UCSP Notes on Chapter 4-5
Chapter IV Lesson 1: she will be without the sociality that
Enculturation and Socialization makes individuals full-pledged members
of the society
• “Feral Children” – children raised by
Socialization and Enculturation animals and lived in extreme social isolation
gave credence to Mead’s assertion of the
Socialization – lifelong social experience by self as emerging from the matric of
which people develop their human potential interactions and not from biological
and learn culture evolution
- Always takes place in specific contexts
Enculturation – process by which people learn • “I/Me”- duality reinforces the purely
the requirements to their surrounding culture sociological facets of the self
and acquire the values and behaviors - Best captured by the cliché “put your
appropriate or necessary in that culture self in another person’s shoes”, through
- The influences that limit, direct or shape this, social actors can anticipate what
the individual includes parents, other others would think and feel in the same
adults, and peers. situation.
- Results in competence in language, • Proposed this process of the development
values and rituals of culture is of the self because he believed that self is
successful not inborn but is developed through the
interaction of others.
THREE GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION: 4 STAGE PROCESS:
I. Mimicking Stage
Sociologist Jeffrey J. Arnett outlines his - Also called as the preparatory stage
interpretation of the three primary goals of - Ranges from birth to 2 years old
socialization in his 1995 paper entitled “Broad - The child starts mimicking behaviors
and Narrow Socialization: The Family in the and actions of the people around
Context of a Cultural Theory” him/her
1. Socialization teaches impulse control - Some does not consider this stage as
part of the process of the formation of
and helps individuals develop
conscience (accomplished naturally) self.
2. Socialization teaches individuals how to
prepare for and perform certain social II. Play Stage
- Ranges from 3-6 years old
roles- occupational roles, gender roles,
and the roles of institution (marriage - Comes first in the child’s development
- Child takes different roles he/she
and parenthood)
3. Socialization cultivates shared sources observed in “adult” society and plays
them out to gain understanding of the
of meaning and value
different social roles.
- Learns to become both subject and
Mead and the Development of the Social Mind object, and begins to become able to
(SELF) build a self
- Limited self because the child can only
“Self” – a sociological concept
take the role of distinct and separate
George Herbert Mead: says that self is others.
developed through social interactions – a set of
situations where individuals learn to assume III. Game Stage
roles and meet the increasing level of - Ranges from 7 yrs. old and up
complexity of each situation - Children begin to understand and
adhere to the rules of games in this
- Without social interactions person may
stage
develop as a biological entity, but he or
- children develop a full sense of self
- the child must take the role of everyone ➢ Religious Identity – set of beliefs and
else involved in the games practices generally held by an individual
- organization begins and definite involving adherence to codified beliefs
personalities start to emerge and rituals
- children learn to consider several roles
at the same time and how those roles
Remember: that several identities can be
interact with each other
embraced by a single person but there is always
a DOMINANT identity which seems to
IV. The Generalized Others
orchestrate the operation of the other identities
- Though of as understanding the given
in the set.
activity and the actors’ place within the
activity from the perspective of all the - The coordinating identity may have
others engages in the activity something in common with the
- Individuals understand what kind of individual identities, and it is from
behavior is expected or appropriate in common ground that it draws its
different social settings coordinating power
Identities and Identity Formation Master Identity – gives order to the operation
of other identities individually or collectively
Identity Formation- development of an
individual’s distinct personality, which is
regarded as a persisting entity in a particular
stage of life by which a person is recognized or Norms and Values
known Norm – rule that guides the behavior of
- This process defines individuals to members of a society or group
others and themselves - Emile Durkheim considered norms to be
- An individual’s identity includes: sense social facts that is, things that exist in
of continuity, sense of uniqueness from society independent of individuals and
others and sense of affiliation that shape our thoughts and behavior.
- Influences personal identity by which - Sociologist: consider the force that
the individual thinks of him/herself as a norms exert both good and bad
discrete and separate entity - People get confused easily between
Social Affiliations – where individuals gain social norms, normal and normative.
identity and group identity • Norms
- Rules that guide our behavior (waiting
• Self-Concept – sum of being’s knowledge in line)
and understanding of his/herself - Have coercive power over us
- Different form of self-consciousness • Normal
- Components: physical, psychological, - The act of abiding the rules
and social attributes which can be - It conforms the norms
influenced by the individual’s attitudes, • Normative
habits, beliefs, and ideas - What we perceive as normal or what we
think should be normal regardless of
➢ Cultural identity – feeling of identity or whether it actually is.
affiliation with a group or culture - Beliefs that are expressed as directives
or value judgements
➢ Ethnic Identity – identification with a
certain ethnicity, usually on the basis of Norms are More Than Just Rules
presumed common genealogy or - Sociology focus: directed at how the
ancestry norms are disseminated – how we come
to learn them
➢ National identity – an ethical and - The process of socialization is guided by
philosophical concept whereby humans norms and taught to us by those around
are divided into groups called nations us.
