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Types of Exam:
- Enumeration
- Identification
- Modified True or False

Research Instrument
- According to Barrot (2017), instruments are tools used to gather data for a particular
research topic.

Common Research Instrument for Qualitative Research:

•Observation
•Interview
•Assessment of Performance Tasks

Common Research Instrument for Quantitative Research:

•Test Questionnaire
•Survey Questionnaire
•Observation
•Interview
Although the last two (2) instruments are more often used in qualitative studies, they can also
be employed in quantitative studies. as long as the required responses or analyzed data are
numerical in nature.

Here are the considerations in describing the instrument for your study:
1. The actual instrument used
2. The purpose of the instrument
3. The developer of the instrument (an institution or other researchers)
4. The number of items or sections in the instrument
5. The response format used (multiple choice, yes or no)
6. The scoring of the responses
7. The reliability and validity of the study

Three (3) ways of developing an instrument:

1. Adopt an Instrument. This means that you will utilize an instrument that has been used in
well-known institutions or reputable studies and publications.

-Adopting an instrument means that you do not have to spend time establishing its validity and
reliability since they have already been tested by their developers and other researchers.

Some of the popular sources of instruments include professional journals and websites such as
Tests in Print, IRIS Digital Repository, Academia, PubMed, and the likes.

2. Modify an existing instrument or;

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3. Create your own instrument.

Sometimes, however, the available tests do not generate the exact data that you want to obtain.
In this case, you may either:

Steps in Developing your Research Instrument:

Step 1: Determine the collection method How you will be able to gather data to answer your
specific questions considering your resources-time, money, and trained personnel (if any) as
required by your study?

Step 2: Write the Instrument. Considering the guidelines in the preparation. If you have chosen
the questionnaire, you have to ensure that each specific question will be answered, and that no
unnecessary question is included.

Instrument Validity
- Validity, as defined by Barrot (2017), refers to the degree to which an instrument
measures what it is supposed to measure.

For example, in measuring the speaking proficiency of students, speaking performances have
greater validity than multiple choice tests. This is because multiple choice tests do not
necessarily require students to demonstrate their speaking skills. Speaking performances, on
the other hand, oblige students to show their actual oral communication skills. Thus, there is a
guarantee that this is the variable being measured.

Types of Validity
1. Face Validity - An instrument has face validity when it "appears" to measure the
variables being studied. Hence, checking for face validity is a subjective process. It does
not ensure that the instrument has actual validity.
Example:
Checking the validity of an instrument in terms of technicalities such as format, grammar,
spelling, etc.

2.
Content Validity - refers to the degree to which an instrument covers a representative
sample (or specific elements) of the variables to be measured. Similar to face validity,
assessing content validity is a subjective process which is done with the help of a list of
specifications. This list of specifications is provided by experts in your field of study.
Example:
A speaking performance test has content validity if it measures the speaker's skills in diction,
grammar, etc.

3. Construct Validity - It is the degree to which an instrument measures the variables

being studied as a whole. A construct is often an intangible or abstract variable such as
personality, intelligence, or moods. If your instrument cannot detect this intangible
construct, it is considered invalid.

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4. Criterion Validity - refers to the degree that an instrument predicts the characteristics
of a variable in a certain way. This means that the instrument produces results similar to
those of another instrument in measuring a certain variable. Therefore, a correlation
between the results obtained through this instrument and another is ensured. Hence,
criterion validity is evaluated through statistical methods.

Types Of Criterion Validity

1. Concurrent Validity
Is the test able to predict results similar to those of a test already validated in the past?
• Admission Test vs NAT

2. Predictive Validity
Does the test produce results similar to those of another instrument that will be employed in the
future?
• College admission tests vs future performance in Math

Instrument Reliability
Reliability refers to the consistency of the measures of an instrument. It is an aspect involved in
the accuracy of the measurement.

Types of Reliability
1. Test-retest reliability is achieved by administering an instrument twice to the same
group of respondents/par tcipants and then computing the consistency of scores. It is
often ideal to conduct the retest after a short period of time (e.g., two weeks) in order to
record a high correlation between the variables tested in the study.

2. Equivalent forms reliability is measured by administering twotests identical in all

aspects except the actual wording of items. In short, the two tests have the same
coverage, difficulty level, test type, and format. An example procedure involving
equivalent forms reliability is administering a pre-test and post- test.

3. Internal consistency reliability is a measure of how well the items in two instruments
measure the same construct.

4. Inter-rater reliability measures the consistency of scores assigned by two or more

raters on a certain set of results.

