMeLIgBIFatuEtmYyKt;. ]TahrN_ GMbil b¤Er:halIt.
]TahrN_ massuT§KWekIteLIgGMBGI atUmEtmYyRbePT -- mas.
1>2>Rkam ( crystals )
Er:kekIteLIgBIsarFatuRkammYy b¤eRcInRbePT. Rkam KWCasarFaturwgEdlman
( crystals )

ragCaragFrNImaRtEdlekIteLIgedaysarlMnaMcMNaMgpøaténGatUmEdlmanenAkñúgEr:. rUbragrbs;RkamRtUv
)ankMNt;edaykarteRmobGatUmenAkñúgRkam. karteRmobGatUmeRcInRbePTCaragrgVilRtUv)ankMNt;eday
GatUmEdlbegáItEr:. Er:nImYy²manrcnasm<n½ §Rkamc,as;las;. Er:TaMgGs;Gacdak;CaRkumtamfñak;énRkam
edayeyageTAtamRbePTepSg²rbs;RkamEdl)anekIteLIg. rUbTI2 bgðajBIrcnasm<n½ §GatUmrbs;masEdl
pþle; GayCaRkamragKUb.
rUbTI2 ³ Er:masKWpSMeLIgBIGatUmmasEdl
teRmobCaTMrg;Rkam.

TMrg;GatUmmicrbs;mas TMrg;Rkamrbs;mas Rkamrbs;Er:mas

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 40 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

2>RbePTEr:  cMNucBak;B½n§nwgCIvviTüa
( Biology Connection )
eKGaccat;fañ k;Er:)anedaylkçN³xus²KñamYycMnYn. stV 3 b¤ 4 RbePTmanxYrk,alEdlpÞkú eday
Fmµtakarcat;fñak;Er:edayGaRs½yeTAelIsmaPaBKImI. Er:m:aejTIt. Er:m:aej:TtI manlkçN³BiessmYyKW
eKeFVIkarEckEr:CaBIrRkumedayEp¥keTAelIFatuEdlvapSMeLIg. m:aejTic. GñkviTüasaRsþ)anbgðajfaRtImYycMnYnman
viBaØaNEdlmanEdnm:aej:TicedaysarEtBYkvaman
RkumTaMgBIrenHmanEr:suIlIkat nigEr:KµansIulIkat. Er:m:aejTItenAkñgú xYrk,alrbs;BYkva. Er:m:aej:TIt)an
pþle; GayRtInUvviBaØaNEdldwgGMBITis.
2>1>Er:suIlIkat ( Silicate Minerals )

sIulIsüÚm nig GuksIEu sn KWCaFatuFmµtaBIrRbePTEdlmaneRcInCageKenAkñúgsMbkEpndI. Er:Edl

pÞkú edayFatuTaMgBIrenHehAfa Er:sIulIkat ( silicate minerals ) . Er:sIulkI atmanelIsBI 90°énsMbkEpn
dI eRkABIenHKWCaEr:KµansuIlIkat. CaFmµtasIulsI üÚm nigGuksIEu sncgP¢ab;CamYynwgFatuepSgeTotdUcCa Al, Fe,
Mg, nig K edIm,Ibegát I CaEr:sIlu Ikat. Er:sIulIkatFmµtaxøH rUbTI3 .
k> Epls:,ar ( Feldspar ) Er:Epls,:arekIteLIgRbEhlBak;kNþalénsMbkEpndI ehIyvaCa
sarFatucMbgkñúgcMeNamsilaPaKeRcInenAelIépÞEpndI. Epls,:atmanFatuslIu IsüÚm nig GuksIuEsnlay
CamYynwgGaluuymIj:Úm b:UtasüÚm sUdüÚm nigkal;süÚm.
x> ébGUTItmIka ( Biotite Mica ) Er:mIkaCaEr:EdlTn; caMgPøgW ayEbkCabnÞH²enAeBleKbMEbk
va. ébGUTIt KWCaFatumYykñúgcMeNamEr:epSg²eToténEr:mIka.
K> kVat ( Quartz ) kVat ¬sIulIsüÚmDIGuksItu / SiO ¦ KWCaEpñkrwgrbs;silaPaKeRcIn. ebIsinCa
2

eKemIleGayCiteTAÉbMENkRkanIt eKnwgeXIjRKIsþal;kaV t.

k>Epls,:ar x>ébGUTIkamIka K>kVat

rUbTI3 ³ RkanItKWCasilaEdlpSMeLIgBIEr:CaeRcInedayrYmbBa©Úl
TaMgdUcCaEpls,:ar mIka nigkVat

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 41 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

2>2>Er:KµansIulIkat ( Non-silicate Minerals )

RkumEr:EdlminkarrYmpSMénsIulIsüÚm nigGuksIuEsnehAfa : Er:KµansulI Ikat :. Er:xøHkñúgcMeNam

Er:TaMgenHekIteLIgBIFatuepSg²dUcCa C, O , Fe, S. xageRkamenHKWCakarcat;fñak;énEr:xøHEdlKµansuIlIkat.
2

cMNat;fñak;Er:KµansIulIkat
FatuGskmµ
Native Elements
KWCaEr:EdlpSMeLIgBIFatuEtmYy. Er:RbEhl 20RbePTCaFatuGskmµ
]TahrN_ Au, Pt, C, Cu, S, Ag.
kabUNat CaEr:EdlpSMBkI abUn nig GuksIuEsnenAkñúgTMrg;KImIrbs;va. kal;stuI
Carbonates
¬CaCO3¦ KWCaEr:kabUNat. eKeRbIEr:kabUNatsMrab;plit sIumg: ;t_ fµsMNg;
nigkaMRCÜc>>>.
halId CasmasFatuEdlekIteLIgenAeBlEdlGatUménFatuPúyø G½r/ kør½ / GIuy:UDYr/ b¤
b¤ RbUm Edlcgsm<n½ C§ amYyb:UtasüÚm/ sUdüÚm/ nigkal;süÚm. eKsÁal;halId
GaLÚEsn ¬ NaCl ¦ faCasilaGMbli . PøúyG½rId ¬CaF2 ) manB½N’xus²KñaCaeRcIn.
Halides
Er:halIdRtUv)aneKeRbICaCIdMNaM.
GuksIut KWCasarFatuEdlpSMeLIgenAeBlFatumyY dUcCa Fe b¤ Al cgsm<n½ K§ ImICamYy
Oxides
GuksIEu sn. kUra: ndwm ( Al2O3 ) nigm:aej:TtI ( Fe3O4 ) KWEr:GuksItu d¾
sMxan;. eKeRbIEr:GuksIutsMrab;eFVICafµsMelog nigEpñkxøHénynþehaH.
s‘ulpat manpÞkú s<an;Fr½ nig GuksIEu sn ( SO4 ) . mñagsila (CaSO4.2H2O) KWCa
Sulfates Er:sl‘u patFmµta. eKeRbIs‘ulpatCaeRKOgsMGag/ fñaMduseFµj/fñaMlab.
s‘ulpYr CaEr:EdlpÞkú edayFatumyY b¤eRcIndUcCa Pb, Fe, Ni Edlcgsm<½n§ CamYy
Sulfides S. kaeLNa ( PbS ) KWCas‘ulPIt. eKeRbIR)as;s‘ulpYreFVC I a fµBil fñaMeBTü
nigEpñkxøHéneRKOgGKÁsi nI.
sMNYrrMlwk
1> etIGatUm smasFatu nig Er:manPaBxusKñadUcemþcxøH?
2> kñúgcMeNamFatuBIr etIFatumYyNaEdlFmµtaCageKenAkñgú Er:?
3> etIEr:sulI Ikat nigEr:KµansIlu IkatmanlkçN³xusKñaEbbNa?
4> cUrBnül;bBa¢ak;faehtuGVI)anCaeKmincat;FatuTaMgenHCaEr: ³ EBgnM/ Twk/ eFµj/]sµn½ GuksIEu sn.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 42 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI2 GtþsBaØaNEr:
matikasikSa
- PaBPøWepøk ( luster ) - bMENk ( fracture )
- sñamB½N’ ( streak ) - PaBrwg ( hardness )
- sñameRbH ( clevage ) - dg;seIu t ( density )
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
 karEckfñak;Er:edaykareRbIbec©keTsFmµtakñgú karkMNt;GtþsBaØaNEr:.
 karBnül;GMBIlkçN³Biessrbs;Er: .

RbsinebIGkñ )anrkeXIjKMrEU r:BIrRbePTdUc)anbgðajxageRkam etIGñknwgsÁal;vay:agdUcemþcRbsinebI

Er:TaMgBIrdUcKña? ebIRkeLkemIleTAEr:TaMgenH GñkGaceXIjy:ggayRsYlPaBRsedogKñaénrUbrag. b:uEnþetIGñk
GacR)ab;y:agdUcemþcfaEr:TaMgenHmanlkçN³dUcKña? elIsBIenHeTAeTot etIGñkGackMNt;GtþsBaØaNEr:
)any:agdUcemþc? enAkñgú emeronenHGñknwgeronGMBIlkçN³xus²KñaCaeRcInEdlGacCYyGñkeGaykMNt;Gtþ
sBaØaNénEr:TaMgenaH)an.