- We learn norms through spoken and • While norms foster social order and creating
written directive, and also though the basis for group membership,
observation acceptance, and belonging, norms can also
- Learning the norms of any given space serve to create conflict, and unjust power
allows us to function in that setting and hierarchies and oppression. (deviant)
be accepted by those present.
➢ Perspective Norms
- Stating norms that we should NOT do
Culturally Contextual ➢ Proscriptive Norms
- Stating norms that SHOULD be done by
- Norms are important part of the everyone
cultural capital that each of us
possesses and embodies Types of Norms coined by William Graham
- Norms are cultural products and are Sumner
culturally contextual and they only exist
1. Mores – norms that are widely
if we realize them in our thought and
observed and have great moral
behavior
significance
- We abide by the norms because we
2. Folkways – norms that are for routine
know that they exist and that we will
and casual interaction
face sanctions if we break them
Values – are culturally defined standards that
Operate at Subconscious Level
people use to decide what is desirable, good,
- Norms operate in our subconscious and and beautiful an that serves as broad guidelines
we don’t think consciously about them for social living
unless they are breached
- Play a very crucial role in shaping social
- We follow these norms even if it is
norms, interactions, and the overall
mostly unseen because we know it exist
structure of the society.
➢ Social Sanction – enforce a standard of 4 Aspects of Value:
behavior that is deemed socially
1. Exist at different levels of generality or
acceptable and this is essential for
abstraction
society to regulate itself and maintain
2. Tend to be hierarchically arranged
order
3. Explicit and implicit in varying degrees
4. Often are in conflict with one another
➢ Legal Sanction – generally a coercive
consequence for violations of laws 4 Basic Filipino Values: identified by Jaime
which consequently determines human Bulatao
behavior in society
1. Emotional closeness and security in a
family
Essence of Social Order 2. Approval from authority and of society
3. Economic and social betterment
- Durkheim: viewed norms as the
4. Patience, endurance, and suffering
essence of social order
- Without norms, our world would be in These Filipino values are centered at
chaos and we wouldn’t know how to maintaining social harmony, motivated primary
navigate it by the desire to be accepted within a group
- They allow us to live our lives with an
understanding of what we can expect
from those around us. Status and Roles
Meant to Prevent Social Problems *These are important concepts in socialization
• Some norms- and the breaking of them- can because behavior of young people are
lead to serious social problems controlled by assigning with them certain status
which they will enact*
Status – defined by Ralph Linton (1936) simply role; and persuade others to support
as a “position” in a social system the role”
- Even if role or role set seems fixed, the
- Refers to a social position a person
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONIST perspective
holds
puts premium on the precariousness of
- A status of a person can either be
role
ascribed (given) or achieved
(accomplished)
- Status Set: all the statuses a person
Role Impression Management and Identity
holds at a given time.
Formation
Ascribed Status – social position a person
Impression Management
receives at birth or taken on involuntarily later
in life - Individuals may improve on the
performance of their role so that they
- Matters about which we have little or
may appear presentable in the situation
no choice at all
• Role Manipulation – has bearing on the
Examples: being a son/daughter or being a formation of a person’s self-identity, there
Filipino are variety of social implications within
impression
Achieved Status – social position a person takes
voluntarily that reflects personal identity and
- According to Newton (2009), some of
effort
the repercussions are negative and can
- A person’s ascribe statuses influence even be damaging to the person
their achieved status. responsible for the implementation of
impression management tactics
Examples: honor student, champion, nurse - “Impression management can lead to
the creation of damaged identities,
which must be repaired in order to
Roles – behavior expected of someone who sustain social interactions”
holds a particular status - Has the ability to dictate a person’s
- Role Set: introduced by Robert Merton position in society
to identify a number of roles attached - It can break a person in regards to social
to a single status standing, and it can repair a broken or
- Role Strain: conflict among the roles damaged persona
connected to tow or more statuses - It has the power and influence to create
a favorable public opinion
- Interactionist Social Theory: “role” is - Peron’s ability to successfully perform
not fazed or prescribed or ascribed, but role manipulation depends on certain
something that is constantly negotiated factors.
between individuals in a tentative,
creative way.
- Each individual actively tries to “define
the situation; choose a role that is
advantageous or appealing; play that