Kinds of variable and their uses

A variable is any element or entry which can be measured for quantity or quality.
▪ “Characteristics that has two or more mutually exclusive values or properties” (Kerlinger, 1886)

VARIABLE ACCORDING TO NATURE

[Link] Variables

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a. Discrete Variables
- Can be counted.
- Can only be denoted by positive whole numbers.
Examples are frequency of behavior and group sizes.
b. Continuous Variables
- Interval variables (measured in ranges)
- Positive or negative values; fractions
Example is temperature.
[Link] Variables
- They involve assigning values to specific categories or groups (example are blood type,
color)
a. Dichotomous Variables
- Only have two distinct categories or values
- “Yes/no” questions
b. Nominal Variables
- Variables with more categories or values
- Hair color, marital status, blood type, mode of transportation, source of income, and
citizenship
[Link] Variable
- Exhibit characteristics of both quantitative and qualitative type
- Ranked or order can be numerical and can also be arrange into specific non-numerical
classes
▪ Ex: frequency (rare, seldom,, sometimes, almost always, or always; value of rating are
denoted as A+, A, B+, or B)

Data Gathering Procedures

Planning the Data Collection Procedure
Now that you have learned the important factors to consider in developing your research
instrument, you can now plan the steps you will take in your actual data gathering. These steps
are clustered intro three phases: before, during and after the data collection (Barrot, 2017).

BEFORE:
1. Develop your data collection instruments and materials.
2. Seek permission from the authorities and heads of the institutions or communities where you
will conduct your study.
3. Select and screen the population using appropriate sampling techniques. 4. Train the raters,
observers, experimenters, assistants, and other research personnel who may be involved in
data gathering.
5. Obtain informed consent from the participants/respondents. An informed consent form is a
document which explains the objectives of the study and the extent of the participants
/respondents' involvement in the research. It also ensures the confidentiality of certain
information about the participants/respondents and their responses.
6. Pilot-test the instruments to determine potential problems that may occur when they are
administered.

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DURING:
1. Provide instructions to the participants/respondents and explain how the data will be
collected.
2. Administer the instruments, and implement the intervention or treatment, if applicable.

AFTER:
1. Immediately encode or transcribe and archive your data.
2. Safeguard the confidentiality of your data.
3. Later, examine and analyze your data using appropriate statistical tools.

For the experimental research, you should present a very elaborate data gathering procedure,
from the first step to the last.

Lastly, you should mention the procedure you would be undertaking after you have retrieved a
substantial number of the questionnaire according to your sampling design, like tallying, and
subjecting the data using statistical tools.

Structure of Methodology

Research Design
● Overview of the design used for the study
● The plan or structure for conducting a study whether it is experimental, quasi-
experimental, correlational, case study, exploratory, descriptive, phenomenology,
ethnography, etc.
● Summarizes the set of procedures that the researcher will use to obtain data to answer
the research problems

Setting
● Included only if the setting is of particular significance or importance

Respondents/ Participants
● Includes the number and relevant characteristics of the respondents as well as the
sampling plan and technique
● The term "Respondents" is more appropriate when the method to be used is Survey;
"Participants" if Interview or FGD

Sample Size and Sampling Technique

● This section is where the researcher discusses the process he used in coming up with
the specific number of respondents for the study and how the individual respondents
from the population will be selected from the population

Instrumentation
● This section discusses the data gathering tool that is used in the study

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● Discuss how many sections/ parts, what are the parts, how many questions etc.

Data Gathering Procedure

● Contains the process used when conducting the actual study
● Includes the step-by-step "recipe" beginning with how the subjects were contacted all
the way to how the data were collected
● Should also contain the Ethical Considerations applied in the study (e.g. informed
● consent, debriefing procedures, and so forth)

Statistical Treatment/Data Analysis

● Describes the procedure on how the data are to be (or were) analyzed
for Quantitative - Statistical Treatment/ Analysis
for Qualitative - Thematic/Content Analysis
for Mixed - Statistical and Thematic or Content Analysis

Test II - IDENTIFYING VARIABLES AND METHODS (same with 3rd unit test)
Qualitative Research - is a method of inquiry used to understand and interpret social
phenomena through the exploration of subjective experiences, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
It aims to uncover the underlying meanings and patterns that may not be easily quantified.
Types:
1. Ethnography - Study of cultural behaviors and practices through immersion and observation
in a specific social setting.
2. Phenomenology - Exploration of individuals' subjective experiences and perceptions to
understand shared meanings.
3. Grounded Theory - Development of theories based on systematic analysis of qualitative
data.
4. Case Study - In-depth examination of a single individual, group, or phenomenon in its
real-life context.
5. Narrative Inquiry - Investigation of personal stories and accounts to understand lived
experiences and identities.

Quantitative Research - is a method of inquiry used to collect numerical data and analyze it
statistically to understand relationships, patterns, and trends. It focuses on objective
measurements and quantifiable variables.
Types:
1. Descriptive Research - Description of characteristics or behaviors without manipulating
variables.
2. Correlational Research - Examination of relationships between variables to identify patterns
or associations.
3. Experimental Research - Investigation of cause-and-effect relationships through controlled
manipulation of variables.
4. Causal-Comparative Research - Comparison of groups to determine causal relationships
without experimental control.

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5. Survey Research - Collection of data from a sample population using structured

questionnaires or interviews.

Chap 1- Introduction Chap 2-Method Sequence

Background of the study Research Design 1st

RRL Setting 2nd

Theoretical Framework Respondents 3rd

Conceptual Framework Sample size and sample 4th

technique

Statement of the Problem Instrumentation 5th

Hypothesis Data Gathering Procedure 6th

Significance of the Study Statistical treatment 7th

Scope and Delimitation 8th

Definition of Terms 9th

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