1>B½N’ ( Color )

Er:CaeRcInmanB½N’ nigRsemalxus²Kña. Er:dUcKñaGacmanB½N’xusKña. ]TahrN_ kVatsuT§manB½N’føa

b:uEnþcMeBaHkVatminsuTP§ aKeRcInmanB½N’xus²Kña. B½N’rbs;kVatB½N’kULab)anmkBIPaBminsuTe§ RcInRbePT
rbs;va. t,ÚgkeNÐògB½N’sVay ( amethyst ) CakVatmYyRbePTeTotEdlmanB½N’sVayminsuT§eRcInRbePT
pÞkú enAkñúgva.
eRkABIPaBminsuT§manktþaepSg²eTotEdlGacpøas;bþÚrlkçN³rbs;Er:. Er:BIrIt ( pirite )EdlCaerOy²
eKehAfamasEkøgkøay EtCaFmµtavamanB½N’mas. b:uEnþebIsinCaeKdak;Er:BIrIteGayRtUvFatuGakaskñgú ry³

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 43 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

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 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

eBlyUrvanwgERbBN’eTACaBN’exµA. edaysarEtktþaFatuGakas nigPaBminsuT§TaMgenHehIyeTIbBN’rbs;

Er:EdlCaFmµtGaceFVIeGayeKkMNt;BGI tþsBaØaNrbs;Er:.
2>PaBPøWepøk ( Luster )

PaBPøWepøkKWCaBnøWEdlcaMgpøatenAépÞxagelI.
enAeBlEdlGñkniyayfavtßmú YymanBnøWb¤RsGab;enaHGñk
kMBugEtBiBN’naBIPaBPøWepøkrbs;va. Er:EdlmanlkçN³PøW
dUcelah³/ PøWdUcelah³tictYc/ b¤PøWdUcGelah³. Rbsin
ebIEr:mancaMgBnøW enaHvaGacmanBnøWEdlmanlkçN³Ca
kBa©k; b¤elah³. RbsinebI Er:manBnøWRsGab;enaH vaGac
manPaBPøEW dlmanlkçN³Caelah³rg b¤Gelah³. RbePT
xus²KñaPaBPøWRtUv)andak;bgðajenAtaragxagsþaMéd.

3>sñamBN’ ( Streak )
BN’rbs;Er:EdlmanTMrg;CaemSAeKehAfa sñamBN’ . edIm,IrksñamB½N’rbs;Er:enaHEdleKxat;eTA
elIbMENkeRKImEdlehAfa bnÞHxat; . cMNucEdlbnSl;enAelIbnÞHxat;ehAfa sñamB½N’ . BN’rbs;
sñamkMeTcEr:minsuTE§ tdUcKñaeTAnwgBN’rbs;KMrUEr:dUc)aneXIjenArUbTI4enaHeT. épÞxagelIrbsKMrU;Er:mindUcKñaeT
eRBaHsñamB½Nr’ bs;Er:minTTYlrg\T§iBlFatuGakaseT. edaysarmUlehtuenHehIyeTIbeKGaccat;Gtþ
sBaØaNrbs;Er:)anRtwmRtUvCagkarsMKal;BN’rbs;Er:.

rUbTI4 ³ BN’rbs;Er:eGm:aTItGacxus
KñabuE: nþsñamB½N’rbs;vaKWenAEtrkSaBN’
RkhmetñatdEdl.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 44 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

4>sñameRbH nig bMENk ( Cleavage and Fracture )

Er:RbePTxus²Kñamankar)ak;Ebkxus²KñaEdr. PaBeRbHEbkénEr:RtUv)ankMNt;edaykarteRmobGatUm
rbs;va. sñameRbH ( cleavage ) KWCaTMenareRbHEbkrbs;Er:mYycMnYntamépÞbeNþaysMEb:t . Gñkécñt,Úg
)anykKuNsm,tþiénsñameRbHFmµCatirbs;Er:mYycMnYnécñeTACat,ÚgEdlmanPaBl¥\tex©aHRbkbedayTMrg;rUb
rags¥atl¥dUcCat,ÚgeBRC/ t,ÚgTTwmCaedIm. rUbTI5 )anbgðajBIEr:Edl manKMrUsñameRbHxus²Kña.
bMENk ( fracture ) KWCaTMenareRbHminesµIKñatamragCakMeNag b¤épÞminesµIrbs;Er: dUcmanenAkñgú
rUbTI6 .
rUbTI5 ³ sñameRbHxus²KñaénEr:xus²Kña.
mIkagayeRbHCabnÞH². halIteRbHCamMMu
900 CabIRCug. eBRCeRbHCabYnRCugepSgKña.
rUbTI6 ³ KMrkU VatenHbgðajBIKMrUbMENk
ekag
EdleKehAfa bMENkragKUTxüg
(conchoidal fracture).

BiesaFn_xøI
sakl,gekas
5>PaBrwg ( Hardness ) 1>GñkRtUvkarluyesnmYy/ exµAéd
PaBrwg ( Hardness )KWsMedAeTArkPaBrwgmaMrbs;Er:cMeBaH mYyedIm/ nigRkckédrbs;Gñk.
karekas. RbsinebIGñkBüayamekaseBRC enaHGñknwgcMNayeBl\t etIvtßN
ú amYyEdlrwgCageK?
2> eRbIRkckédrbs;GñkedIm,Iekas
RbeyaCn_eRBaHfaeBRCKWCaEr:EdlrwgCageKbMput. m:üageTot emSAt½l KWCa RkaPItEdlenAcugexµAéd.
Er: EdlTn;CageKbMput. GñkGacekasvaedayRkckédrbs;Gñk)an. edIm,I 3> \LÚvBüayamekasluyesn
kMNt;BIPaBrwgrbs;Er: GñkviTüasaRsþ )aneRbImaRtdæanPaBrwgrbs; Moh edayRkckédrbs;Gñk. etINa
mYyrwgCageKkñúgcMenamvtßTú aMgbI.
sUmGnuvtþenApÞH !

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 45 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

dUc)anbgðajenAxageRkam. cUrkt;cMNaMfa emSAt½lKWCaEr:EdlTn;CageK

bMput ehIyeBRCCaEr:Ed;rwgCageKbMputkñgú cMeNamEr:TaMg10énmaRtdæanPaB
rwgrbs;m:U . enAcenøaHrvagEr;TaMgBIrRbePTenHmanEr:epSgeTotEdlmanPaBrwgeLIgCabnþbnÞab;. edIm,Ik; MNt;
GtþsBaØNrbs;Er:mYyedayeRbImaRtdæanPaBrwgrbsm:U cUrBüayamekasépÞelIrbs;Er:CamYynwgEKmmYyrbs;
Er:KMrUTaMg10EdlbgðajxageRkam. RbsinebIEr:rbs;GñkmansñamqUenaHmann½yfaEr:TaMgenaHrwgCagEr:rbs;Gñk.
cUrBüayamekasEr:TaMgenaHrhUtdl;Gñkrk eXIjfamanEr:mYyRbePTminGacekasqUtelIEr:rbs;Gñk.

7>dg;sIuet ( Density )
ebIsinCaeyIgelIk)al;kUnehÁalmYy nig)al;eb:gb:ugmYy etI)al;NamYyF¶n;Cag? eTaHbICa)al;TaMgBIr
manTMhMbn:u Kñak¾edayk¾GñkmanGarmµN_fa)al;ehÁalnwgF¶nC; agedaysardg;suIetrbs;va dUcmanbgðajenAkñúg
rUbTI7. dg;sIuet ( density ) KWCargVas;Edlpþl;edaycMnYnvtßúenAkñúglMh. eKGacniyaym:üageTotfa
dg;sIuet KWCapleFobénm:asrbs;vtßúmYyedayeFobeTAnwgmaDrbs;va. CaFmµtaeKvas;dg;sIuetCaRkamkñúgmYy
sg;TIEm:RtKUb. eRBaHfaTwkmandg;suIet 1g /cm ehIyRtUv)aneKeRbICaxñatTUeTAcMeBaHsarFatuepSgeTot.
3

pleFobéndg;sueI tvtßmú YyeFobnwgdg;suIetrbs;Tkw ehAfa dg;sIueteFob . ]TahrN_ pleFobrbs;mas

KW 19. enHmann½yfa masmandg;suIetén 19g /cm . eKGacniyaym:üageTotfa TMgn;kñúg 1s>m3
3

énmasF¶n;CagTMgn; 1s>m3 énTwk 19dg.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 46 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

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 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

rUbTI7 ³ edaysarEt)al;knU ehÁalmandg;suIetxøaMg

Cag)al;eb:gb:ugnaMeGayeKRtUvkar)al;eb:gb:ugkan
;EteRcInedIm,IrkSalMngw enAelICBa¢gI .

