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Module 1-EEMI

The document discusses concepts related to measuring physical quantities including direct and indirect methods of measurement, types of errors, and statistical analysis of errors. It defines key terms like true value, static error, accuracy, precision, and limiting error. Measurement methods can be direct, obtaining the value directly, or indirect, obtaining it by measuring other related quantities. Types of errors include gross, systematic, and random errors. Statistical analysis of errors includes calculations of average, range, deviation, and normal distribution.

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16 views60 pages

Module 1-EEMI

The document discusses concepts related to measuring physical quantities including direct and indirect methods of measurement, types of errors, and statistical analysis of errors. It defines key terms like true value, static error, accuracy, precision, and limiting error. Measurement methods can be direct, obtaining the value directly, or indirect, obtaining it by measuring other related quantities. Types of errors include gross, systematic, and random errors. Statistical analysis of errors includes calculations of average, range, deviation, and normal distribution.

Uploaded by

heyejay293
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Electrical & Electronic

Measurements and
Instrumentation – EEE2012
Module:1

Concepts of measuring physical quantities


Methods of Measurement, Direct and Indirect Methods, Errors in
Measurements. True Value, Static Error, Static Correction, Error Calibration
Curve, Accuracy and Precision. , Static Sensitivity, Linearity. Hysteresis,
Dead Time, Dead Zone, Resolution or Discrimination.
Types of Errors, Arithmetic Mean. Range. Deviation. Average Deviation.
Standard Deviation (S.D.), Variance. Normal or Gaussian Curve of Errors.
Probable Error
Concepts of Measuring physical quantities
Measurements
• It is the process in which one can convert physical quantity into a
Meaningful Number.
• 2 basic requirements- 1. Accurate 2. Methods adapted should be
provable

Methods of Measurements
1.Direct Method
2.Indirect Method
Direct Method
• The value of physical quantity to be measured is obtained directly
without any calculation
• Eg: Scale, Vernier caliper, Stadiometer
• This method is mostly inaccurate and not possible in all cases

AK SHAWNEY
The Vernier caliper is an extremely precise measuring
instrument; the reading error is 1/20 mm = 0.05 mm.
Stadiometer
Indirect Method
• The value of physical quantity to be measured is obtained by measuring
other quantities which are functionally related to the required values.
• Eg: angle measurement, Measurement of long distance, height etc
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASqbYNo8QXs
Characteristics of Measurements and Instruments Systems
1. Errors
2. True Value
3. Static Error
4. Static correction
5. Error Calibration curve
6. Accuracy and Precision
7. Static sensitivity
8. Linearity
9. Hysteresis
10. Dead Time
11. Dead zone
12. Resolution or Discrimination
3. Static Error
It is the difference between the True value(At) and Measured value (Am)of
an instrument.
Errors in Measurements and their Statistical Analysis
Limiting Errors (or) Guarantee Errors (or)Tolerance
• Mandatory in all Instruments
• Manufacturer promises that the error in the instrument is within the
specified limit.
• It is the Maximum Error that can occur in an Instrument.
Limiting error and Guaranteed Accuracy error
Limiting error and Guaranteed Accuracy error
Limiting error and Guaranteed Accuracy error
Limiting error and Guaranteed Accuracy error
Limiting error and Guaranteed Accuracy error
1. Gross Error(Personal Errors)
• due to Human carelessness, lack of experience
• Minimization – note the readings carefully, Taking multiple readings
preferably by different persons.
2. Systematic Error
• 3 types
(a) Instrumental Errors
(b) Environmental Error
(c) Observational Error
Minimization – using magnetic or electrostatic Shielding of the equipment to
protect from dust, Using low resistance Temperature coefficient material.
Random Errors or Residual Errors
• Theses are unknown errors for unknown reason.
• Due to accumulation of small effects.(Residual Error)
Minimization-Theses Errors are analyzed statically and Treated
Mathematically.
2.Range
It is the difference between the greatest value and least value of data.

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