8>lkçN³Biess ( Special Properties )

lkçN³BiessxøHmanEtenAelIEr:RtwmBIr b¤bIRbePTb:eu NÑaH. lkçN³BiessdUcmanbgðajenA
xageRkamenHGacCYyGñkeGayGacsMKal;GtþsBaØaNEr:)any:agelOn. edIm,IsMKal;nUvlkçN³BiessxøH²
rbs;Er: GñkcaM)ac;RtUvman]bkrN_BiessmYycMnYn.
k> PøúyG½rer:sg; ( Fluorescence ) kal;suIt nigPøúyG½rrIt caMgBnøWeRkamBnøWsVayG‘ulRta. KMrUPøúy
G½rrItxageRkamRtUv)anbgðajCaBnøsW VayG‘lu Rta nigkñúgBnøWBN’s.
x> RbtikmµKImI ( Chemical Reaction ) kal;sIut nwgBuHex¢al b£EbkBBuHenAeBleKbnþk;GasuIt
exSayeTAelIva.
K> lkçN³GubTic ( Optic properties ) bnÞHkal;sIut føa esþgI enAeBldak;BIelIGkSr b¤rbU PaB
enaHvanwgeFVIeGayeyIgeXIjGkSr b¤rUbPaBenaHEbkPaKecjCaBIr.
X> skmµPaBviTüúskmµ ( Radioactivity ) Er:CaeRcInEdlpÞúkr:adüÚm b¤G‘uyr:ajÚm: GacRtUv)an
karBareday Geiger counter.
g> m:aej:Tic ( Magnetism ) m:aej:TIt nig BIr:UTIt manm:aej:TicFmµCatiEdlGacqk;Edk)an.
c > rsCati ( Taste ) halItmanrsCatiéRb.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 47 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

k>PøúyG½rer:ssg; x>RbtikmµKmI I K>lkçN³GubTic

X>skmµPaBviTüúskmµ
c>rsCati
g>lkçN³m:aejTic

sMNYrrMlwk
1> etIGñkkMNt;sñamB½N’rbs;Er:mYyy:agdUcemþc?
2> etIsñameRbH nig bMENkxusKñay:agdUcemþc?
3> etIGñkGackMNt;PaBrwgrbs;KMrEU r:EdlminsÁal;GtþsBaØaN)any:agdUcemþc?
4> cUrGnuvtþeTAelIGVEI dlKiteXIj ]bmafaGñkmanEr:BIrEdlmanPaBrwgdUcKña. etIGñknwgeRbIlkçN³
Biessrbs;Er:epSgeTotNaxøHedIm,IkMNt;faEr:TaMgBIrenaHmanPaBrwgdUcKña?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 48 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
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វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

emeronTI3 kMNkMeNIt nig karCIkykEr:

matikasikSa
- Er:mantémø ( ore )
- karrandI ( reclamation )
GVIEdlGñknwgsikSa
 BiBN’naBImCÄdæanEdlEr:kekIteLIg.
 eRbobeFob nigrkPaBxusKñaénRbePTepSg²énkarCIkykEr:.

Er:PaKeRcInEdleKsÁal; RtUv)anrkeXIjenAkñgú sMbkEpndI. Er:TaMgenaHkekIteLIgenAkúñgmCÄdanFM

epSgKñaenAeRkaml½kxç ½NrÐ Ub nigl½kxç ½NKÐ ImI. mCÄdæanEdlEr:mYykekIteLIg )ankMNt;lkçN³rbs;Er:enaH.
Er :ekIteLIgTaMgenAxageRkamépÞEpndI nigenACitépÞEpndI.

1>kMNkMeNItEr: ( The Formation of minerals )

1>1>karrMhYténTwkéRb ( Evaporating Saltwater )
enAeBlsmuRTéRbhYteLIg eKeXIjmanEr:mYycMnYnbnSl;TukenAdUcCamñagsila ( gymsum )

nighalIt. enAeBlEdlTwkéRbhYteLIgsarFatuxniCTaMgenH)ankeTACaRkam.
1>2>fµkMe)ar ( Limestone )
TwkelIdI nigTwkeRkamdI)annaMyksarFaturlaycUleTAkñúgTwkbwg nigkñúgsmuRTeTACamYyrhUteTA
dl;)atbwg b¤ )atsmuRTCakEnøgEdlsarFaturlayTaMgenaH)ankøayeTACaRkam. Er:EdlkekItenAmCÄdæan
enHrYmmankal;suIt nigdULÚmIut.
1>3>silaERbkMeNIt ( Metamophic Rocks )
enAeBlsm<aF sItuNðPaB b¤sarFatuKImrI bs;silapøas;bþÚreFVeI GaysilaenaHpøas;bþÚr eBlenaH lMnaM
ERbkMeNIt ( metamorphism ) rbs;silak¾)anekIteLIg. Er:TaMgLayEdlmansNæanCasilaERbkMeNItrYm
man kal;suIt hÁaEnt RkaPIt eGm:aTIt m:aej:TIt mIka nig t½l.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 49 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
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វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
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1>4>l,ayTwkekþA ( Hot-water Solution )

TwkeRkamdIRCabeTAeRkamtampøÚvrbs;va ehIyRtUv)ankMedAedaym:ak;m:a. bnÞab;mkTwkekþAk¾man
RbtikmµCamYyEredIm,IbegáItCal,aysarFaturavekþA. elah³Edlrlay nigFatuÉeTot)ankekIteTACaRkam
ecjBIsarFaturavekþAeTACaTMrg;Er:fµI. mas Tg;Edg s<an;F½r BIrIt nig hÁaElnNa CaEr:EdlekIteLIgenAkñúg
mCÄdæanTwkekþA.
1>5>EBrm:aTIt ( pegmatites )
enAeBlm:ak;m:aruleLIgelIvaGacbegáItCaTMrg;dMNk;TwkEPñkEdlehAfaEBrm:aTIt . vtþmanén
sarFaturavekþA)aneFVeI GayRkamEr:BRgIkmaDkan;EtFMeLIgEdlCYnkalmanviCÄmaRteTAdl; 3 eTA 4Em:Rt.
t,ÚgCaeRcIndUcCat,ÚgB½N’elOg ( topaz ) nig TYma:lIn manTMrg;CaEBrm:aTIt.

rMhYt
én
Twk
éRb

fµkMe)ar

sila
ERbkMeNIt

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 50 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
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1>6>Pøúytug ( Plutons )

enAeBlm:ak;m:aruleLIgelIqøgkat;sMbkEpndI CYnkalbBaÄb;skmµPaBrbs;vamuneBleLIgmkdl;épÞ
elI ehIycuHRtCak;y:agywt² lMnaMenH)anbegáItCaRkamEr:rablanTMrg;. CacugeRkay rUbragm:ak;m:aTaMgmUl
)ankkrYckøayeTACa Pøúytug . mIka Epls,a:r m:aejTIt kVat KWCaEr:EdlekIteLIgBIm:ak;m:a.
l,ay
TwkekþA

EBrmITIt

Pøúy
tug
 cUrsV½ysikSa etITMrg;rbs;Er:CIbsUm nig Er:halIt manenAÉNa?

m:ak;m:a

karviPaKtamKNitviTüa
2>karCIkykEr: etIkarbnSúT§suT§dUemþc? masEdleKEckCa
sila nigEr:CaeRcInRbePTRtUv)anCIkykkñúgeKalbMNg 24kar:at;manmassuT§ 100° . mas 18kar:at;
TajyksarFatumantémøEdlmanenAkñúgEr: b¤kñúgsila. FrNIviTU manmas 18PaK nig elahFatuRsedog6PaK.
dUecñHmann½yfa 18/24 b¤ 3/4 EdlCaFatu
eRbIBaküEr: ( ore ) edIm,IBiB½N’naBIkarpÞúknUvEr:kgñú RTg;RTayFMlmµ suT§. etIbrimaNPaKryrbs;massuT§kúñg
nigPaBsuT§lµmEdlRtUv)aneKCIkykedIm,ICaplcMeNj. sila 18kar:at;masman b:unµan?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 51 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

nigEr:RtUv)anykecjBIkñúgdIedayviiFIsaRsþmYykñúgcMeNamviFIsaRsþ
BIry:agKWkarCIkykEr:epþk b¤karCIkykEr:bBaÄr. GñkCIkykEr:)aneRCIserIsykviFICIkykEr:bBaÄredayEp¥k
eTAelITItaMgrbs;Er:EdlmanenAkñúgEpndI nigkar)a:n;BItémørbs;Er:TaMgGs;enaH. viFCI IkykEr:TaMgBIry:agman
bgðajenAxageRkamenH.
karCIkykEr:epþk

karCIkykEr:
bBaÄr

2>1>karCIkykEr:bBaÄr ( Deep Mining )

KWCakarCIkykEr: b¤sarFatuepSgeTotecjBICMerAxagkñúgEpndI. pøvÚ EdlRtUveKCIkenAxageRkamdIrhUt
eTAdl;kEnøgEdlpÞúkEr:mantémø. karCIkrukrkeBRC nig FüÚgfµ eKRtUveRbIviFICIkykEr:edaybBaÄrenH.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 52 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
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2>2>karCIkykEr:epþk ( Surface Mining )

KWCakarCIkykEr: b¤sarFatuepSgeTotEdlenAEk,r b¤enACitépÞelIrbs;EpndI. karCIkykEr:epþkman
eRcInRbePTdUcCakarcUkykedaycMhr/karcUkykedaypÞal;/ karCIkykEr:EpñkelI. sarFatuEdlRtUv)anCIk
yktamviFIenHmanEr:Tg;Edg nigEr:buksIut ¬CaEr:Rcbl;mYyRbePTEdlsMbUreTAedayGaluymIjm:Ú ¦.
3>témørbs;Er:
elah³FatuCaeRcInEdlGñkGacsÁal;BIedImkMeNItrbs;va KWRtUv)aneKykecjBIEr:CaeRcInRbePT. Gñk
RbEhlCaminFøab;)ansÁal;Er:enaHeLIy b:uEnþGñkRbEhlCacMNaMelah³EdleKTajecjBIEr:. taragenAxag
eqVgxageRkam)ancuHeQµaHRbePTEr:mantémømYycMnYn nigelahFatuEdleKsÁal;EdlykecjBIEr:TaMgBIr. dUc
Gñk)aneXIjfaEr:mYycMnYnmantémøx<s;eTAelIesaP½NPaBRcInCagGtßRbeyaCn_rbs;va. RkamEr:EdlTTYlkar
Tak;TajxøaMg nigkMr eKeGayeQµaHfa t,Úg b¤ t,Úgfµ. ]TahrN_ t,ÚgmYYyRbePTdUc manbgðajenAkñúgrUbTI8 .
t,ÚgRtUvEtrwglµmedIm,IgayRsYldl;karécñ nigxat;eGayPøW.
Er:EdlRtUveKeRbICaFmµta
Er: elahFatu kareRbIR)as;
kal;kBU IrIt Tg;Edg luyesn/ ExSePøgI GKÁisnI
hÁaElnNa sMN GaKuy/ fµBil/ fñaMlab
ebrIl ebrIlüÚm xñgkg/ ynþehaH
RkUmIt RkUmIj:mÚ EdkEfb/ ]bkarN_cak;Bum</
rUbTI8 ³ eBRCKUlINan EdlenAcMkNþal
sMlab;Es,k dMbgraCüenH KWCaEpñkmYyéneBRCEdlFMCageK
bg¥s;kñúgcMeNamt,ÚgEdl)anrkeXIj.

4>karTTYlxusRtUvkñúgkarCIkykEr:
karCIkykEr:)anpþl;eGayeyIgnUvEr:eRcInRbePTEdleyIgRtUvkar b:uEnþvak¾)anbegáItCabBaðaCaeRcInpg
Edr. karCIkykEr:GacbMpøicbMpaø j b¤rMxandl;karrs;enArbs;rukçCati nigstV. kaksMNl;EdlekItecjBIkar
CIkykEr:GacRCabcUleTAdl;RbPBTwkTaMgLay edaykarbMBulTaMgTwkelIépÞdI nigTwkeRkamdI.
meFüa)aymYyedIm,Ikat;bnßyeRKaHfñak;EdlCa\T§iBlbNþalmkbIkarCIkykEr: KWRbmUldIEdlCIkyk
Er:rYceTAdak;enAkEnøgedImrbs;vavij. eKehAdMeNIrkarenHfa karrandI ( reclamation ) . karandIedIm,ICIk
ykEr:enAelIdI sarFarN³RtUv)andak;cUleTAkñúgc,ab;taMgBIBak;kNþalTsSvtSn_qñaM 1970. b:uEnþkarrandI
KWCadMeNIrkarmYyEdlmantémøx<s; nigcMNayeBleRcIn. meFüa)aymYyeTotedIm,Ikat;bnßy\T§iBlén

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 53 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

karCIkykEr: KWRtUvkat;bnßytRmUvkarEr:rbs;eyIg. eyIgeFVEI bbenH)anedaykarEkécñeLIgvijnUvplitpl

Er:eRcInRbePTEdleyIgeRbIR)as;rYcehIydUcCaGaluuymIjmÚ: nigEdk. Er: KWFnFanminekIteLIgvij)an.
dUcenHehIyeyIgGacEkécñ)ankan;EteRcIn enaHeyIgnwgmanEr:kan;EteRcInenAeBlGnaKt.

sMNYrrMlwk
1> cUrerobrab;BIkMNkMeNItEr:eRkamdI?
2> etIkarCIkykEr:sMxan;²TaMgBIrRbePTmanGVxI øH?
3> karviPaKTsSn³ etIkarrandI)ankarBarbrisßanenACuMvijkEnøgCIkykEr:dUcemþc?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 54 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

segçbcMNucsMxan;rbs;CMBUkTI2
emeronTI1
BaküKnøwH Er:/ sarFatu/ GatUm/ smasFatu/ Rkam/ Er:slIu Ikat/ Er:KµansIlu Ikat.
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 Er: ekIIteLIgeday FmµCatiCasarFatuGsrIragÁ rwgnwgmanTMrg;Rkam.
 GatUm KWCaEpñktUcbMputrbs;FatuEdlmanRKb;lkçN³rbs;FatuenaH.

smasFatu CasarFatumYyEdlekIteLIgBIFatuBIr b¤eRcInEdlcgsm<½n§tamlkçN³KImI .

 Er:TaMgGs;manTMrg;RkamedayELk²BIKña. karcat;fñak;Rkamrbs;Er:mYymanTMnak;TnM gedaypÞal;

CamYynwgsmasPaBKImIrbs;Er:.
 eKEckfñak;Er:dcU KñanwgkarEckfñak; Er:sIulsI üÚm nigEr:KµansIlu IsüÚmEdr. RkumnImYy²manrab;bBa©Úl
TaMgEr:RbePTxus²Kña.

emeronTI2
BaküKnøwH PaBPøWepøk/ sñamB½N’/ sñameRbH/ bMENk/ PaBrwg/ dg;seIu t.
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 BN’minGaceRbIR)as;edIm,IkMNt;GtþsBaØaNTaMgRsugrbs;Er:)aneT.
 PaBPøWepøkrbs;Er:GacCaelahFatu FatuEdlmanelah³tic b¤ Gelah³.

 sñamB½N’Er:minmanPaBcaM)ac; edIm,IeFVIkarpÁÚrpÁgCamYynwgBN’èpÞelIeLIy.

 viFbI MEbkEr:RtUv)aneKeRbIedIm,IkMNt;GtþsBaØaNrbs;Er:. sñameRbH nig bMENk KWCaviFIBIrEbbedIm,I

bMEbkEr:.
 maRtdæanPaBrwgrbs;m:U )anpþl;nUvlMdab;GRtaPaBrwgrbs;Er:.

 dg;sIuetrbs;Er:RtUv)aneRbIedIm,IsMKal;GtþsBaØaNrbs;Er:enaH.

 Er:mYycMnYnmanlkçN³BiessEdlRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;sMKal;GtþsBaØaNEr:eGay)anelOn.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 55 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

karBiesaFn_
 Er:Gaf’kM)aMg
 etIvaCamasEkøgkøayEmnb¤eT? -- sßanPaBrbs;dg;sIuet

emeronTI3
BaküKnøwH Er:/ karrandI.
kMNt;sMKal;xøwmsar
 Er:ekItenATaMgmCÄdæaneRkamdI nigenAelIépÞd.I
 karCIkykEr:manBIrRbePTKW karCIkykEr:edayepþk nigkarCIkykEr:edaybBaÄr.

 Er:CaeRcInmantémøx<s;edaysarEtelah³FatuEdleKTajecjykmkBIva nigedaysarEtEr:mYy

cMnYneKGacykeTAécñCat,Úg)an.
 karrandI KWCadMeNIrkarénkarRbmUldIEdlCIkykEr:rYcmkeFVvI aeGaymanlkçN³dUcedImvij.

RtYtBinitücMeNHdwg
KMnitEbbKNitviTüa
PaBsuT§rbs;mas xñatkar:at; KWCargVas;énPaBsuT§rbs;mas. mas24kar:at; KWCamassuT§
100°. b:uEnþmasEdlmanrgVas;tcU Cag 24kar:at; RtUv)anlaycUlKñaCamYynwgFatuepSg²eTot dUecñHFatu
masmanticCag 100°. RbsinebIGkñ manmas16kar:at;mYyduM mann½yfamanmas16PaKkñúg 24PaKmas
suT§ cMENk8PaKeTotCabnSMénFatuepSgeTot.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 56 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
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@$ kara:t; = !00° mas

!^ kara:t; = @$ kar:at; - * kara:t;
16 2
24 = = 0>^& = ^&° mas
3

karyl;tamkaremIleXIj
TMrg;GatUm rUbPaBEdlmanbgðajenHKWCarUbPaBénTMrg;GatUm
rbs;Er:halItrUbPaBenH)anbgðajeGayeXIjfaEr:halItekIteLIgBIFatu
BIrKW sUdüÚm nigkør. EsV‘rFM²tMNageGayGatUmkør rIÉEsV‘rtUc²tMNageGay
GatUmsUdüÚm. ExSrvagGatUmmYyeTAGatUmmYytMNageGay sm<½n§KImIEdl
cgGatUmTaMgGs;eGayenACab;Kña.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 57 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
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lMhat;Gnuvtþn_
kareRbIR)as;BaküKnøwH
cUrBnül;BPI aBxusKñanUvBakübec©keTsCaKU²TaMgenH.
1> sñameRbH nig bMENk/ 2> Fatu nig smasFatu/
3> BN’ nig sñamBN’/ 4> dg;sIuet nig PaBrwg/
5> Er:sIulIsüÚm nig Er:KµansIulIsüÜm/ 6> Er: nig GatUm
karEsVgyl;BIcMNucsMxan;²
cUrKUsrgVg;CuMvijcemøIyEdlRtwmRtUv.
7> Ep¥ktam Mohs'hardness scale kñgú cMeNamEr:dUcxageRkam etIEr:NamYyEdlrwgCagkVat?
k> t½l x> Ga)a:TIt K> mñagsila X> t,ÚgelOg
8> sñamBN’rbs;Er:>>>>>>>>>
k> KWmanPaBgayeFVIkúñgkareFVIGtþsBaØaNEr:CagBN’rbs;Er:.
x> bgðajeGayeXIjBIdg;sIueteFobrbs;Er:.
K> KWdUceTAnwgkareFVIetsþeTAelIPaBPøeW pøkrbs;Er:.
X> bgðajeGayeXIjBITrM g;Rkamrbs;Er:.
9> etImanktþaNamYykñúgcMeNamktþaxageRkamenHEdlminEmnCaktþasMxan;kgñú kMNkMeNItEr:?
k> kMedA x> skmµPaBPµeM PøgI K> vtßmanTwkeRkamdI X> xül;

10> etIBaküNamYyEdleKmin)anykmkeRbIkgñú karBN’naBIPaBPøWepøkrbs;Er:?

k> PøWdUcKuCxüg x> CaRkmYn K> RsGab; X> ragqekaN
11> etIlkçN³BiessNamYyEdlmanenAkñúgEr:mYycMnYn?
k> BN’ x> PaBPøeW pøk K> sñamB½N’ X> m:aejTic
12> etIlkçN³rUbNamYyEdleKeRbIedIm,IbBa¢ak;BIcMnYn?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 58 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

k> PaBPøWepøk x> PaBrwg K> BN’ X> RbtikmµCamYyGasIut

13> etIRbePTEr:NamYYyEdlGayqUtelIPúøyG½rIt)an?
k> t½l x> kVat K> mñagsila X> kal;sIut
cemøIyxøI
14> cUreGayniymn½yBakü Er: .
15> cUrerobrab;BIkareRbIR)as;dg;sIeu t edIm,IsMKal;GtþsBaØaNEr:.
16> etIviFsI aRsþGVeI dIm,IsMKal;GtþsBaØaNEr: EdleKsÁal;eRcInCageK? cUrrBnül;.
EpnTIKMnti
17> cUreRbIR)as;Bakübec©keTsdUcxageRkamenHedIm,IbegáItEpnTIKMnit ³
Bakübec©keTs ³ Er:/ GuksIut/ Er:KµansIulIsüÚm/ kabUNat/ Er:sIulIsüÚm/
eGm:aTIt/ kal;sIut/ kVat.

karKitEbbTiHeton nig karedaHRsaybBaða

cUrsresrcemøIynUvxageRkamenH ³
18> ]bmafaGñkmancieBa©ónbIvg;EdldaMt,Úgxus²Kña. cieBa©ónmYydaMt,ÚgeBRC cieBa©ónmYydaMt,ÚgkVat
BN’sVay nigcieBa©ònmYyeTotdaMt,ÚgelOg. GñkepJIcieBa©ònTaMgbIvg;enHeTAeGaymitþrbs;GñkEdlrs;enAq¶ayBI
GñkR)aMextþ. enAeBlEdlRbGb;cieBa©ón)aneTAdl;TisedArbs;va eKeXIjfamant,ÚgcieBa©ónBIrvg;RtUvxUcxat
ehIykñgú cMeNamBIrvg;enaHmant,ÚgmYy)anxUcxatxøagM CageK. etIehtuplviTüasaRsþEbbNaEdleFVIeGayGñk
GaceFVIkarEbgEckPaBxusKñaénkarxUcxatTaMgenH?
19> enAeBlEdlGñkkMBugBüayameFVIGtþsBaØaNkmµEr:mYyRbePT Gñkk¾)ansMerccitþeRCIserIsykviFI
sñamBN’Er:. Gñk)anykEr:enaHeTAqUtelIcan b:Eu nþvamin)anbnSl;sñamBN’Er:enAelIcanenaHeT. dUcenHetI
GñkKitfakareRCIserIsykviFIenHeFVIeGayGñkbraC½yEmnb¤eT? cUrBnül;nUvcemøIyrbs;Gñk.
20> cUrRsém:faGñkeFVIkarenAkñgú haglk;eRKOgGløgáarmYy ehIymanmnusSmñak;)anykmasmYyduM
"gold nuggets" mklk;eGayGñk. mnusSmñak;enaH)anGHGagfaduMmasenHKat;TTYl)anBIGñkrukrkEr:mñak;enA

kEnøgCIkEr:énrdækalIhV½rnI. GñkminR)akdesaHfaetIduMmasenHCamasBit b¤k¾minBit. etIGñkRtUvsMerccitþ

dUcemþcfaetIRtUvTijmasenH b¤k¾Gt;? etIviFIsKM al;GtþsBaØaNEr:mYyNaEdlGñkeRCIserIsykmkeRbIedIm,ICYy
GñkkñúgkareFVIGtþsBaØaNkmµdMumasenH?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 59 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

21> ]bmafaGñkRbTHeXIjRkamEr:mYyduMEdlmanTMhMb:unxøÜnrbs;Gñk. etIGñkKitfaetIktþamCÄdæanenA

TIenaHmanlkçN³dUcemþc)anCaeFVeI GayRkamEr:naHmanTMhMFMdcU enH?
viTüasaRsþKNitviTüa
22> dg;suIeteFobrbs;masman 19. dg;seIu teFobrbs;BrI Itman 5. etImasmandg;seIu tFMCagBIrIt
b:unµan?
23> enAkñgú RkamkVatmanGatUmsIulsI üÚmmYy nigGatUmGuksIEu snBIr. enHmann½yfapleFobén
GatUmsIulsI üÚmcMeBaHGuksIuEsnKW !³@ . ebIsinCamanGatUmGuksIEu sn 8lanenAkñúgKMrUkVatmYy etInwgRtUvman
GatUmsIulIlüÚmcMnYnb:unµan?
karbkRsayRkaPic
cUrRsém:faGñkmanKMrUEpls,:armYy
ehIyGñkeFVIviPaKeTAelIvaedIm,IrkeGayeXIj
faetIvaekIteLIgBIGVI. lT§plEdlTTYl)anBI
karviPaKRtUv)andak;bgðajenAxagsþaMenH ³

24> KMrrU bs;GñkmanFatu4. etIFatunImYy²enAkñúgKMrUenaHmanb:unµanPaKry?

25> ebIsinCaKMrUEr:rbs;Gñkmanm:as 10Rkam etIRtUvmanGuksIEu snb:unµanRkamenAkñúgEr:enaH?
26> cUrbegáItRkaPicrgVgm; YyEdlbgðajBIbrimaNénFatuTaMg4EdlpÞkú enAkñúgEpls,:aenaH.

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 60 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

PaBcMELkrbs;viTüasaRsþ
karbnSl;Tukrbs;rnÞH
edayminmankarR)ab;Camun rnÞHmYysMNuM)anCHecjBIBüúHBBk
ehIy)aj;y:agxøagM eTAelIvalxSac;. CaFmµtaemXcab;epþmI exµA
mþgeTot rnÞH)an)at;edayKµandan. etIvaBitEmneT?

1>eragcRkkBa©k;FmµCati
KWCaRbePTkBa©kF; mµCatikMrmYyEdl)anekIteLIg
Fulgurites

enAeBlEdlmanrnÞH)aj;eTAelIxSac; dI nigsilaxøHEdlsMbUrEr:slIu Ika.

bMBg Fulgurites RtUv)anrkeXIjenAtMbn;TaMgLayEdlsMbUrsIulIkaeRcIn
dUcCaeqñrsmuRT nigvalxSac;. rnÞH)anbegáItCabMBg; Fulgurite enAeBl
EdlBnøWrbs;rnÞHeRCotcUleTAkñúgxSac; ehIyrMlay sIulIkaeGayeTACa
sarFaturav. sarFatu ravsIulIka)ancuHRtCak; ehIy eLIgrwgy:agelOn
edaybnSl;TuknUvbMBg;EkvesþIg EdlCaFmµtavamanPaBeRKImenAépÞxag
eRkA nigmanPaBrelagenAépÞxagkñúg. enAeRkamdI FulguritemYyGacman
TMrg;dUcCab¤seQI. Emkrbs;vaEbkEmkCaragGgáaj;dUcenÞHEdr.
Fulgurite xøHmanRbEvgxøeI sµRI maméd ÉxøHeTotmanRbEvgrhUtdl;

20Em:Rt cak;cuHeTAkñúgdI. bMBg; Fulgurite

2>cMgl;epSg²EdlmanenAeRkamdI
dUcenHetIGñknwg)anRbTH Fulgurite minxanenAeBlEdlGñkeFVIdMeNIrenAelIeqñrsmuRT? cUrkMurab;
Fulgurite. GñkviTüasaRsþ nigGñkedIrRbmUl Fulgurite mankarlM)aky:agxøaMgkñúgkarRbmUleRBaHfaeKRtUv

eRbIeBlevlayUr. Fulgurite gay)ak;Nas;eRBaHvamankMras;RtwmEt 1 b¤ 2mIlIEm:Rtb:ueNÑaH. Fulgurite FM²

xøHRtUvEbk)ak;CabMENkenAeBlEdleKykvaecjBIeRkamdImk bnÞab;mkeKRtUvbitkavPa¢b;sarCafµIeGaydUc
TMrg;edImrbs;vavij.
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 61 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&
ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

3>sila Fulgurite
sila Fulgurite CasilakMrbMputEdleKEtgRbTHeXIjmanenAelIEtPñMx<s;²b:eu NÑaH. PaBcMELk
enH)anekIteLIgenAeBlEdlrnÞH)an)aj;eTAelIépÞelIrbs;fµEdlsMbUrCatisIulIka. CaerOy²sila Fulgurite
mansNæanRbhak;RbEhleTAnwgBBuHEkvEdlmankMras;BI 1 - 3m>m> CuvM ijsila. rnÞH)an)aj;CuMvijEpñkxag
eRkAénsila ehIyeFVIeGaysarFatuEr:EdlsMbUrsIulIkaEbkBBuHenACuMvijsila. edayEp¥keTAelIFaturlayén
Er:nmI Yy² B½N’rbs;sila Fulgurite GacteRmobecjBIkBa©k;B½N’exµAeTAdl;B½N’RbepHx©I b¤B½N’elOgx©I.

4>karrkeXIjbEnßm
cUrsegátBIvFi IEdlGñkviTüasaRsþeFVIkarsikSaeTAelIkMNkMeNIt Fulgurite EdlBüayambegáIt)ac;rnÞH
Edl)aj;eTAelITItaMgCak;lak;mYyedIm,IbegáItCa Fulgurite fµImYy. GñkGacGnuvtþn_kargarRsavRCavenHedIm,I
rkeGayeXIjGMBITMnak;TnM gkñúgkarbegáIt Fulgurite rbs;Gñk.



ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 62 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

E r: G a f’ kM )aM g
cUrRsémfaGñkkMBgu GgÁúyenAelIkBM UlPñMfmµ Yy rYcsMlwgemIleTAdIEdlenABIeRkamGñk. GñkGaceXIj
silaCaeRcInRbePTxus²Kña. etIGñkviTüasaRsþGaceFVIGtþsBaØaNeTAelIEr:d¾eRcInGenkTaMgenaH)anedayviFI
Na? enaHKWCaGaf’kM)aMgmYy!
enAkñgú skmµPaBenHGñknwgeRbIkarsegátd¾Gs©arü nigeFVBI iesaFn_FmµtaBIb¤bIRbePTedIm,IkMNt;BIGtþ
sBaØaNrbs;sila nigEr:TaMgGs;enaH. cUrRkeLkemIleTAKnøHw kñúgkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaNEr:enATMB½rbnÞab;. enaHKW
CaKnøHW TaMgLayEdlCYyGñkeGayecHeRbIR)as;edIm,IeFVIkarRsavRCaveTAelIGtþsBaØaNrbs;Er:mYycMnYn.

smÖar³
 Er:KMrU 2-3RbePT LamEkvxøHsMrab;mIRkUTsSn_
 bnÞHxat;  eRsamédsuvtßiPaB

 kaMbitékeFVIBIEdk

dMeNIrkar
1> enAkñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;GñkbegáIttaragTinñn½ydUcCataragmYyEdlmanenAxag eRkam.
2> cUreRCIserIsKMrEU r:mYyRbePT rYcdak;TtI aMgkUeLanrbs;vaeTAkñúgtaragrbs;Gñk.
3> cUremIltamtaragKnøHw sMKal;GtþsBaØaNEr:edIm,IrkemIlBIGtþsBaØaNénEr:KMrUrbs;Gñk. enAeBlGñk)an
bBa©b;kic©karenHehIy cUrkt;RtaeQµaHEr: niglkçN³TI1rbs;Er:enaHeTAkñgú kUeLanRtwmRtUvéntaragTinñn½y
rbs;Gñk.
cUrRbugRby½tñ ³ cUrBak;eRsamédrbs;GñkenAeBlEdlmankarqUteTAelIkBa©kL; am.
4> cUreRCIserIsEr:KMrmU YyRbePTepSgeTot rYcGnuvtþCMhanTI# nigCMhanTI$ rhUtdl;Gñk)anbMeBjtarag
Tinñn½yrbs;Gñkcb;rcY ral;.
karviPaK
5> etIEr:mYycMnYnmanPaBgayRsYlkñúgkareFVGI tþsBaØaN CagEr:epSgeTotEmneT? cUrBnül;.
6> karBiesaFn_kMeTcB½N’KWCaviFImYyEdlbgðajBIB½N’Bitrbs;Er: CaviFmI YyEdll¥RbesIrCagkarsegáteday
EPñkTeT. etIehtuGVI)anCaeKmineRbIR)as;Bei saFn_kMeTcB½N’edIm,ICYykñúgkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaNEr:nImYy²?
ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 63 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&
ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

7> enAkñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk cUrsegçbnUvGVEI dlGñk)aneronGMBIlkçN³xus²KñaénKMrUEr:

nImyY ²EdlGñk)ankMNt;GtþsBaØaNrYcehIy.

taragsegçbEr:
lkçN³rbs;Er: 1 2 3 4 5 6
eQµaHrbs;Er:
PaBrelag
B½N’
kMeTcB½N’
PaBrwg
bMENk
lkçN³Biess

taragKnøWHkMNt;GtþsBaØaNEr:
1>k> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkmanPaBrelagCaelah³ sUmU eTACMhanTI 5
x> ebIsinEr;rbs;GñkminmanPaBrelagCaelah³eT sUmeTACMhanTI 3
2>k> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkmanB½N’exµA sUmeTACMhanTI 4
x> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkmanB½N’elOg enaHKWCa BIrIt
K> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkmanB½N’R)ak; enaHKWCa kaeLNa
3>k> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkmanB½N’Rsal sUmeTACMhanTI 5
x> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkmanB½N’cas; sUmeTACMhanTI 6
4>k> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkbnSl;TuknUvkMeTcB½N’RkhmetñatenAelIbnÞHxat; enaHKWCa eGm:aTIt
x> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkbnSl;TuknUvkMeTcEr:BN ½ ’exµAenAelIbnÞHxat; enaHKWCa m:aejTIt . cUrsakl,g
KMrEU r:rbs;GñkGMBIlkçN³m:aej:Tci rbs;va edaydak;vaeGayenACitkaMbti ékeFVIBEI dk.
5>k> ebIEr:rbs;Gkñ GacqUtenAelIkBa©k;LammIRkUTsSn_)an sUmeTACMhanTI 7
x> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkminGacqUtenAelIkBa©k;mRI kUTsSn_)aneT sUmeTACMhanTI 8
6>k> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkGacqUtelIkBa©k;)an sUmeTACMhanTI 9
x> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkminGacqUtenAelIkBa©k;)aneT sUmeTACMhanTI 10
7>k> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkbgðajsBaØabMENk enaHKWCa G½rtUkaø s Epls,:ar ( ORTHOCLASE FELDSPAR )
x> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkminbgðajsBaØabMENkeT enaHKWCa kVat

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 64 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

8>k> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkbgðajsBaØabMENk enaHKWCa mUsváÚ It ( MUSCOVITE ) . cUrBinti üemIlbnÞHePøaH

énEr:rbs;Gñk.
x> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkminbgðajsBaØabMENkeT enaHKW CIbsUm ( GYPSUM )
9>k> ebIsinEr:Er:rbs;GñkbgðajsBaØabMENk enaHKWCa HORNBLEND
x> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkminbgðajsBaØabMENkeT vaKWCa hÁaENt ( GARNET )
10>k> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkbgðajsBaØabMENk enaHKWCa ébGUTIt ( BIOTITE ) . cUrBinti üsnøwkePøaHénEr:
rbs;Gñk.
x> ebIsinEr:rbs;GñkminbgðajsBaØabMENk enaHKWCa RkaPIt

EsVgyl;bEnßm
kareRbIR)as;emeronrbs;Gñk nigesovePAÉksareyagepSgeTot viFIsaRsþRsavRCavepSgeTotkñúgkar
kMNt;GtþsBaØaNEr:xus²Kña. edayEp¥keTAelIkarrkeXIjTaMgGs;enH cUrbegáItKnøHW énkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaNEr:
mYyfµ.I cUrpþl;vaeTAeGaymitþrbs;GñkCamyyKMrUEr: 2-3RbePT rYcrkeGayeXIjfaetImitrþ bs;GñkGac
edaHRsaynUvGaf’kM)aMgenaH)anb¤eT !



ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 65 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

enaHCamasEkøgkøayEmnb¤eT?
sßanPaBéndg;suIetmYy
etIGñkFøab;B¤BmI asminFmµtab¤eT? RbEhlCaGñkFøab;eXIjBIbMENkxøHrbs;va. enHKWCaEr:d¾cMELkmYy
EdlCajwkjab;vaEtgmanlkçN³dUcmasEmnETn.b:uEnþeTaHCadUcenHk¾eday mankarBiesaFn_sakl,gxøH
EdlGñkGaceFV)I anedIm,ITb;Tl;nwgkare)akbeBaäatTaMgenaH. eKGacsMKal;GtþsBaØaNEr:edaylkçN³rbs;va.
lkçN³TaMgGs;enaHmandUcCaB½N’ PaBxusKñarvagKMrUEr:RbePTdUcKña. lkçN³epSgeTotmandUcCadg;sIuet nig
TMnajBiess PaBefrEdlenAEtrkSaTukenAkñgú Er:. enAkñgú skmµPaBenH GñknwgBüayamrkPaBxusKñaénkar
smÁal;GtþsBaØaNKMrUEr:xøH.
smÖar³
 CBa¢gI rWs½urBüÜr  eCIgTMrbBaÄr
 KMrB
U IrIt  KMrk
U aeLNa
 CBa¢gI føwg  ExScg

 EkvRkit $00 m>l>  Twk $00 m>l>

cUrsYrsMNYrmYy
1> etIGñkGackMNt;faetIEr:minsÁal;mYyenHminEmnCamas b¤minEmnCaR)ak;edayviFINa?
cUreFVIkarsegát
2> sUmcmøgtaragTinñn½yxageRkamcUleTAkñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþ
rbs;Gñk. sUmeRbIR)as;vaedIm,Ikt;Rtakarsegátrbs;Gñk.
taragsegát
karvas; kaeLNa BIrIt
m:askñúgxül; ¬ Rkam ¦
TMgn;kñúgxül; ¬ jÚtun N ¦
maDdMbUgrbs;Twk ¬ m>l ¦
maDcugeRkayrbs;Tkw ¬ m>l ¦
maDrbs;Er: ¬ m>l ¦
TMgn;enAkñgú Twk ¬ jÚtun N ¦

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 66 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

3> cUrrkm:asénKMrEU r:nImYy²edaydak;Er:enAelICBa¢Igføwg. kt;Rtama:s

KMrEU r:nImYy²eTAkñgú taragTinñn½yrbs;Gñk.
4> P¢ab;CBa¢gI rWs½ureTAnwgeCIgTMr.
5> cgExSCuvM ijKMrUEr:kaeLNa edayTukknÞúycMNgenAxagcug. BüÜrEr:
kaeLNaeTAnwgTMBk;CBa¢IgrWs½ur edIm,IfwøgTMgn;enAkñúgxül;. kuMTan;ykKMrEU r:enH
ecjBICBa¢IgrWs½ur. bBa©ÚlTinñn½yTaMgenHeTAkñgú taragTinñn½yrbs;Gñk.
6> cak;Tkw Bak;kNþalcUlkñúgEkvRkit. kt;RtamaDTwkdMbUgcUlkñúgtaragTinñn½yrbs;Gñk.
7> elIkEkvRkiteLIgelICuMvijkaeLNaedayrkSalMnwgeGaynwgrhUtdl;Er:enHTTWkeCakTaMgRsug. sUmRby½tñ
kMueGayTwkx©ayecjBIEkvRkit. GñkminRtUveFVIeGayEr:b:HnwgEkvRkit eLIy.
8> kt;RtamaDfµI nigTMgn;fIµcUleTAkñúgtaragTinñn½yrbs;Gñk.
9> cUreFVIplsgénmaDTwkdMbUg nigmaDTwkfµIedIm,IrkmaDTwkekIneLIgenAkñúgEkvRkit. lT§plEdl)anKWCamaD
rbs;Er:KMrUEdldak;cUl. kt;RtatémøenHcUleTAkñgú taragTinñn½yrbs;Gñk.
10> cUrGnuvtþnC_ MhanTI 5 - 9 cMeBaHKMrUEr:BIrItmþg.

cUreFVIkarviPaKlT§pl
11> cMlgtaragTinñn½yxageRkamcUleTAkñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.
cMNaM ³ 1m>l = 1 s>m3 .
12> sUmeRbIrUbmnþxageRkamedIm,IKNnadg;seuI t nigTMnajBiessénEr:nImYy² rYckt;RtacMelIyrbs;GñkcUl
eTAkñúgtaragTinñn½yrbs;Gñk.

Er: dg;sIuet ( g / cm3 ) TMnajBiess

R)ak; !0>% !0>%
m:askñúgxül;
dg;sIuet =
kaeLNa maD
BIrIt
mas !(># !(># TMgn;kñúgxül;
dg;sIuet =
TMgn;kñúgxül; - TMgn;kñúgTwk

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 67 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

cUrKUrlT§pl
13> dg;sIuetrbs;massuT§KW 19.3g / cm . etIGñkGaceRbIR)as;B½tm’ anenHy:agdUcemþcedIm,IbgðajfaKMrUEr:BIrIt
3

rbs;GñkminEmnCamas?
14> dg;sIuetrbs;R)ak;suT§KW 10.5g / cm . 3

etIGñkGaceRbIR)as;B½t’manenHy:agdUcemþcedIm,IbgðajfaKMrUEr:kaeLNarbs;GñkminEmnCaR)ak;?
15> ebIsinGñk)anrkeXIjmasmYyduM ( a gold colored nugget ) etIGñkGacrkeXIjeTfaetImasmYyduM
enaHCamasBit b¤masEkøgkøay?



ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 68 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

karFMeLIgrbs;RKIsþal;
TMrg;epSg²rbs;m:ak;m:aEdlenAxageRkamépÞelIrbs;EpndIenACeRmAcab;BI 25 - 160K>m ehIysßit
enAsItuNPð aBx<s;. m:ak;m:axøHruleLIgmkdl;épÞelI rYccuHRtCak;y:agelOn. m:ak;m:aepSgeTot)aneRCotcUl
eTAkñúgsñameRbH b¤bnÞb;m:ak;m:aEdlenACitépÞelIrbs;EpndI rYccuHRtCak;y:agyWt. enAeBlm:ak;m:acuHRtCak;
y:agyWt RKIsþal;EdlmanTMhMFMnigmankarvivtþnl_ ¥)anekIteLIgenATIenaH. m:üageTotenAeBlm:ak;m:apÞúHeLIg
mkelIépÞEpndIfamBlkMedARtUv)at;bg;y:agelOneTAkñúgxül; b¤eTAkñúgTwk. KµaneBlevlaRKb;RKan;edIm,IeFVI
eGayRKIsþal;manTMhMFM)aneT. TMhMrbs;RKIsþal;EdleK)anrkeXIjenAkñgú silaPñMePøgI )anpþl;nUvKnøwHCaeRcIn
dl;PUKBÖviTGU MBITIkEnøgnirebobEdlRKIsþal;)anekIteLIg.
enAkñgú karBiesaFn_enHGñknwgbgðajBIrebobEdlkMrit\T§iBlénkarcuHRtCak;énTMhMrbs;RKIsþal;enAkñúg
silaPñMePøIgedaykarcuHRtCak;ènRkamm:aej:süÚms‘ulpatenAkMritBIrepSgKña.
smÖar³
 eRsamédkarBarkMedA  EkvRkitcMNuH $00m>l
 bMBg;bWtTwkcMNuH @00m>l  cRgáankMedA

 sItuNm ð aRt  m:aej:süÚms‘ulpat ( MgS0 ) (Epsom salt)

4

 EkvBRgIk  sñÚkTwkcg¥Úr

 bMBg;sakTMhMmFüm  Twkbit

 naLika b¤naLikaeraT×  snøkw GaluymIj:Úm

 degáóbcab;bMBg;sak  hVWtB½N’cas;

 Rkdasbit  sila)asal;

 fµxat;  silaRkanIt

cUreFVIkarBüakrN_
1> ]bmafaGñkmandMeNaHRsayBIr enaHKWkarkMNt;GtþsBaØaNeTARKb;meFüa)ayTaMgGs;elIkElgEt
cMeBaHsIutuNðPaB. etIsItuNPð aBrbs;sUluysüúgnwgCH\T§iBldUcemþceTAelITMhrbs;Rkam nigGRtaEdlva
ekIteLIg?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 69 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

cUreFVIkarsegát
2> Bak;eRsamédkarBarkMedArbs;Gñk GavkarBarRbLak; nigEvntakarBar.
3> bMeBjTwkBak;kNþaleTAkñúgEkvRkitCamYynwgbMBg;bWtTwk. dak;EkvRkiteTAelIcRgáankMedA ehIyTukva
rhUtdl;ekþA]NѲ. sItuNðPaBrbs;Tkw KYrEtsßitenAcenøaHBI 40 C - 50 C .
0 0

cUrRby½tñ ³ RtUvdak;cankMedAeGaysßitenAq¶ayBIEKmtuBiesaFn_.
4> RtYtBinitüRkamm:aej:süÚms‘lu pat edayeRbIEkvBRgIkeGay)anBIr b¤bIdg. cUrBiBN ½ ’naBI B½N’ TRmg;
PaBrelag niglkçN³EdlKYreGaycab;GarmµN_epSgeTotrbs;Rkam enAkñgú esovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþ
rbs;Gñk.
5> KUrKMnUrBeRgogrbs;Rkamm:aej:süÚms‘ulpat dak;kúñgesovePA kMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk.

cUreFVIkardwknaMkarBiesaFn_
6> eRbIsñkÚ Twkcg¥ÚredIm,Icak;bMeBjeTAkñgú bMBg;sakRbEhlBak;kNþal
CamYynwgm:aej:süÚms‘ulpat. bEnßmTwkbitcUleTAkñúgbMBg;saknUv
brimaNesµKI ña.
7> kan;bBM g;sakeGayCab;enAkñúgédmçag ehIyeRbIRmamédmYyénédmçageTotkan;bMBg;sakedayfñm². cUr
segátsUluysüúgEdllaycUlKñaenAeBlEdlGñkbnþkan;bMBg;sak.
8> dak;bMBg;sakeTAkñúgEkvRkitEdlmanTwkekþA rYckMedAvaRbEhlbInaTI.
cUrRby½tñ ³ RtUvEbrmuxbMBg;sakecjBIxøÜnGñk nigsisSdéTeTot.
9> enAeBlbMBg;sakkMBugekþA cUrbt;snøkw GaluymIjÚ:mCaragdUcTUkcMnYn
BIr rYcykmkdak;RtYtKñaeGaykøayeTACaTUksnøkw GaluymIj:ÚmEtmYy.
10> ebIsinm:aej:süÚmTaMgGs;min)anrlayenAkñúgTwkbnÞab;BIdutkMedAry³eBlbInaTIeT GñkRtUvbnþk;Twkmþg
eTot ehIybnþkardutkMedAry³eBlbInaTIeTot. cUrRby½tñ ³ RtUvEbrmuxbMBg;sakecjBIxnøÜ Gñk nigsisSdéT.
11> eRbIhVWt nigbitRkdas/ sresrGkSr : KMrUTI1 : enAelITUkGaluymIj:ÚmehIydak;vaenAelIcRgáankMedA.
biTcRgáankMedA.
12> bitRkdasenATUkGaluymIj:ÚmmYyeTot/ sresrGkSr : KMrUTI2 : ehIydak;vaeTAelItBu iesaFn_.
13> RtUvEbrmuxbMBg;sakecjBIxønÜ Gñk/ bEgVrbMBg;sakBIEkvRkitTwk ehIycak;sarFatuTaMgenaHcUleTAkñúgTUk
GaluymIjm:Ú . cak;TwkekþAcUlkñúgEkvRkitedayRbugRby½t.ñ kupM øas;TI b¤b:HBal;TkU GaluymIjm:Ú .

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 70 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

cUreFVIkarsegát
14> cmøgtaragxageRkamcUlkñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk. cUrsegátedayRby½tñeTAelITUk
GaluymIjm:Ú edayRbugRby½teñ dayeRbIEkvBRgIk. kt;RtaBIry³eBlEdlRkamkekIteLIgCaelIkdMbUg.

taragkMNkMeNItRKIsþal;
karkekItRKIsþal; eBlevla TMhMniglkçN³énRKIsþal; KMnUrBeRgogRKIsþal;
KMrTU 1I
KMrTU 2I

15> ebIsinCaRkammin)anekIteLIgenAkñgú TUkGaluymIj:ÚmenaHeTmuneBlfñak;bBa©b; cUrdak;TkU enaHedayRbug

Rby½tñenAkEnøgEdlmansuvtßPi aB. bnÞab;mkGñkGackt;RtaeBlevlakñúgéf¶epSgeTotEdlCMnYsCa naTI.
16> enAeBlRkam)anekIteLIgenAkñúgTUkGaluymIjÚm: enaH cUreRbIEkvBRgIkrbs;GñkedIm,IBinitüemIlRkamTaMg
enaHedayRbugRby½tñ.

cUreFVIkarviPaKlT§pl
17> etIkarBüakrN_rbs;GñkBitCaRtwmRtUvEmneT? cUrBnül;.
18> cUreFVIkareRbobeFobTMhM nigRTg;RTayrbs;RkaménKMrUT1I nigKMrUTI2 CamYynwgTMhMRkamEdlGñk)an
BinitüenACMhanTI4. etIGñkKitfa karekekItRkamedImRtUveRbIR)as;ry³eBlGs;b:unµan?

ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 71 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា
 ិ ា នជាតិអប់រ ំ
វទ្យាស្ថ ផ្ផែក ផែផ្ផនវិវទ្យា
ិ

sUmKUrrUbseRmc
19> RkanIt )asal; nigBuymIs ( pumice )KWCasilaPñMePøIgTaMgGs;. EpñkEdlEbøk²Kñarbs;silaTaMgenaHKW
TMhMRkam. PaBxusKñaénsilaPñMePøIgTaMgGs;ekIteLIgenAeBlm:ak;m:acuHRtCak;enAkMritxus²Kña. cUrBinitüemIl
KMrEU r:mYykñúgcMeNamKMrUEr:TaMgbIRbePTedayEkvBRgIkrbs;Gñk.
20> cMlgtaragxageRkamcUlkñúgesovePAkMNt;RtaviTüasaRsþrbs;Gñk ehIyKUrrUbBeRgogrbs;silanImYy².
21> eRbIR)as;GIVEdlGñk)ansikSarYcenAkñúgskmµPaBenHedIm,IBnül;BIrebobEdlsilaKMrUnmI Yy²kekIteLIg nig
BIry³eBlEdleRbIR)as;edIm,IkekItRKIsþal;.cUrkt;RtacemøIyrbs;GñkeTAkñgú taragrbs;Gñk.

karsegátsilaPñMePøIg
RkanIt )asal; BuymIs
KMnrU BeRgog
etIsilaKMreU kIteLIgdUcemþc?
kMriténkarcuHRtCak;

karEsVgyl;bEnßm
cUr BiBN’naBITMhM nigRTg;RTayrbs;RKIsþal;EdlGñkrMBwgfaGacrkeXIjenAeBlEdlPñeM PøgI pÞHú eLIg nig
bBa¢nÚ sarFatueTAkñúgxül;nigenAeBlEdlm:ak;m:aRCabtamCMralPñeM PøgI .



ររៀបចំរោយស្ថស្ត្ស្ថាចារយ៖ែែប៊ូ ែមក ផរា,ែនិែសុ ពុទ្យិ ធ 72 រប៉េងែទ្យិតយសុ ទ្យិ ែ&

ធ លឹមែក ផនែិោា